Effect of High Temperature on Crop Productivity and Metabolism of Macro Molecules presents a comprehensive overview on the direct effect of temperatures defined as "high", a definition which increasingly includes a great number of geographic regions. As temperature impacts the number of base growth days, it is necessary to adapt plant selection, strategize planting times, and understand the expected impact of adaptive steps to ensure maximum plant health and crop yield. Global warming, climate change and change in environmental conditions have become common phrases in nearly every scientific seminar, symposium and meeting, thus these changes in climatic patterns constrain normal growth and reproduction cycles.
This book reviews the effect of high temperature on agricultural crop production and the effect of high temperature stress on the metabolic aspects of macro molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, secondary metabolites, and plant growth hormones.
1. 1.1 Introduction - p. 1 2. 1.2 Effect of High Temperature on Seed Germination - p. 7 3. 1.3 Effect of High Temperature on Plant Growth and Development - p. 18 4. 1.4 High Temperature and Physiological Traits - p. 30 5. 1.5 High Temperature and Phenological Development in Plants - p. 35 6. 1.6 Dry Matter Buildup and Partitioning Under High Temperature - p. 45 7. 1.7 Threshold Temperature for Different Crops - p. 56 8. 1.8 Seed Quality Under Heat Stress - p. 62 9. 1.9 Physiological and Molecular Indicators of Tolerance to High Temperatures - p. 66 10. 1.10 Strategies for Crop Improvement for Heat Stress Tolerance - p. 71 11. 1.11 Future Temperature Projections and Expected Yields - p. 73 12. References - p. 74 13. Further Reading - p. 74 14. Chapter 2. Effect of High Temperature on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Plants - p. 115 15. Abstract - p. 115 16. 2.1 Global Temperature - p. 115 17. 2.2 High-Temperature Effect on Crop Production - p. 118 18. 2.3 Carbohydrates - p. 122 19. 2.4 Molecular, Cellular, and Physiological Impact of Heat Stress in Plants - p. 124 20. 2.5 Effect of Higher Temperature on Photosynthesis - p. 135 21. 2.6 High Temperature and Photosynthetic Acclimation - p. 142 22. 2.7 Heat Stress and Photorespiration - p. 152 23. 2.8 Sugar Metabolism Under Higher Temperature - p. 155 24. 2.9 High Temperature and Starch Synthesis - p. 157 25. 2.10 Carbohydrate Allocation Under Different Temperatures - p. 158 26. 2.11 Heat Tolerance and Carbohydrate Accumulation - p. 161 27. 2.12 Plant Respiration Under High Temperature - p. 164 28. 2.13 Effect of Temperature on Rates of Alternative and Cytochrome Pathway of Respiration - p. 171 29. 2.14 Effects of Climate Change at the Forest Level - p. 174 30. 2.15 Climate Change Effects at the Single Plant Level - p. 176 31. 2.16 Strategies for Crop Improvement for Heat Stress Tolerance - p. 177 32. References - p. 185 33. Further Reading - p. 185 34. Chapter 3. Effect of High Temperature on Protein Metabolism in Plants - p. 217 35. Abstract - p. 217 36. 3.1 High-Temperature Stress and Plants - p. 217 37. 3.2 Proteins and Plants - p. 221 38. 3.3 Nitrogen Assimilation in Plants - p. 224 39. 3.4 Roles of Proteins in Plant Growth and Yield - p. 232 40. 3.5 Biological Nitrogen Fixation - p. 236 41. 3.6 Roles of Proteins in Plants Under High Temperature - p. 245 42. 3.7 Effects of High Temperature on Protein Synthesis - p. 251 43. 3.8 Proteolysis Under High Temperature - p. 254 44. 3.9 Roles of Protein Molecules in Heat Tolerance - p. 259 45. 3.10 Roles of Protein Molecules in Heat Tolerance of Plants - p. 262 46. 3.11 High Temperature and Heat Shock Proteins - p. 265 47. 3.12 Roles of Heat Shock Proteins in the Heat Tolerance of Plants - p. 271 48. 3.13 Strategies of Crop Improvement Under High-Temperature Stress - p. 274 49. References - p. 281 50. Further Reading - p. 281 51. Chapter 4. Lipid Metabolism in Plants Under High Temperature - p. 311 52. Abstract - p. 311 53. 4.1 Fats and Lipids in Plants - p. 311 54. 4.2 Categories of Lipids - p. 319 55. 4.3 Biological Functions of Lipids - p. 321 56. 4.4 Lipid Peroxidation and Tissue Disorders - p. 324 57. 4.5 Role of Lipids in Plant Growth and Development - p. 326 58. 4.6 Free Fatty Acids in Plants and Their Role in Growth and Yield - p. 329 59. 4.7 Effect of High Temperature on Lipids and Fatty Acids in Plants - p. 332 60. 4.8 Lipid Biosynthesis in Plants and the Effect of High Temperature - p. 337 61. 4.9 Lipid Breakdown in Plants and Lipase Activity - p. 343 62. 4.10 Role of Lipids and Fats in Plants for Tolerance to High Temperature - p. 352 63. 4.11 Role of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Desiccation Tolerance - p. 360 64. 4.12 Molecular and Physiological Impact of Heat Stress on Plant Lipids - p. 361 65. 4.13 Strategies for Improvement of Fat and Lipid Yield Under Heat Stress - p. 368 66. References - p. 369 67. Further Reading - p. 369 68. Chapter 5. High-Temperature Stress and Metabolism of Secondary Metabolites in Plants - p. 391 69. Abstract - p. 391 70. 5.1 Secondary Metabolites and Plants - p. 393 71. 5.2 Types of Secondary Metabolites - p. 397 72. 5.3 Chemical Types of Secondary Metabolites - p. 403 73. 5.4 Role of Secondary Metabolites in the Growth and Development of Plants - p. 413 74. 5.5 Effect of Higher Temperature on Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis - p. 415 75. 5.6 Effect of External Factors on Plant Secondary Metabolites - p. 422 76. 5.7 Effect of High Temperature on Secondary Metabolites in Plants - p. 432 77. 5.8 Molecular and Physiological Impact of Heat Stress on Plant Secondary Metabolites - p. 437 78. 5.9 Heat Stress and Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites - p. 438 79. 5.10 Role of Secondary Metabolites in Heat Acclimation of Plants - p. 440 80. 5.11 Production of Secondary Metabolites Through Interventions - p. 443 81. 5.12 Strategies for Crop Improvement Through Secondary Metabolites Under Heat Stress - p. 451 82. References - p. 457 83. Further Reading - p. 457 84. Chapter 6. Effect of High-Temperature Stress on the Metabolism of Plant Growth Regulators - p. 485 85. Abstract - p. 485 86. 6.1 Plant Growth Hormones - p. 489 87. 6.2 Types of Plant Growth Hormones - p. 490 88. 6.3 Roles of Different Growth Hormones in the Growth and Yield of Crops - p. 500 89. 6.4 Effect of High Temperature on the Activity of Growth Hormones in Plants - p. 510 90. 6.5 Role of Growth Hormones in Plants Under High Temperature - p. 515 91. 6.6 Effect of Higher Temperature on Growth Hormone Biosynthesis - p. 517 92. 6.7 Role of Plant Growth Hormone in Heat Stress Tolerance - p. 533 93. 6.8 Growth Hormone Catabolism in Plants Under High Temperature - p. 535 94. 6.9 Stress Tolerance in Plants and the Role of Growth Hormones - p. 538 95. 6.10 Role of Growth Hormones Against Heat Stress in Plants - p. 546 96. 6.11 Strategies for Crop Improvement Through Growth Hormones Under Heat Stress - p. 554 97. References - p. 560 98. Further Reading - p. 560 99. Index - p. 593
Effect of High Temperature on Crop Productivity and Metabolism of Macro Molecules presents a comprehensive overview on the direct effect of temperatures defined as "high", a definition which increasingly includes a great number of geographic regions. As temperature impacts the number of base growth days, it is necessary to adapt plant selection, strategize planting times, and understand the expected impact of adaptive steps to ensure maximum plant health and crop yield. Global warming, climate change and change in environmental conditions have become common phrases in nearly every scientific seminar, symposium and meeting, thus these changes in climatic patterns constrain normal growth and reproduction cycles.
This book reviews the effect of high temperature on agricultural crop production and the effect of high temperature stress on the metabolic aspects of macro molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, secondary metabolites, and plant growth hormones.
1. 1.1 Introduction - p. 1 2. 1.2 Effect of High Temperature on Seed Germination - p. 7 3. 1.3 Effect of High Temperature on Plant Growth and Development - p. 18 4. 1.4 High Temperature and Physiological Traits - p. 30 5. 1.5 High Temperature and Phenological Development in Plants - p. 35 6. 1.6 Dry Matter Buildup and Partitioning Under High Temperature - p. 45 7. 1.7 Threshold Temperature for Different Crops - p. 56 8. 1.8 Seed Quality Under Heat Stress - p. 62 9. 1.9 Physiological and Molecular Indicators of Tolerance to High Temperatures - p. 66 10. 1.10 Strategies for Crop Improvement for Heat Stress Tolerance - p. 71 11. 1.11 Future Temperature Projections and Expected Yields - p. 73 12. References - p. 74 13. Further Reading - p. 74 14. Chapter 2. Effect of High Temperature on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Plants - p. 115 15. Abstract - p. 115 16. 2.1 Global Temperature - p. 115 17. 2.2 High-Temperature Effect on Crop Production - p. 118 18. 2.3 Carbohydrates - p. 122 19. 2.4 Molecular, Cellular, and Physiological Impact of Heat Stress in Plants - p. 124 20. 2.5 Effect of Higher Temperature on Photosynthesis - p. 135 21. 2.6 High Temperature and Photosynthetic Acclimation - p. 142 22. 2.7 Heat Stress and Photorespiration - p. 152 23. 2.8 Sugar Metabolism Under Higher Temperature - p. 155 24. 2.9 High Temperature and Starch Synthesis - p. 157 25. 2.10 Carbohydrate Allocation Under Different Temperatures - p. 158 26. 2.11 Heat Tolerance and Carbohydrate Accumulation - p. 161 27. 2.12 Plant Respiration Under High Temperature - p. 164 28. 2.13 Effect of Temperature on Rates of Alternative and Cytochrome Pathway of Respiration - p. 171 29. 2.14 Effects of Climate Change at the Forest Level - p. 174 30. 2.15 Climate Change Effects at the Single Plant Level - p. 176 31. 2.16 Strategies for Crop Improvement for Heat Stress Tolerance - p. 177 32. References - p. 185 33. Further Reading - p. 185 34. Chapter 3. Effect of High Temperature on Protein Metabolism in Plants - p. 217 35. Abstract - p. 217 36. 3.1 High-Temperature Stress and Plants - p. 217 37. 3.2 Proteins and Plants - p. 221 38. 3.3 Nitrogen Assimilation in Plants - p. 224 39. 3.4 Roles of Proteins in Plant Growth and Yield - p. 232 40. 3.5 Biological Nitrogen Fixation - p. 236 41. 3.6 Roles of Proteins in Plants Under High Temperature - p. 245 42. 3.7 Effects of High Temperature on Protein Synthesis - p. 251 43. 3.8 Proteolysis Under High Temperature - p. 254 44. 3.9 Roles of Protein Molecules in Heat Tolerance - p. 259 45. 3.10 Roles of Protein Molecules in Heat Tolerance of Plants - p. 262 46. 3.11 High Temperature and Heat Shock Proteins - p. 265 47. 3.12 Roles of Heat Shock Proteins in the Heat Tolerance of Plants - p. 271 48. 3.13 Strategies of Crop Improvement Under High-Temperature Stress - p. 274 49. References - p. 281 50. Further Reading - p. 281 51. Chapter 4. Lipid Metabolism in Plants Under High Temperature - p. 311 52. Abstract - p. 311 53. 4.1 Fats and Lipids in Plants - p. 311 54. 4.2 Categories of Lipids - p. 319 55. 4.3 Biological Functions of Lipids - p. 321 56. 4.4 Lipid Peroxidation and Tissue Disorders - p. 324 57. 4.5 Role of Lipids in Plant Growth and Development - p. 326 58. 4.6 Free Fatty Acids in Plants and Their Role in Growth and Yield - p. 329 59. 4.7 Effect of High Temperature on Lipids and Fatty Acids in Plants - p. 332 60. 4.8 Lipid Biosynthesis in Plants and the Effect of High Temperature - p. 337 61. 4.9 Lipid Breakdown in Plants and Lipase Activity - p. 343 62. 4.10 Role of Lipids and Fats in Plants for Tolerance to High Temperature - p. 352 63. 4.11 Role of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Desiccation Tolerance - p. 360 64. 4.12 Molecular and Physiological Impact of Heat Stress on Plant Lipids - p. 361 65. 4.13 Strategies for Improvement of Fat and Lipid Yield Under Heat Stress - p. 368 66. References - p. 369 67. Further Reading - p. 369 68. Chapter 5. High-Temperature Stress and Metabolism of Secondary Metabolites in Plants - p. 391 69. Abstract - p. 391 70. 5.1 Secondary Metabolites and Plants - p. 393 71. 5.2 Types of Secondary Metabolites - p. 397 72. 5.3 Chemical Types of Secondary Metabolites - p. 403 73. 5.4 Role of Secondary Metabolites in the Growth and Development of Plants - p. 413 74. 5.5 Effect of Higher Temperature on Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis - p. 415 75. 5.6 Effect of External Factors on Plant Secondary Metabolites - p. 422 76. 5.7 Effect of High Temperature on Secondary Metabolites in Plants - p. 432 77. 5.8 Molecular and Physiological Impact of Heat Stress on Plant Secondary Metabolites - p. 437 78. 5.9 Heat Stress and Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites - p. 438 79. 5.10 Role of Secondary Metabolites in Heat Acclimation of Plants - p. 440 80. 5.11 Production of Secondary Metabolites Through Interventions - p. 443 81. 5.12 Strategies for Crop Improvement Through Secondary Metabolites Under Heat Stress - p. 451 82. References - p. 457 83. Further Reading - p. 457 84. Chapter 6. Effect of High-Temperature Stress on the Metabolism of Plant Growth Regulators - p. 485 85. Abstract - p. 485 86. 6.1 Plant Growth Hormones - p. 489 87. 6.2 Types of Plant Growth Hormones - p. 490 88. 6.3 Roles of Different Growth Hormones in the Growth and Yield of Crops - p. 500 89. 6.4 Effect of High Temperature on the Activity of Growth Hormones in Plants - p. 510 90. 6.5 Role of Growth Hormones in Plants Under High Temperature - p. 515 91. 6.6 Effect of Higher Temperature on Growth Hormone Biosynthesis - p. 517 92. 6.7 Role of Plant Growth Hormone in Heat Stress Tolerance - p. 533 93. 6.8 Growth Hormone Catabolism in Plants Under High Temperature - p. 535 94. 6.9 Stress Tolerance in Plants and the Role of Growth Hormones - p. 538 95. 6.10 Role of Growth Hormones Against Heat Stress in Plants - p. 546 96. 6.11 Strategies for Crop Improvement Through Growth Hormones Under Heat Stress - p. 554 97. References - p. 560 98. Further Reading - p. 560 99. Index - p. 593
