Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatric Neuroradiology, fourth edition, is an invaluable resource for general radiologists, pediatric neuroradiologists, neurologists and neurosurgeons, and trainees—anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference in this complex area of imaging. Drs. Kevin R. Moore, Luke L. Linscott, and a team of highly regarded experts provide up-to-date information on nearly 280 diagnoses in short, detailed chapters to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool for readers at all levels of experience as well as a handy reference for daily practice.
1. Cover Image - p. Cover 2. Title Page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iii 5. Dedications - p. iii 6. Contributing Authors - p. v 7. Preface - p. v 8. Acknowledgments - p. ix 9. List of Tables - p. xi 10. Sections - p. xiii 11. Part 1: Brain - p. 4 12. SECTION 1: PATHOLOGY-BASED DIAGNOSES - p. 4 13. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS - p. 4 14. Chapter 1: Approach to Brain Malformations - p. 4 15. HINDBRAIN MALFORMATIONS - p. 7 16. Chapter 2: Dandy-Walker Continuum - p. 7 17. Chapter 3: Rhombencephalosynapsis - p. 11 18. Chapter 4: Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias - p. 15 19. Chapter 5: Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert) - p. 17 20. Chapter 6: Cerebellar Hypoplasia - p. 21 21. DISORDERS OF DIVERTICULATION/CLEAVAGE - p. 25 22. Chapter 7: Holoprosencephaly - p. 25 23. Chapter 8: Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant) - p. 29 24. Chapter 9: Septo-Optic Dysplasia - p. 33 25. Chapter 10: Commissural Abnormalities - p. 37 26. MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT - p. 41 27. Chapter 11: Congenital Microcephaly - p. 41 28. Chapter 12: Congenital Muscular Dystrophy - p. 45 29. Chapter 13: Heterotopic Gray Matter - p. 49 30. Chapter 14: Polymicrogyria - p. 51 31. Chapter 15: Focal Cortical Dysplasia - p. 55 32. Chapter 16: Lissencephaly - p. 57 33. Chapter 17: Schizencephaly - p. 59 34. Chapter 18: Hemimegalencephaly - p. 63 35. FAMILIAL TUMOR/NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES - p. 65 36. Chapter 19: Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Brain - p. 65 37. Chapter 20: Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Brain - p. 69 38. Chapter 21: von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome - p. 73 39. Chapter 22: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex - p. 77 40. Chapter 23: Sturge-Weber Syndrome - p. 81 41. Chapter 24: Meningioangiomatosis - p. 85 42. Chapter 25: Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome - p. 87 43. Chapter 26: Neurocutaneous Melanosis - p. 91 44. Chapter 27: Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia - p. 95 45. Chapter 28: Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis - p. 99 46. TRAUMA - p. 103 47. Chapter 29: Neonatal Subpial Hemorrhage - p. 103 48. Chapter 30: Epidural Hematoma, Classic - p. 107 49. Chapter 31: Acute Subdural Hematoma - p. 111 50. Chapter 32: Evolving Subdural Hematoma - p. 115 51. Chapter 33: Cerebral Contusion - p. 119 52. Chapter 34: Diffuse Axonal Injury - p. 123 53. Chapter 35: Subcortical Injury - p. 127 54. Chapter 36: Abusive Head Trauma - p. 131 55. STROKE - p. 135 56. Chapter 37: Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage - p. 135 57. Chapter 38: Hydranencephaly - p. 139 58. Chapter 39: White Matter Injury of Prematurity - p. 141 59. Chapter 40: Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy - p. 145 60. Chapter 41: Childhood Stroke - p. 149 61. Chapter 42: Sickle Cell Disease, Brain - p. 153 62. Chapter 43: Moyamoya - p. 157 63. VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS: CVMs WITH AV SHUNTING - p. 161 64. Chapter 44: Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 161 65. Chapter 45: Dural Arteriovenous Fistula - p. 165 66. Chapter 46: Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation - p. 169 67. CVMs WITHOUT AV SHUNTING - p. 173 68. Chapter 47: Developmental Venous Anomaly - p. 173 69. Chapter 48: Cavernous Malformation - p. 179 70. Chapter 49: Capillary Telangiectasia - p. 183 71. Chapter 50: Sinus Pericranii - p. 187 72. NEOPLASMS - p. 191 73. Chapter 51: Pilocytic Astrocytoma - p. 191 74. Chapter 52: Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma - p. 195 75. Chapter 53: Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma - p. 199 76. Chapter 54: Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma - p. 203 77. Chapter 55: Ganglioglioma - p. 207 78. Chapter 56: DNET - p. 211 79. Chapter 57: Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors - p. 215 80. Chapter 58: Dysplastic Cerebellar Gangliocytoma - p. 219 81. Chapter 59: Choroid Plexus Papilloma - p. 223 82. Chapter 60: Choroid Plexus Carcinoma - p. 227 83. Chapter 61: Infratentorial Ependymoma - p. 231 84. Chapter 62: Supratentorial Ependymoma - p. 235 85. Chapter 63: Medulloblastoma - p. 239 86. Chapter 64: Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor - p. 243 87. Chapter 65: Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes - p. 247 88. Chapter 66: Pineoblastoma - p. 251 89. Chapter 67: Pediatric-Type Diffuse High-Grade Gliomas - p. 255 90. Chapter 68: Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma - p. 259 91. Chapter 69: Brainstem Tumors - p. 263 92. Chapter 70: Germinoma - p. 267 93. Chapter 71: Teratoma - p. 271 94. Chapter 72: Metastatic Neuroblastoma - p. 275 95. Chapter 73: Leukemia, Brain - p. 279 96. Chapter 74: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain - p. 283 97. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 287 98. Chapter 75: Arachnoid Cyst - p. 287 99. Chapter 76: Dermoid Cyst, Brain - p. 291 100. Chapter 77: Epidermoid Cyst, Brain - p. 295 101. Chapter 78: Neuroglial Cyst - p. 299 102. Chapter 79: Enlarged Perivascular Spaces - p. 301 103. Chapter 80: Pineal Cyst - p. 305 104. Chapter 81: Choroid Plexus Cyst - p. 309 105. Chapter 82: Ependymal Cyst - p. 313 106. Chapter 83: Porencephalic Cyst - p. 315 107. Chapter 84: Neurenteric Cyst, Brain - p. 319 108. Chapter 85: Lipoma, Brain - p. 321 109. INFECTIOUS DISEASE: CONGENITAL/NEONATAL INFECTIONS - p. 325 110. Chapter 86: Congenital CMV - p. 325 111. Chapter 87: Congenital HIV - p. 329 112. Chapter 88: Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis - p. 331 113. Chapter 89: Parechovirus Encephalitis - p. 333 114. Chapter 90: Group B Streptococcal Meningitis - p. 335 115. Chapter 91: Citrobacter Meningitis - p. 339 116. ACQUIRED INFECTIONS - p. 343 117. Chapter 92: Abscess, Brain - p. 343 118. Chapter 93: Ventriculitis - p. 347 119. Chapter 94: Empyema - p. 349 120. Chapter 95: Herpes Encephalitis Type 1 - p. 353 121. Chapter 96: Miscellaneous Encephalitis - p. 357 122. Chapter 97: Rasmussen Encephalitis - p. 361 123. Chapter 98: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis - p. 365 124. Chapter 99: Tuberculosis - p. 367 125. Chapter 100: Neurocysticercosis - p. 371 126. Chapter 101: Miscellaneous Parasites - p. 375 127. INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE - p. 379 128. Chapter 102: Approach to Pediatric Inflammatory and Demyelinating Diseases - p. 379 129. Chapter 103: Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Brain - p. 383 130. Chapter 104: ADEM, Brain - p. 387 131. Chapter 105: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease, Brain - p. 391 132. INHERITED METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 395 133. Chapter 106: Approach to Normal Brain Development and Metabolic Disorders - p. 395 134. NORMAL VARIANTS - p. 401 135. Chapter 107: Hypomyelination - p. 401 136. MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS - p. 405 137. Chapter 108: MELAS - p. 405 138. Chapter 109: Mitochondrial Encephalopathies - p. 409 139. LYSOSOMAL DISORDERS - p. 413 140. Chapter 110: Mucopolysaccharidoses, Brain - p. 413 141. Chapter 111: Gangliosidosis (GM2) - p. 417 142. Chapter 112: Metachromatic Leukodystrophy - p. 421 143. Chapter 113: Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy - p. 425 144. PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS - p. 429 145. Chapter 114: Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders - p. 429 146. Chapter 115: X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy - p. 431 147. ORGANIC AND AMINOACIDOPATHIES - p. 435 148. Chapter 116: Maple Syrup Urine Disease - p. 435 149. Chapter 117: Urea Cycle Disorders - p. 439 150. Chapter 118: Glutaric Acidemia Type 1 - p. 441 151. Chapter 119: Canavan Disease - p. 445 152. Chapter 120: Alexander Disease - p. 447 153. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 451 154. Chapter 121: Megalencephaly With Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts - p. 451 155. Chapter 122: Vanishing White Matter - p. 455 156. Chapter 123: X-Linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth - p. 459 157. Chapter 124: PKAN - p. 461 158. Chapter 125: Huntington Disease - p. 465 159. Chapter 126: Wilson Disease - p. 469 160. ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 473 161. Chapter 127: Hypoglycemia - p. 473 162. Chapter 128: Kernicterus - p. 477 163. Chapter 129: Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES - p. 479 164. Chapter 130: Mesial Temporal Sclerosis - p. 483 165. Chapter 131: Cerebellitis - p. 487 166. SECTION 2: ANATOMY-BASED DIAGNOSES - p. 489 167. VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS - p. 489 168. Chapter 132: Approach to Ventricular Anatomy and Imaging Issues - p. 489 169. Chapter 133: Cavum Septi Pellucidi - p. 495 170. Chapter 134: Cavum Velum Interpositum - p. 496 171. Chapter 135: Benign Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces - p. 497 172. Chapter 136: Hydrocephalus - p. 501 173. Chapter 137: Aqueductal Stenosis - p. 505 174. Chapter 138: CSF Shunts and Complications - p. 509 175. SELLA AND PITUITARY - p. 513 176. Chapter 139: Approach to Pituitary Development - p. 513 177. Chapter 140: Pituitary Anomalies - p. 519 178. Chapter 141: Craniopharyngioma - p. 523 179. Chapter 142: Hypothalamic Hamartoma - p. 527 180. SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES: CONGENITAL - p. 531 181. Chapter 143: Congenital Calvarial Defects - p. 531 182. Chapter 144: Craniosynostoses - p. 535 183. Chapter 145: Cephalocele - p. 539 184. Chapter 146: Atretic Cephalocele - p. 541 185. TRAUMA - p. 545 186. Chapter 147: Calvarial Fracture - p. 545 187. Chapter 148: Intracranial Hypotension - p. 549 188. NONNEOPLASTIC AND TUMOR-LIKE DISORDERS - p. 553 189. Chapter 149: Fibrous Dysplasia - p. 553 190. Chapter 150: Extramedullary Hematopoiesis - p. 557 191. Chapter 151: Thick Skull - p. 561 192. Part 2: Head and Neck - p. 563 193. SECTION 1: TEMPORAL BONE AND SKULL BASE - p. 563 194. Chapter 152: Classification of Inner Ear Malformations - p. 563 195. Chapter 153: Labyrinthine Aplasia - p. 567 196. Chapter 154: Oval Window Atresia - p. 569 197. Chapter 155: Cochlear Aplasia - p. 571 198. Chapter 156: Cochlear Hypoplasia - p. 573 199. Chapter 157: Cochlear Nerve and Cochlear Nerve Canal Aplasia-Hypoplasia - p. 575 200. Chapter 158: X-Linked Stapes Gusher (DFNX2) - p. 577 201. Chapter 159: Common Cavity Malformation - p. 579 202. Chapter 160: Cystic Cochleovestibular Malformation - p. 581 203. Chapter 161: Large Vestibular Aqueduct - p. 583 204. Chapter 162: Semicircular Canal Hypoplasia-Aplasia - p. 587 205. Chapter 163: Endolymphatic Sac Tumor - p. 591 206. Chapter 164: Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts, Head and Neck - p. 593 207. Chapter 165: CPA-IAC Arachnoid Cyst - p. 597 208. Chapter 166: Congenital Cholesteatoma - p. 601 209. Chapter 167: Acquired Cholesteatoma - p. 603 210. Chapter 168: Skull Base Chondrosarcoma - p. 605 211. SECTION 2: ORBIT, NOSE, AND SINUSES - p. 609 212. Chapter 169: Nasal Glioma - p. 609 213. Chapter 170: Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele - p. 615 214. Chapter 171: Nasal Dermal Sinus - p. 619 215. Chapter 172: Choanal Atresia - p. 623 216. Chapter 173: Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis - p. 625 217. Chapter 174: Juvenile Angiofibroma - p. 627 218. Chapter 175: Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia - p. 631 219. Chapter 176: Macrophthalmia - p. 635 220. Chapter 177: Coloboma - p. 637 221. Chapter 178: Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele - p. 641 222. Chapter 179: Orbital Dermoid and Epidermoid - p. 643 223. Chapter 180: Orbital Cellulitis - p. 647 224. Chapter 181: Orbital Vascular Malformations - p. 651 225. Chapter 182: Orbital Infantile Hemangioma - p. 655 226. Chapter 183: Retinoblastoma - p. 659 227. SECTION 3: SUPRAHYOID AND INFRAHYOID NECK - p. 663 228. Chapter 184: Approach to Congenital Cystic Neck Masses - p. 663 229. Chapter 185: Lingual Thyroid - p. 669 230. Chapter 186: Oral Cavity Dermoid and Epidermoid - p. 671 231. Chapter 187: Reactive Lymph Nodes - p. 675 232. Chapter 188: Suppurative Adenitis - p. 679 233. SECTION 4: MULTIPLE REGIONS, HEAD AND NECK - p. 683 234. Chapter 189: 1st Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 683 235. Chapter 190: 2nd Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 689 236. Chapter 191: 3rd Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 693 237. Chapter 192: 4th Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 697 238. Chapter 193: Thyroglossal Duct Cyst - p. 701 239. Chapter 194: Cervical Thymic Cyst - p. 705 240. Chapter 195: Venous Malformation - p. 709 241. Chapter 196: Lymphatic Malformation - p. 713 242. Chapter 197: Infantile Hemangioma - p. 717 243. Chapter 198: Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Head and Neck - p. 721 244. Chapter 199: Brachial Plexus Schwannoma in Perivertebral Space - p. 725 245. Chapter 200: Fibromatosis Colli - p. 727 246. Chapter 201: Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 731 247. Chapter 202: Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumors - p. 735 248. Chapter 203: Orbital Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 737 249. Part 3: Spine - p. 741 250. SECTION 1: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS - p. 741 251. CONGENITAL: NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS - p. 741 252. Chapter 204: Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma - p. 741 253. Chapter 205: Ventriculus Terminalis - p. 745 254. CHIARI DISORDERS - p. 749 255. Chapter 206: Chiari 1 - p. 749 256. Chapter 207: Chiari 2 - p. 751 257. Chapter 208: Chiari 3 - p. 753 258. Chapter 209: Complex Chiari - p. 755 259. ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION - p. 757 260. Chapter 210: Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development - p. 757 261. Chapter 211: Myelomeningocele - p. 765 262. Chapter 212: Lipomyelomeningocele - p. 767 263. Chapter 213: Terminal Myelocystocele - p. 771 264. Chapter 214: Dorsal Dermal Sinus - p. 775 265. Chapter 215: Dermoid Cyst, Spine - p. 777 266. Chapter 216: Epidermoid Cyst, Spine - p. 781 267. ANOMALIES OF CAUDAL CELL MESS - p. 785 268. Chapter 217: Tethered Spinal Cord - p. 785 269. Chapter 218: Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis - p. 789 270. Chapter 219: Caudal Regression Syndrome - p. 793 271. Chapter 220: Myelocystocele - p. 797 272. Chapter 221: Anterior Sacral Meningocele - p. 801 273. Chapter 222: Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst - p. 805 274. Chapter 223: Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - p. 809 275. ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND VERTEBRAL FORMATION - p. 813 276. Chapter 224: Craniovertebral Junction Variants - p. 813 277. Chapter 225: Klippel-Feil Spectrum - p. 819 278. Chapter 226: Failure of Vertebral Formation - p. 823 279. Chapter 227: Vertebral Segmentation Failure - p. 827 280. Chapter 228: Partial Vertebral Duplication - p. 831 281. Chapter 229: Diastematomyelia - p. 833 282. Chapter 230: Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element - p. 837 283. Chapter 231: Neurenteric Cyst, Spine - p. 839 284. DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES - p. 843 285. Chapter 232: Lateral Meningocele - p. 843 286. Chapter 233: Dorsal Spinal Meningocele - p. 847 287. Chapter 234: Dural Dysplasia - p. 851 288. GENETIC DISORDERS - p. 855 289. Chapter 235: Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Spine - p. 855 290. Chapter 236: Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Spine - p. 859 291. Chapter 237: Achondroplasia - p. 863 292. Chapter 238: Mucopolysaccharidoses, Spine - p. 867 293. Chapter 239: Sickle Cell Disease, Spine - p. 871 294. Chapter 240: Osteogenesis Imperfecta - p. 875 295. SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS - p. 879 296. Chapter 241: Developmental Spinal Stenosis - p. 879 297. Chapter 242: Neuromuscular Scoliosis - p. 883 298. Chapter 243: Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 885 299. Chapter 244: Idiopathic Kyphosis - p. 887 300. SECTION 2: TRAUMA - p. 889 301. Chapter 245: Apophyseal Ring Fracture - p. 889 302. SECTION 3: DEVELOPMENTAL AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES - p. 895 303. Chapter 246: Schmorl Node - p. 895 304. Chapter 247: Scheuermann Kyphosis - p. 901 305. Chapter 248: Congenital Scoliosis and Kyphosis - p. 905 306. Chapter 249: Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis - p. 909 307. SECTION 4: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 911 308. INFECTIONS - p. 911 309. Chapter 250: Pyogenic Osteomyelitis - p. 911 310. Chapter 251: Tuberculous Osteomyelitis - p. 917 311. INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS - p. 923 312. Chapter 252: Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis - p. 923 313. Chapter 253: Neuromyelitis Optica - p. 927 314. Chapter 254: Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Spine - p. 931 315. Chapter 255: ADEM, Spine - p. 933 316. Chapter 256: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease, Spine - p. 935 317. Chapter 257: Guillain-Barré Syndrome - p. 937 318. Chapter 258: Acute Flaccid Myelitis - p. 941 319. SECTION 5: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES - p. 945 320. NEOPLASMS: EXTRADURAL SPACE - p. 945 321. Chapter 259: Osteoid Osteoma - p. 945 322. Chapter 260: Osteoblastoma - p. 951 323. Chapter 261: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst - p. 955 324. Chapter 262: Osteochondroma - p. 959 325. Chapter 263: Osteogenic Sarcoma - p. 963 326. Chapter 264: Chordoma - p. 967 327. Chapter 265: Ewing Sarcoma - p. 971 328. Chapter 266: Leukemia, Spine - p. 975 329. Chapter 267: Neuroblastic Tumors - p. 979 330. Chapter 268: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - p. 983 331. Chapter 269: Angiolipoma - p. 987 332. INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY SPACE - p. 991 333. Chapter 270: CSF Disseminated Metastases - p. 991 334. Chapter 271: Myxopapillary Ependymoma - p. 997 335. INTRAMEDULLARY SPACE - p. 1001 336. Chapter 272: Astrocytoma, Spine - p. 1001 337. Chapter 273: Spinal Ependymoma - p. 1005 338. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 1009 339. Chapter 274: Syringomyelia - p. 1009 340. Chapter 275: Lipoma, Spine - p. 1011 341. Chapter 276: Epidural Lipomatosis - p. 1015 342. Chapter 277: Extramedullary Hematopoiesis - p. 1017 343. SECTION 6: SPINE POSTPROCEDURAL IMAGING - p. 1021 344. Chapter 278: Hardware Failure - p. 1021 345. Index - p. 1027
Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatric Neuroradiology, fourth edition, is an invaluable resource for general radiologists, pediatric neuroradiologists, neurologists and neurosurgeons, and trainees—anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference in this complex area of imaging. Drs. Kevin R. Moore, Luke L. Linscott, and a team of highly regarded experts provide up-to-date information on nearly 280 diagnoses in short, detailed chapters to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool for readers at all levels of experience as well as a handy reference for daily practice.
1. Cover Image - p. Cover 2. Title Page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iii 5. Dedications - p. iii 6. Contributing Authors - p. v 7. Preface - p. v 8. Acknowledgments - p. ix 9. List of Tables - p. xi 10. Sections - p. xiii 11. Part 1: Brain - p. 4 12. SECTION 1: PATHOLOGY-BASED DIAGNOSES - p. 4 13. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS - p. 4 14. Chapter 1: Approach to Brain Malformations - p. 4 15. HINDBRAIN MALFORMATIONS - p. 7 16. Chapter 2: Dandy-Walker Continuum - p. 7 17. Chapter 3: Rhombencephalosynapsis - p. 11 18. Chapter 4: Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias - p. 15 19. Chapter 5: Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert) - p. 17 20. Chapter 6: Cerebellar Hypoplasia - p. 21 21. DISORDERS OF DIVERTICULATION/CLEAVAGE - p. 25 22. Chapter 7: Holoprosencephaly - p. 25 23. Chapter 8: Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant) - p. 29 24. Chapter 9: Septo-Optic Dysplasia - p. 33 25. Chapter 10: Commissural Abnormalities - p. 37 26. MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT - p. 41 27. Chapter 11: Congenital Microcephaly - p. 41 28. Chapter 12: Congenital Muscular Dystrophy - p. 45 29. Chapter 13: Heterotopic Gray Matter - p. 49 30. Chapter 14: Polymicrogyria - p. 51 31. Chapter 15: Focal Cortical Dysplasia - p. 55 32. Chapter 16: Lissencephaly - p. 57 33. Chapter 17: Schizencephaly - p. 59 34. Chapter 18: Hemimegalencephaly - p. 63 35. FAMILIAL TUMOR/NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES - p. 65 36. Chapter 19: Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Brain - p. 65 37. Chapter 20: Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Brain - p. 69 38. Chapter 21: von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome - p. 73 39. Chapter 22: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex - p. 77 40. Chapter 23: Sturge-Weber Syndrome - p. 81 41. Chapter 24: Meningioangiomatosis - p. 85 42. Chapter 25: Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome - p. 87 43. Chapter 26: Neurocutaneous Melanosis - p. 91 44. Chapter 27: Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia - p. 95 45. Chapter 28: Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis - p. 99 46. TRAUMA - p. 103 47. Chapter 29: Neonatal Subpial Hemorrhage - p. 103 48. Chapter 30: Epidural Hematoma, Classic - p. 107 49. Chapter 31: Acute Subdural Hematoma - p. 111 50. Chapter 32: Evolving Subdural Hematoma - p. 115 51. Chapter 33: Cerebral Contusion - p. 119 52. Chapter 34: Diffuse Axonal Injury - p. 123 53. Chapter 35: Subcortical Injury - p. 127 54. Chapter 36: Abusive Head Trauma - p. 131 55. STROKE - p. 135 56. Chapter 37: Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage - p. 135 57. Chapter 38: Hydranencephaly - p. 139 58. Chapter 39: White Matter Injury of Prematurity - p. 141 59. Chapter 40: Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy - p. 145 60. Chapter 41: Childhood Stroke - p. 149 61. Chapter 42: Sickle Cell Disease, Brain - p. 153 62. Chapter 43: Moyamoya - p. 157 63. VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS: CVMs WITH AV SHUNTING - p. 161 64. Chapter 44: Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 161 65. Chapter 45: Dural Arteriovenous Fistula - p. 165 66. Chapter 46: Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation - p. 169 67. CVMs WITHOUT AV SHUNTING - p. 173 68. Chapter 47: Developmental Venous Anomaly - p. 173 69. Chapter 48: Cavernous Malformation - p. 179 70. Chapter 49: Capillary Telangiectasia - p. 183 71. Chapter 50: Sinus Pericranii - p. 187 72. NEOPLASMS - p. 191 73. Chapter 51: Pilocytic Astrocytoma - p. 191 74. Chapter 52: Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma - p. 195 75. Chapter 53: Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma - p. 199 76. Chapter 54: Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma - p. 203 77. Chapter 55: Ganglioglioma - p. 207 78. Chapter 56: DNET - p. 211 79. Chapter 57: Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors - p. 215 80. Chapter 58: Dysplastic Cerebellar Gangliocytoma - p. 219 81. Chapter 59: Choroid Plexus Papilloma - p. 223 82. Chapter 60: Choroid Plexus Carcinoma - p. 227 83. Chapter 61: Infratentorial Ependymoma - p. 231 84. Chapter 62: Supratentorial Ependymoma - p. 235 85. Chapter 63: Medulloblastoma - p. 239 86. Chapter 64: Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor - p. 243 87. Chapter 65: Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes - p. 247 88. Chapter 66: Pineoblastoma - p. 251 89. Chapter 67: Pediatric-Type Diffuse High-Grade Gliomas - p. 255 90. Chapter 68: Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma - p. 259 91. Chapter 69: Brainstem Tumors - p. 263 92. Chapter 70: Germinoma - p. 267 93. Chapter 71: Teratoma - p. 271 94. Chapter 72: Metastatic Neuroblastoma - p. 275 95. Chapter 73: Leukemia, Brain - p. 279 96. Chapter 74: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain - p. 283 97. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 287 98. Chapter 75: Arachnoid Cyst - p. 287 99. Chapter 76: Dermoid Cyst, Brain - p. 291 100. Chapter 77: Epidermoid Cyst, Brain - p. 295 101. Chapter 78: Neuroglial Cyst - p. 299 102. Chapter 79: Enlarged Perivascular Spaces - p. 301 103. Chapter 80: Pineal Cyst - p. 305 104. Chapter 81: Choroid Plexus Cyst - p. 309 105. Chapter 82: Ependymal Cyst - p. 313 106. Chapter 83: Porencephalic Cyst - p. 315 107. Chapter 84: Neurenteric Cyst, Brain - p. 319 108. Chapter 85: Lipoma, Brain - p. 321 109. INFECTIOUS DISEASE: CONGENITAL/NEONATAL INFECTIONS - p. 325 110. Chapter 86: Congenital CMV - p. 325 111. Chapter 87: Congenital HIV - p. 329 112. Chapter 88: Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis - p. 331 113. Chapter 89: Parechovirus Encephalitis - p. 333 114. Chapter 90: Group B Streptococcal Meningitis - p. 335 115. Chapter 91: Citrobacter Meningitis - p. 339 116. ACQUIRED INFECTIONS - p. 343 117. Chapter 92: Abscess, Brain - p. 343 118. Chapter 93: Ventriculitis - p. 347 119. Chapter 94: Empyema - p. 349 120. Chapter 95: Herpes Encephalitis Type 1 - p. 353 121. Chapter 96: Miscellaneous Encephalitis - p. 357 122. Chapter 97: Rasmussen Encephalitis - p. 361 123. Chapter 98: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis - p. 365 124. Chapter 99: Tuberculosis - p. 367 125. Chapter 100: Neurocysticercosis - p. 371 126. Chapter 101: Miscellaneous Parasites - p. 375 127. INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE - p. 379 128. Chapter 102: Approach to Pediatric Inflammatory and Demyelinating Diseases - p. 379 129. Chapter 103: Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Brain - p. 383 130. Chapter 104: ADEM, Brain - p. 387 131. Chapter 105: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease, Brain - p. 391 132. INHERITED METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 395 133. Chapter 106: Approach to Normal Brain Development and Metabolic Disorders - p. 395 134. NORMAL VARIANTS - p. 401 135. Chapter 107: Hypomyelination - p. 401 136. MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS - p. 405 137. Chapter 108: MELAS - p. 405 138. Chapter 109: Mitochondrial Encephalopathies - p. 409 139. LYSOSOMAL DISORDERS - p. 413 140. Chapter 110: Mucopolysaccharidoses, Brain - p. 413 141. Chapter 111: Gangliosidosis (GM2) - p. 417 142. Chapter 112: Metachromatic Leukodystrophy - p. 421 143. Chapter 113: Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy - p. 425 144. PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS - p. 429 145. Chapter 114: Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders - p. 429 146. Chapter 115: X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy - p. 431 147. ORGANIC AND AMINOACIDOPATHIES - p. 435 148. Chapter 116: Maple Syrup Urine Disease - p. 435 149. Chapter 117: Urea Cycle Disorders - p. 439 150. Chapter 118: Glutaric Acidemia Type 1 - p. 441 151. Chapter 119: Canavan Disease - p. 445 152. Chapter 120: Alexander Disease - p. 447 153. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 451 154. Chapter 121: Megalencephaly With Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts - p. 451 155. Chapter 122: Vanishing White Matter - p. 455 156. Chapter 123: X-Linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth - p. 459 157. Chapter 124: PKAN - p. 461 158. Chapter 125: Huntington Disease - p. 465 159. Chapter 126: Wilson Disease - p. 469 160. ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 473 161. Chapter 127: Hypoglycemia - p. 473 162. Chapter 128: Kernicterus - p. 477 163. Chapter 129: Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES - p. 479 164. Chapter 130: Mesial Temporal Sclerosis - p. 483 165. Chapter 131: Cerebellitis - p. 487 166. SECTION 2: ANATOMY-BASED DIAGNOSES - p. 489 167. VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS - p. 489 168. Chapter 132: Approach to Ventricular Anatomy and Imaging Issues - p. 489 169. Chapter 133: Cavum Septi Pellucidi - p. 495 170. Chapter 134: Cavum Velum Interpositum - p. 496 171. Chapter 135: Benign Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces - p. 497 172. Chapter 136: Hydrocephalus - p. 501 173. Chapter 137: Aqueductal Stenosis - p. 505 174. Chapter 138: CSF Shunts and Complications - p. 509 175. SELLA AND PITUITARY - p. 513 176. Chapter 139: Approach to Pituitary Development - p. 513 177. Chapter 140: Pituitary Anomalies - p. 519 178. Chapter 141: Craniopharyngioma - p. 523 179. Chapter 142: Hypothalamic Hamartoma - p. 527 180. SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES: CONGENITAL - p. 531 181. Chapter 143: Congenital Calvarial Defects - p. 531 182. Chapter 144: Craniosynostoses - p. 535 183. Chapter 145: Cephalocele - p. 539 184. Chapter 146: Atretic Cephalocele - p. 541 185. TRAUMA - p. 545 186. Chapter 147: Calvarial Fracture - p. 545 187. Chapter 148: Intracranial Hypotension - p. 549 188. NONNEOPLASTIC AND TUMOR-LIKE DISORDERS - p. 553 189. Chapter 149: Fibrous Dysplasia - p. 553 190. Chapter 150: Extramedullary Hematopoiesis - p. 557 191. Chapter 151: Thick Skull - p. 561 192. Part 2: Head and Neck - p. 563 193. SECTION 1: TEMPORAL BONE AND SKULL BASE - p. 563 194. Chapter 152: Classification of Inner Ear Malformations - p. 563 195. Chapter 153: Labyrinthine Aplasia - p. 567 196. Chapter 154: Oval Window Atresia - p. 569 197. Chapter 155: Cochlear Aplasia - p. 571 198. Chapter 156: Cochlear Hypoplasia - p. 573 199. Chapter 157: Cochlear Nerve and Cochlear Nerve Canal Aplasia-Hypoplasia - p. 575 200. Chapter 158: X-Linked Stapes Gusher (DFNX2) - p. 577 201. Chapter 159: Common Cavity Malformation - p. 579 202. Chapter 160: Cystic Cochleovestibular Malformation - p. 581 203. Chapter 161: Large Vestibular Aqueduct - p. 583 204. Chapter 162: Semicircular Canal Hypoplasia-Aplasia - p. 587 205. Chapter 163: Endolymphatic Sac Tumor - p. 591 206. Chapter 164: Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts, Head and Neck - p. 593 207. Chapter 165: CPA-IAC Arachnoid Cyst - p. 597 208. Chapter 166: Congenital Cholesteatoma - p. 601 209. Chapter 167: Acquired Cholesteatoma - p. 603 210. Chapter 168: Skull Base Chondrosarcoma - p. 605 211. SECTION 2: ORBIT, NOSE, AND SINUSES - p. 609 212. Chapter 169: Nasal Glioma - p. 609 213. Chapter 170: Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele - p. 615 214. Chapter 171: Nasal Dermal Sinus - p. 619 215. Chapter 172: Choanal Atresia - p. 623 216. Chapter 173: Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis - p. 625 217. Chapter 174: Juvenile Angiofibroma - p. 627 218. Chapter 175: Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia - p. 631 219. Chapter 176: Macrophthalmia - p. 635 220. Chapter 177: Coloboma - p. 637 221. Chapter 178: Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele - p. 641 222. Chapter 179: Orbital Dermoid and Epidermoid - p. 643 223. Chapter 180: Orbital Cellulitis - p. 647 224. Chapter 181: Orbital Vascular Malformations - p. 651 225. Chapter 182: Orbital Infantile Hemangioma - p. 655 226. Chapter 183: Retinoblastoma - p. 659 227. SECTION 3: SUPRAHYOID AND INFRAHYOID NECK - p. 663 228. Chapter 184: Approach to Congenital Cystic Neck Masses - p. 663 229. Chapter 185: Lingual Thyroid - p. 669 230. Chapter 186: Oral Cavity Dermoid and Epidermoid - p. 671 231. Chapter 187: Reactive Lymph Nodes - p. 675 232. Chapter 188: Suppurative Adenitis - p. 679 233. SECTION 4: MULTIPLE REGIONS, HEAD AND NECK - p. 683 234. Chapter 189: 1st Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 683 235. Chapter 190: 2nd Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 689 236. Chapter 191: 3rd Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 693 237. Chapter 192: 4th Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 697 238. Chapter 193: Thyroglossal Duct Cyst - p. 701 239. Chapter 194: Cervical Thymic Cyst - p. 705 240. Chapter 195: Venous Malformation - p. 709 241. Chapter 196: Lymphatic Malformation - p. 713 242. Chapter 197: Infantile Hemangioma - p. 717 243. Chapter 198: Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Head and Neck - p. 721 244. Chapter 199: Brachial Plexus Schwannoma in Perivertebral Space - p. 725 245. Chapter 200: Fibromatosis Colli - p. 727 246. Chapter 201: Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 731 247. Chapter 202: Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumors - p. 735 248. Chapter 203: Orbital Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 737 249. Part 3: Spine - p. 741 250. SECTION 1: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS - p. 741 251. CONGENITAL: NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS - p. 741 252. Chapter 204: Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma - p. 741 253. Chapter 205: Ventriculus Terminalis - p. 745 254. CHIARI DISORDERS - p. 749 255. Chapter 206: Chiari 1 - p. 749 256. Chapter 207: Chiari 2 - p. 751 257. Chapter 208: Chiari 3 - p. 753 258. Chapter 209: Complex Chiari - p. 755 259. ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION - p. 757 260. Chapter 210: Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development - p. 757 261. Chapter 211: Myelomeningocele - p. 765 262. Chapter 212: Lipomyelomeningocele - p. 767 263. Chapter 213: Terminal Myelocystocele - p. 771 264. Chapter 214: Dorsal Dermal Sinus - p. 775 265. Chapter 215: Dermoid Cyst, Spine - p. 777 266. Chapter 216: Epidermoid Cyst, Spine - p. 781 267. ANOMALIES OF CAUDAL CELL MESS - p. 785 268. Chapter 217: Tethered Spinal Cord - p. 785 269. Chapter 218: Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis - p. 789 270. Chapter 219: Caudal Regression Syndrome - p. 793 271. Chapter 220: Myelocystocele - p. 797 272. Chapter 221: Anterior Sacral Meningocele - p. 801 273. Chapter 222: Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst - p. 805 274. Chapter 223: Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - p. 809 275. ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND VERTEBRAL FORMATION - p. 813 276. Chapter 224: Craniovertebral Junction Variants - p. 813 277. Chapter 225: Klippel-Feil Spectrum - p. 819 278. Chapter 226: Failure of Vertebral Formation - p. 823 279. Chapter 227: Vertebral Segmentation Failure - p. 827 280. Chapter 228: Partial Vertebral Duplication - p. 831 281. Chapter 229: Diastematomyelia - p. 833 282. Chapter 230: Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element - p. 837 283. Chapter 231: Neurenteric Cyst, Spine - p. 839 284. DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES - p. 843 285. Chapter 232: Lateral Meningocele - p. 843 286. Chapter 233: Dorsal Spinal Meningocele - p. 847 287. Chapter 234: Dural Dysplasia - p. 851 288. GENETIC DISORDERS - p. 855 289. Chapter 235: Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Spine - p. 855 290. Chapter 236: Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Spine - p. 859 291. Chapter 237: Achondroplasia - p. 863 292. Chapter 238: Mucopolysaccharidoses, Spine - p. 867 293. Chapter 239: Sickle Cell Disease, Spine - p. 871 294. Chapter 240: Osteogenesis Imperfecta - p. 875 295. SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS - p. 879 296. Chapter 241: Developmental Spinal Stenosis - p. 879 297. Chapter 242: Neuromuscular Scoliosis - p. 883 298. Chapter 243: Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 885 299. Chapter 244: Idiopathic Kyphosis - p. 887 300. SECTION 2: TRAUMA - p. 889 301. Chapter 245: Apophyseal Ring Fracture - p. 889 302. SECTION 3: DEVELOPMENTAL AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES - p. 895 303. Chapter 246: Schmorl Node - p. 895 304. Chapter 247: Scheuermann Kyphosis - p. 901 305. Chapter 248: Congenital Scoliosis and Kyphosis - p. 905 306. Chapter 249: Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis - p. 909 307. SECTION 4: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 911 308. INFECTIONS - p. 911 309. Chapter 250: Pyogenic Osteomyelitis - p. 911 310. Chapter 251: Tuberculous Osteomyelitis - p. 917 311. INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS - p. 923 312. Chapter 252: Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis - p. 923 313. Chapter 253: Neuromyelitis Optica - p. 927 314. Chapter 254: Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Spine - p. 931 315. Chapter 255: ADEM, Spine - p. 933 316. Chapter 256: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease, Spine - p. 935 317. Chapter 257: Guillain-Barré Syndrome - p. 937 318. Chapter 258: Acute Flaccid Myelitis - p. 941 319. SECTION 5: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES - p. 945 320. NEOPLASMS: EXTRADURAL SPACE - p. 945 321. Chapter 259: Osteoid Osteoma - p. 945 322. Chapter 260: Osteoblastoma - p. 951 323. Chapter 261: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst - p. 955 324. Chapter 262: Osteochondroma - p. 959 325. Chapter 263: Osteogenic Sarcoma - p. 963 326. Chapter 264: Chordoma - p. 967 327. Chapter 265: Ewing Sarcoma - p. 971 328. Chapter 266: Leukemia, Spine - p. 975 329. Chapter 267: Neuroblastic Tumors - p. 979 330. Chapter 268: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - p. 983 331. Chapter 269: Angiolipoma - p. 987 332. INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY SPACE - p. 991 333. Chapter 270: CSF Disseminated Metastases - p. 991 334. Chapter 271: Myxopapillary Ependymoma - p. 997 335. INTRAMEDULLARY SPACE - p. 1001 336. Chapter 272: Astrocytoma, Spine - p. 1001 337. Chapter 273: Spinal Ependymoma - p. 1005 338. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 1009 339. Chapter 274: Syringomyelia - p. 1009 340. Chapter 275: Lipoma, Spine - p. 1011 341. Chapter 276: Epidural Lipomatosis - p. 1015 342. Chapter 277: Extramedullary Hematopoiesis - p. 1017 343. SECTION 6: SPINE POSTPROCEDURAL IMAGING - p. 1021 344. Chapter 278: Hardware Failure - p. 1021 345. Index - p. 1027
