Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Third Edition, Seven Volume Set provides a coherent, synthetic and comprehensive overview of the field, bringing together contributions from over 400 expert academics and practitioners. The book brings together the dimensions of biodiversity and examines the services it provides and measures to protect it. Major themes include the evolution of biodiversity, systems for classifying and defining biodiversity, ecological patterns and theories of biodiversity, and an assessment of contemporary patterns and trends in biodiversity. The entire work is reviewed and updated, including new chapters on topics which have come to the forefront since the publication of the previous edition.
The science of biodiversity has become the science of our future. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning areas of both physical and life sciences. Our awareness of the loss of biodiversity has brought a long overdue appreciation of the magnitude of this loss and a determination to develop the tools to protect our future. One important feature of the new edition will be updated information on the growing biodiversity crisis.
1. Captive Breeding and Reintroduction - p. 3101 2. Ecology Concepts - p. 3106 3. Neutral Ecology and Beyond - p. 3107 4. Carrying Capacity, Concept of - p. 3122 5. Competition, Interspecific - p. 3135 6. Complementarity - p. 3153 7. Ecology of Plant Anti-herbivore Defenses - p. 3168 8. Ecology, Concept and Theories in - p. 3178 9. Endemism - p. 3185 10. Food Webs as Multilayer Networks - p. 3194 11. Guilds - p. 3202 12. Habitat and Niche, Concept of - p. 3207 13. Hemiparasitism - p. 3210 14. Hotspots - p. 3217 15. Keystone Species - p. 3231 16. Limits to Biodiversity - p. 3259 17. Metacommunity - p. 3269 18. Metapopulations - p. 3297 19. Resource Partitioning - p. 3323 20. Species Interactions - p. 3339 21. Species Range Limits - p. 3345 22. Storage, Ecology of - p. 3349 23. Trophic Levels - p. 3353 24. Measurements and Metrics - p. 3362 25. Biodiversity, Definition of - p. 3363 26. Species Diversity: Overview - p. 3380 27. Measurement and Analysis of Biodiversity - p. 3391 28. Biodiversity Informatics - p. 3422 29. Measuring and Estimating Species Richness, Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Diversity, and Related Biotic (Dis)similarity Indices From Sampling Data - p. 3427 30. Scale, Concept and Effects of - p. 3454 31. Species–Area Relationships - p. 3481 32. Measurement of Microbial Diversity - p. 3498 33. Metabarcoding for Biodiversity Estimation - p. 3508 34. Soundscapes and Vibroscapes – Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 3rd Ed. - p. 3531 35. Remote Sensing and Image Processing - p. 3555 36. Ecogenomic Sensors - p. 3572 37. Complexity Versus Diversity - p. 3586 38. Diversity, Taxonomic Versus Functional - p. 3603 39. Functional Groups - p. 3610 40. Functional Diversity - p. 3631 41. Functional Diversity Measures - p. 3643 42. Indicator Species: Computation - p. 3650 43. Ecological Models - p. 3653 44. Landscape Modeling - p. 3654 45. Modeling Biodiversity Dynamics in Countryside and Native Habitats - p. 3663 46. Species Distribution Modeling - p. 3679 47. Computer Systems and Models, Use of - p. 3697 48. Individuals & Populations - p. 3708 49. Individual Specialization - p. 3709 50. Dormancy and Diapause - p. 3732 51. Breeding of Animals - p. 3740 52. The Habitat Selection of Animals - p. 3758 53. Population Dynamics - p. 3776 54. Chaotic Dynamics in Ecology - p. 3785 55. Population Diversity, Overview - p. 3805 56. Landscape Ecology and Population Dynamics - p. 3811 57. Migration - p. 3832 58. Avian Brood Parasitism - p. 3848 59. Natural Extinctions - p. 3858 60. Modern Examples of Extinctions - p. 3869 61. Latent Extinction—The Living Dead - p. 3881 62. Communities - p. 3890 63. Ecological Networks - p. 3891 64. Plant–Animal Interactions - p. 3911 65. Pollinators, Role of - p. 3918 66. Predators, Ecological Role of - p. 3929 67. Species Coexistence - p. 3955 68. Trophic Cascades - p. 3966 69. Symbiosis: A Review of Different Forms of Interactions Among Organisms - p. 3977 70. Forest Ecology - p. 3989 71. Effects of Ecotones on Biodiversity - p. 3997 72. Succession, Phenomenon of - p. 4008 73. Microorganisms (Microbes), Role of - p. 4013 74. Protected Areas - p. 4027 75. Large-Scale Biodiversity Experiments - p. 4038 76. Tropical Forest Regeneration - p. 4054 77. Ecosystem Processes - p. 4059 78. The Ecosystem Concept - p. 4060 79. Ecosystem Function, Principles of - p. 4070 80. Energy Flow and Ecosystems - p. 4080 81. Nitrogen, Nitrogen Cycle - p. 4100 82. Photosynthesis, Mechanisms of - p. 4115 83. The Carbon Cycle - p. 4124 84. Biogeochemical Cycles - p. 4133 85. Plant–Soil Interactions - p. 4152 86. Atmospheric Gases - p. 4172 87. Eutrophication and Oligotrophication - p. 4180 88. Impact of Extreme and Infrequent Events on Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity - p. 4230 89. Crop Mixtures, Ecosystem Functioning, and Mechanisms - p. 4251 90. Stability, Concept of - p. 4263 91. Disturbance - p. 4267 92. Disturbance, Mechanisms of - p. 4268 93. Fires, Ecological Effects of - p. 4279 94. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation - p. 4287 95. Rainforest Loss and Change - p. 4298 96. Desertification - p. 4303 97. El Niño and Biodiversity - p. 4317 98. Stress, Environmental - p. 4330 99. Ultraviolet Radiation - p. 4335 100. Phenological Shifts in Animals Under Contemporary Climate Change - p. 4343 101. Species Assemblages, Macroecology, and Global Change - p. 4361 102. Climate Change: Anticipating and Adapting to the Impacts on Terrestrial Species - p. 4382 103. Invasions - p. 4398 104. Biological Invasions: An Overview - p. 4399 105. Plant Invasions - p. 4415 106. Invasional Meltdown and Ecosystem Engineers - p. 4433 107. Agricultural Invasions - p. 4448 108. Landscapes and Regions - p. 4450 109. Diversity, Community/Regional Level - p. 4451 110. Elevational Trends in Biodiversity - p. 4460 111. Turnover - p. 4467 112. Latitudinal Gradients of Biodiversity: Patterns, Processes, and Prospects - p. 4488 113. Landscape Corridors - p. 4501 114. Landscape Epidemiology - p. 4515 115. Paleoecology - p. 4520 116. Concepts - p. 4534 117. Evolution, Theory of - p. 4535 118. Darwin, Charles (Darwinism) - p. 4550 119. Biodiversity Generation, Overview - p. 4557 120. Biodiversity, Origin of - p. 4571 121. Biodiversity and Evolution - p. 4581 122. Phenotype, a Historical Perspective - p. 4595 123. Social Behavior and Animal Societies - p. 4604 124. Dynamics & Diversification - p. 4615 125. Life History, Evolution of - p. 4616 126. Coevolution - p. 4627 127. Cooperation, Evolution of - p. 4629 128. Adaptive Radiation - p. 4645 129. Differentiation - p. 4668 130. Cladogenesis - p. 4678 131. Evolution in Response to Climate Change - p. 4688 132. Insecticide Resistance - p. 4696 133. Parasitism - p. 4703 134. Hybridization in Plants - p. 4727 135. Biogeography, Overview - p. 4745 136. Biogeographical Models - p. 4761 137. Vicariance Biogeography - p. 4777 138. Historical - p. 4798 139. Geologic Time, History of Biodiversity in - p. 4799 140. Biological Diversity in Deep Time - p. 4814 141. Residents and Transients in the Fossil Record - p. 4827 142. Cambrian Explosion: The First Carnival of the Animals - p. 4837 143. Extinction - p. 4851 144. Extinction, Causes of - p. 4852 145. Mass Extinctions, Concept of - p. 4869 146. Extinction in the Fossil Record - p. 4890 147. Mass Extinctions, Notable Examples of - p. 4898 148. Comparing Extinction Rates: Past, Present, and Future - p. 4910 149. Genetics - p. 4923 150. Genes, Description of - p. 4924 151. Recombination - p. 4931 152. Nucleic Acid Biodiversity: Rewriting DNA and RNA in Diverse Organisms - p. 4937 153. Inbreeding and Outbreeding - p. 4947 154. Biodiversity in Plant Breeding - p. 4959 155. Ecological Genetics - p. 4977 156. Bacterial Genetics - p. 5002 157. Population Genetics - p. 5010 158. Admixture - p. 5032 159. Genetics, Landscape - p. 5057 160. Captive Breeding and the Evolutionarily Significant Unit - p. 5086 161. Species - p. 5095 162. Species, Concepts of - p. 5096 163. Subspecies, Semispecies, Superspecies - p. 5111 164. Nomenclature, Systems of - p. 5116 165. Systematics, Overview - p. 5118 166. Biological Classification - p. 5128 167. Cladistics - p. 5143 168. Speciation, Theories of - p. 5162 169. Speciation, Process of - p. 5176 170. Marine Protected Areas: Evolving to Meet Changing Conditions - p. 5183 171. Biodiversity and the Anthropocene - p. 5197 172. Subject Index - p. 5207 173. Authors - p. 5289
Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Third Edition, Seven Volume Set provides a coherent, synthetic and comprehensive overview of the field, bringing together contributions from over 400 expert academics and practitioners. The book brings together the dimensions of biodiversity and examines the services it provides and measures to protect it. Major themes include the evolution of biodiversity, systems for classifying and defining biodiversity, ecological patterns and theories of biodiversity, and an assessment of contemporary patterns and trends in biodiversity. The entire work is reviewed and updated, including new chapters on topics which have come to the forefront since the publication of the previous edition.
The science of biodiversity has become the science of our future. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning areas of both physical and life sciences. Our awareness of the loss of biodiversity has brought a long overdue appreciation of the magnitude of this loss and a determination to develop the tools to protect our future. One important feature of the new edition will be updated information on the growing biodiversity crisis.
1. Captive Breeding and Reintroduction - p. 3101 2. Ecology Concepts - p. 3106 3. Neutral Ecology and Beyond - p. 3107 4. Carrying Capacity, Concept of - p. 3122 5. Competition, Interspecific - p. 3135 6. Complementarity - p. 3153 7. Ecology of Plant Anti-herbivore Defenses - p. 3168 8. Ecology, Concept and Theories in - p. 3178 9. Endemism - p. 3185 10. Food Webs as Multilayer Networks - p. 3194 11. Guilds - p. 3202 12. Habitat and Niche, Concept of - p. 3207 13. Hemiparasitism - p. 3210 14. Hotspots - p. 3217 15. Keystone Species - p. 3231 16. Limits to Biodiversity - p. 3259 17. Metacommunity - p. 3269 18. Metapopulations - p. 3297 19. Resource Partitioning - p. 3323 20. Species Interactions - p. 3339 21. Species Range Limits - p. 3345 22. Storage, Ecology of - p. 3349 23. Trophic Levels - p. 3353 24. Measurements and Metrics - p. 3362 25. Biodiversity, Definition of - p. 3363 26. Species Diversity: Overview - p. 3380 27. Measurement and Analysis of Biodiversity - p. 3391 28. Biodiversity Informatics - p. 3422 29. Measuring and Estimating Species Richness, Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Diversity, and Related Biotic (Dis)similarity Indices From Sampling Data - p. 3427 30. Scale, Concept and Effects of - p. 3454 31. Species–Area Relationships - p. 3481 32. Measurement of Microbial Diversity - p. 3498 33. Metabarcoding for Biodiversity Estimation - p. 3508 34. Soundscapes and Vibroscapes – Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 3rd Ed. - p. 3531 35. Remote Sensing and Image Processing - p. 3555 36. Ecogenomic Sensors - p. 3572 37. Complexity Versus Diversity - p. 3586 38. Diversity, Taxonomic Versus Functional - p. 3603 39. Functional Groups - p. 3610 40. Functional Diversity - p. 3631 41. Functional Diversity Measures - p. 3643 42. Indicator Species: Computation - p. 3650 43. Ecological Models - p. 3653 44. Landscape Modeling - p. 3654 45. Modeling Biodiversity Dynamics in Countryside and Native Habitats - p. 3663 46. Species Distribution Modeling - p. 3679 47. Computer Systems and Models, Use of - p. 3697 48. Individuals & Populations - p. 3708 49. Individual Specialization - p. 3709 50. Dormancy and Diapause - p. 3732 51. Breeding of Animals - p. 3740 52. The Habitat Selection of Animals - p. 3758 53. Population Dynamics - p. 3776 54. Chaotic Dynamics in Ecology - p. 3785 55. Population Diversity, Overview - p. 3805 56. Landscape Ecology and Population Dynamics - p. 3811 57. Migration - p. 3832 58. Avian Brood Parasitism - p. 3848 59. Natural Extinctions - p. 3858 60. Modern Examples of Extinctions - p. 3869 61. Latent Extinction—The Living Dead - p. 3881 62. Communities - p. 3890 63. Ecological Networks - p. 3891 64. Plant–Animal Interactions - p. 3911 65. Pollinators, Role of - p. 3918 66. Predators, Ecological Role of - p. 3929 67. Species Coexistence - p. 3955 68. Trophic Cascades - p. 3966 69. Symbiosis: A Review of Different Forms of Interactions Among Organisms - p. 3977 70. Forest Ecology - p. 3989 71. Effects of Ecotones on Biodiversity - p. 3997 72. Succession, Phenomenon of - p. 4008 73. Microorganisms (Microbes), Role of - p. 4013 74. Protected Areas - p. 4027 75. Large-Scale Biodiversity Experiments - p. 4038 76. Tropical Forest Regeneration - p. 4054 77. Ecosystem Processes - p. 4059 78. The Ecosystem Concept - p. 4060 79. Ecosystem Function, Principles of - p. 4070 80. Energy Flow and Ecosystems - p. 4080 81. Nitrogen, Nitrogen Cycle - p. 4100 82. Photosynthesis, Mechanisms of - p. 4115 83. The Carbon Cycle - p. 4124 84. Biogeochemical Cycles - p. 4133 85. Plant–Soil Interactions - p. 4152 86. Atmospheric Gases - p. 4172 87. Eutrophication and Oligotrophication - p. 4180 88. Impact of Extreme and Infrequent Events on Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity - p. 4230 89. Crop Mixtures, Ecosystem Functioning, and Mechanisms - p. 4251 90. Stability, Concept of - p. 4263 91. Disturbance - p. 4267 92. Disturbance, Mechanisms of - p. 4268 93. Fires, Ecological Effects of - p. 4279 94. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation - p. 4287 95. Rainforest Loss and Change - p. 4298 96. Desertification - p. 4303 97. El Niño and Biodiversity - p. 4317 98. Stress, Environmental - p. 4330 99. Ultraviolet Radiation - p. 4335 100. Phenological Shifts in Animals Under Contemporary Climate Change - p. 4343 101. Species Assemblages, Macroecology, and Global Change - p. 4361 102. Climate Change: Anticipating and Adapting to the Impacts on Terrestrial Species - p. 4382 103. Invasions - p. 4398 104. Biological Invasions: An Overview - p. 4399 105. Plant Invasions - p. 4415 106. Invasional Meltdown and Ecosystem Engineers - p. 4433 107. Agricultural Invasions - p. 4448 108. Landscapes and Regions - p. 4450 109. Diversity, Community/Regional Level - p. 4451 110. Elevational Trends in Biodiversity - p. 4460 111. Turnover - p. 4467 112. Latitudinal Gradients of Biodiversity: Patterns, Processes, and Prospects - p. 4488 113. Landscape Corridors - p. 4501 114. Landscape Epidemiology - p. 4515 115. Paleoecology - p. 4520 116. Concepts - p. 4534 117. Evolution, Theory of - p. 4535 118. Darwin, Charles (Darwinism) - p. 4550 119. Biodiversity Generation, Overview - p. 4557 120. Biodiversity, Origin of - p. 4571 121. Biodiversity and Evolution - p. 4581 122. Phenotype, a Historical Perspective - p. 4595 123. Social Behavior and Animal Societies - p. 4604 124. Dynamics & Diversification - p. 4615 125. Life History, Evolution of - p. 4616 126. Coevolution - p. 4627 127. Cooperation, Evolution of - p. 4629 128. Adaptive Radiation - p. 4645 129. Differentiation - p. 4668 130. Cladogenesis - p. 4678 131. Evolution in Response to Climate Change - p. 4688 132. Insecticide Resistance - p. 4696 133. Parasitism - p. 4703 134. Hybridization in Plants - p. 4727 135. Biogeography, Overview - p. 4745 136. Biogeographical Models - p. 4761 137. Vicariance Biogeography - p. 4777 138. Historical - p. 4798 139. Geologic Time, History of Biodiversity in - p. 4799 140. Biological Diversity in Deep Time - p. 4814 141. Residents and Transients in the Fossil Record - p. 4827 142. Cambrian Explosion: The First Carnival of the Animals - p. 4837 143. Extinction - p. 4851 144. Extinction, Causes of - p. 4852 145. Mass Extinctions, Concept of - p. 4869 146. Extinction in the Fossil Record - p. 4890 147. Mass Extinctions, Notable Examples of - p. 4898 148. Comparing Extinction Rates: Past, Present, and Future - p. 4910 149. Genetics - p. 4923 150. Genes, Description of - p. 4924 151. Recombination - p. 4931 152. Nucleic Acid Biodiversity: Rewriting DNA and RNA in Diverse Organisms - p. 4937 153. Inbreeding and Outbreeding - p. 4947 154. Biodiversity in Plant Breeding - p. 4959 155. Ecological Genetics - p. 4977 156. Bacterial Genetics - p. 5002 157. Population Genetics - p. 5010 158. Admixture - p. 5032 159. Genetics, Landscape - p. 5057 160. Captive Breeding and the Evolutionarily Significant Unit - p. 5086 161. Species - p. 5095 162. Species, Concepts of - p. 5096 163. Subspecies, Semispecies, Superspecies - p. 5111 164. Nomenclature, Systems of - p. 5116 165. Systematics, Overview - p. 5118 166. Biological Classification - p. 5128 167. Cladistics - p. 5143 168. Speciation, Theories of - p. 5162 169. Speciation, Process of - p. 5176 170. Marine Protected Areas: Evolving to Meet Changing Conditions - p. 5183 171. Biodiversity and the Anthropocene - p. 5197 172. Subject Index - p. 5207 173. Authors - p. 5289
