Encyclopedia of the Human Brain, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set builds on the success of the first edition, providing neuroscience researchers with the ideal ‘one-stop’ resource on all topics related to human brain understanding. Given the length of time since the first edition published, EHB2 is thoroughly revised, with substantial updates on many new and exciting topics, including areas such as human neuroimaging, non-invasive brain stimulation, molecular biology (including genetics and epigenetics), and the clinical diagnoses of brain disorders, along with chapters exploring the introduction of new theoretical and methodological ideas in areas ranging from cognitive neuroscience to evolution of the human brain.
In total, there are 440 articles – a vast increase from 224 previously - thus reflecting the huge explosion in neuroscience research during the last 20 years. EHB2 provides a brand new generation of neuroscientists with the perfect tool with which to learn and master the fundamentals of how and why the human brain operates as it does.
1. Chapter 89: An introduction to the electrodynamic world of EEG - p. 635 2. Chapter 90: Aging and neuroplasticity - p. 635 3. Chapter 91: Diet and neuroplasticity - p. 635 4. Chapter 92: Exercise-induced neuroplasticity - p. 698 5. Chapter 93: Exogenous induction of neuroplasticity: Non-invasive neurostimulation - p. 722 6. Chapter 94: Individual differences in neuroplastic recovery - p. 750 7. Social Cognition - p. 769 8. Chapter 95: Representation of others’ beliefs - p. 769 9. Chapter 96: Autobiographical memory and the integrated self - p. 788 10. Chapter 97: Neural representations of self-beliefs and the self-concept - p. 802 11. Chapter 98: Language and stereotypes - p. 817 12. Chapter 99: Contagion & empathy - p. 828 13. Volume 3 - p. 841 14. Executive Functions - p. 841 15. Chapter 100: Introduction to Executive Functions - p. 841 16. Chapter 101: What every cognitive neuroscientist should know about prefrontal cortex evolution - p. 841 17. Chapter 102: Early executive function development: The first three years - p. 8 18. Chapter 103: Normal aging of frontal lobes and executive functions - p. 8 19. Chapter 104: A theory of dysexecutive syndromes: Variations in the effectiveness of prefrontal control of behavior - p. 8 20. Chapter 105: Neurochemistry of executive functions - p. 44 21. Chapter 106: Neural circuits and processes of working memory - p. 44 22. Chapter 107: The orbitofrontal cortex in adaptive behavior: Prediction, evaluation, and comparison - p. 88 23. Chapter 108: The medial frontal cortex, performance monitoring, cognitive control, and decision making - p. 88 24. Chapter 109: Lateral prefrontal cortex and rule-based control - p. 121 25. Chapter 110: Exploring the frontal pole: Bridging theories and revealing associated neural computations - p. 121 26. Chapter 111: Insular cortex: A hub for saliency, cognitive control, and interoceptive awareness - p. 156 27. Chapter 112: Action stopping - p. 180 28. Chapter 113: Emotion and control - p. 199 29. Chapter 114: Decision-making under uncertainty - p. 207 30. Chapter 115: Belief updates, learning and adaptive decision making - p. 230 31. Chapter 116: Confidence and metacognition - p. 230 32. Chapter 117: Meta-control - p. 230 33. Chapter 118: Neuropsychology of planning - p. 230 34. Chapter 119: The reasoning brain - p. 230 35. Reward and Reinforcement - p. 230 36. Chapter 120: Reward processing and reinforcement learning: From adolescence to aging - p. 230 37. Chapter 121: The role of orbitofrontal cortex in economic choice behavior - p. 230 38. Chapter 122: Appetitive versus aversive motivational processes: The role of the limbic Basal Ganglia pathways in normal and pathological contexts. - p. 325 39. Chapter 123: Impacts of dopamine on learning and behavior in health and disease: Insights from optogenetics in rodents - p. 325 40. Chapter 124: Outcome-specific reward processing and decision-making - p. 379 41. Chapter 125: Uncertainty coding in the reward system - p. 379 42. Chapter 126: Persistence in the choice of delayed rewards - p. 379 43. Chapter 127: Omission of rewards and regret representations in the brain - p. 379 44. Chapter 128: Body brain interactions in the control of feeding - p. 379 45. Chapter 129: Adaptive value coding and choice behavior - p. 441 46. Environmental Influences on Human Brain Functions - p. 441 47. Chapter 130: The public health environment and brain function - p. 441 48. Chapter 131: Environmental pollution and brain function - p. 441 49. Chapter 132: Intelligence differences and environmental experiences - p. 491 50. Chapter 133: Environmental determinates of psychopathology and brain structure/function - p. 491 51. Chapter 134: Environmental enrichment in cognitive and brain aging - p. 509 52. Chapter 135: Promoting brain health in a digital world - p. 509 53. Chapter 136: Communal knowledge and brain function - p. 509 54. Sex Differences - p. 509 55. Chapter 137: Where the study of sex influences has been, and where it is going - p. 509 56. Chapter 138: Sexual selection and sex differences in brain and cognition - p. 509 57. Chapter 139: Sex differences in the brain: Developmental parameters, complexities, and outcomes - p. 509 58. Chapter 140: Menstrual cycle-related changes in the human brain - p. 509 59. Chapter 141: Synthetic sex hormones and cognition - p. 612 60. Chapter 142: Sex differences in pain perception - p. 612 61. Chapter 143: Sex differences in autism - p. 632 62. Chapter 144: Sex differences in substance use disorders - p. 632 63. Chapter 145: Sex differences in ischemic stroke: risk factors, pathology, and treatment - p. 632 64. Chapter 146: Sex differences in brain aging - p. 680 65. Chapter 147: Sex/gender associated mechanisms in the (human) brain: Sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and social-cultural gender factors - p. 680 66. Chapter 148: Sex differences in risk/reward decision making - p. 703 67. Chapter 149: Sex differences in spatial learning and memory - p. 703 68. Volume 4 - p. 732 69. Human Brain Development and Aging - p. 732 70. Chapter 150: Cultural contributions to cognitive aging - p. 732 71. Chapter 151: Emotional processing in aging - p. 732 72. Chapter 152: Aging, music and executive functions - p. 732 73. Chapter 153: Social determinants of brain health & brain changes across the human lifespan - p. 732 74. Chapter 154: Mood and the aging brain - p. 62 75. Chapter 155: Physical activity interventions in cognitive aging - p. 62 76. Chapter 156: Brain health and episodic memory function at midlife: Exploring the effects of sex differences and menopause status - p. 62 77. Chapter 157: Dedifferentiation of neurocognitive function in aging - p. 105 78. Chapter 158: Health, lifestyle, and contextual factors in healthy and pathological neurocognitive aging - p. 105 79. Chapter 159: Development of cognition - p. 132 80. Chapter 160: Sleep and aging - p. 146 81. Chapter 161: Social and structural determinants of cognitive and brain aging outcomes in racially/ethnically minoritized older adults - p. 146 82. Chapter 162: Brain iron accumulation as a biomarker of risk for cognitive decline in aging: Applications of the FRIENDS model - p. 168 83. Chapter 163: Effects of age on neural reinstatement during memory retrieval - p. 185 84. Chapter 164: The ketogenic diet as a treatment paradigm for neurological disease - p. 200 85. Chapter 165: Sensory loss, change and its relationship to cognition in the brain - p. 219 86. Chapter 166: Development of episodic memory - p. 232 87. MRI-Based Neuroimaging - p. 243 88. Chapter 167: Physical principles of MRI - p. 243 89. Chapter 168: Principles of fMRI - p. 271 90. Chapter 169: Neurovascular coupling and functional neuroimaging - p. 298 91. Chapter 170: Human brain anatomy and atlases - p. 320 92. Chapter 171: Quantifying brain microstructure using MRI - p. 341 93. Chapter 172: Visual processing - p. 349 94. Chapter 173: Motor functions and actions - p. 349 95. Chapter 174: MRI of brain plasticity - p. 394 96. Chapter 175: Social interaction—Recent behavioral and brain studies - p. 405 97. Chapter 176: Resting-state networks - p. 416 98. Chapter 177: Computing geometric layers and columns on continuously improving human (f)MRI data - p. 431 99. Chapter 178: Clinical applications of fMRI - p. 456 100. Chapter 179: Neuromodulation of disrupted brain networks - p. 483 101. Chapter 180: Ultrahigh field FMRI - principles and applications - p. 495 102. Chapter 181: Preprocessing for fMRI (and a little bit for diffusion MRI) - p. 495 103. Chapter 182: Spatial normalization - p. 495 104. Chapter 183: Understanding real-world audition with computational fMRI - p. 553 105. Computational Modeling - p. 576 106. Chapter 184: Machine learning four NeuroImaging data analysis - p. 576 107. Chapter 185: Mapping effective connectivity - p. 587 108. Chapter 186: Functional specialization, modularity and communication: Network models linking brain structure and function - p. 608 109. Chapter 187: Modelling whole-brain dynamics - p. 620 110. Chapter 188: Statistical modeling of functional MRI data - p. 631 111. Chapter 189: Predictive processing in neuroscience, computational modeling and psychology - p. 655 112. Chapter 190: Encoding and decoding models - p. 673 113. Volume 5 - p. 683 114. Methodological Issues - p. 683 115. Chapter 191: Corticography and human intracranial neurophysiology - p. 683 116. Chapter 192: Deep brain stimulation - p. 9 117. Chapter 193: Human single neuron recordings - p. 34 118. Chapter 194: Electroencephalography - p. 34 119. Chapter 195: Magnetoencephalography - p. 34 120. Chapter 196: Non-invasive optical imaging of brain function with fNIRS: Current status and way forward - p. 93 121. Chapter 197: PET imaging in neurodegeneration - p. 112 122. Chapter 198: Neurotransmitter function - p. 112 123. Chapter 199: Big and deep data aggregation and analysis strategies for human neuroscience - p. 112 124. Chapter 200: Brain states - p. 112 125. Chapter 201: Replication - p. 112 126. Chapter 202: Individual differences - p. 112 127. Chapter 203: Lesion to symptom mapping - p. 112 128. Chapter 204: Precision neuroimaging - p. 202 129. Chapter 205: Functional spectroscopy - p. 202 130. Neurorecovery of Function - p. 202 131. Chapter 206: Aphasia: Etiology, symptomology, and treatment approaches - p. 202 132. Chapter 207: Acquired dyslexia: Cognitive components, neural underpinnings, and treatment approaches - p. 202 133. Chapter 208: Balance dysfunction - p. 258 134. Chapter 209: Limb apraxia: Gestures and tool use - p. 272 135. Chapter 210: Gait dysfunction - p. 272 136. Chapter 211: Dysarthria - p. 272 137. Chapter 212: Attention and decision making - p. 306 138. Genetics and Molecular Biology - p. 324 139. Chapter 213: Dopamine - p. 324 140. Chapter 214: Endorphins and their Receptors - p. 339 141. Chapter 215: GABA - p. 347 142. Chapter 216: Glial cell types - p. 361 143. Chapter 217: Ion channels - p. 378 144. Chapter 218: Microglia - p. 393 145. Chapter 219: Neuroglia, Overview - p. 404 146. Chapter 220: Neural Transplantation - p. 415 147. Chapter 221: Neurotransmitters - p. 429 148. Chapter 222: Neuropeptides and Islet Function - p. 440 149. Chapter 223: Norepinephrine - p. 453 150. Chapter 224: Opiates - p. 472 151. Chapter 225: Oxytocin - p. 482 152. Chapter 226: Peptides, Hormones, and the Brain and Spinal Cord - p. 489 153. Chapter 227: Psychoneuroimmunology - p. 506 154. Chapter 228: Psychoneuroendocrinology - p. 527 155. Chapter 229: Synapses and Synaptic Transmission and Integration - p. 544 156. Chapter 230: Synaptogenesis - p. 552 157. Brain Disorders - p. 564 158. Chapter 231: Unilateral spatial neglect - p. 564 159. Chapter 232: Movement disorders and cognition - p. 564 160. Chapter 233: Disorders of body representation - p. 564 161. Chapter 234: Frontal lobe syndromes - p. 564 162. Chapter 235: Non-invasive brain stimulation and cognition - p. 564 163. Chapter 236: Phantom limb pain - p. 564 164. Chapter 237: Pharmacology of cognition-focus on cognitive flexibility and creativity - p. 661 165. Index - p. 661 166. Authors - p. 661
Encyclopedia of the Human Brain, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set builds on the success of the first edition, providing neuroscience researchers with the ideal ‘one-stop’ resource on all topics related to human brain understanding. Given the length of time since the first edition published, EHB2 is thoroughly revised, with substantial updates on many new and exciting topics, including areas such as human neuroimaging, non-invasive brain stimulation, molecular biology (including genetics and epigenetics), and the clinical diagnoses of brain disorders, along with chapters exploring the introduction of new theoretical and methodological ideas in areas ranging from cognitive neuroscience to evolution of the human brain.
In total, there are 440 articles – a vast increase from 224 previously - thus reflecting the huge explosion in neuroscience research during the last 20 years. EHB2 provides a brand new generation of neuroscientists with the perfect tool with which to learn and master the fundamentals of how and why the human brain operates as it does.
1. Chapter 89: An introduction to the electrodynamic world of EEG - p. 635 2. Chapter 90: Aging and neuroplasticity - p. 635 3. Chapter 91: Diet and neuroplasticity - p. 635 4. Chapter 92: Exercise-induced neuroplasticity - p. 698 5. Chapter 93: Exogenous induction of neuroplasticity: Non-invasive neurostimulation - p. 722 6. Chapter 94: Individual differences in neuroplastic recovery - p. 750 7. Social Cognition - p. 769 8. Chapter 95: Representation of others’ beliefs - p. 769 9. Chapter 96: Autobiographical memory and the integrated self - p. 788 10. Chapter 97: Neural representations of self-beliefs and the self-concept - p. 802 11. Chapter 98: Language and stereotypes - p. 817 12. Chapter 99: Contagion & empathy - p. 828 13. Volume 3 - p. 841 14. Executive Functions - p. 841 15. Chapter 100: Introduction to Executive Functions - p. 841 16. Chapter 101: What every cognitive neuroscientist should know about prefrontal cortex evolution - p. 841 17. Chapter 102: Early executive function development: The first three years - p. 8 18. Chapter 103: Normal aging of frontal lobes and executive functions - p. 8 19. Chapter 104: A theory of dysexecutive syndromes: Variations in the effectiveness of prefrontal control of behavior - p. 8 20. Chapter 105: Neurochemistry of executive functions - p. 44 21. Chapter 106: Neural circuits and processes of working memory - p. 44 22. Chapter 107: The orbitofrontal cortex in adaptive behavior: Prediction, evaluation, and comparison - p. 88 23. Chapter 108: The medial frontal cortex, performance monitoring, cognitive control, and decision making - p. 88 24. Chapter 109: Lateral prefrontal cortex and rule-based control - p. 121 25. Chapter 110: Exploring the frontal pole: Bridging theories and revealing associated neural computations - p. 121 26. Chapter 111: Insular cortex: A hub for saliency, cognitive control, and interoceptive awareness - p. 156 27. Chapter 112: Action stopping - p. 180 28. Chapter 113: Emotion and control - p. 199 29. Chapter 114: Decision-making under uncertainty - p. 207 30. Chapter 115: Belief updates, learning and adaptive decision making - p. 230 31. Chapter 116: Confidence and metacognition - p. 230 32. Chapter 117: Meta-control - p. 230 33. Chapter 118: Neuropsychology of planning - p. 230 34. Chapter 119: The reasoning brain - p. 230 35. Reward and Reinforcement - p. 230 36. Chapter 120: Reward processing and reinforcement learning: From adolescence to aging - p. 230 37. Chapter 121: The role of orbitofrontal cortex in economic choice behavior - p. 230 38. Chapter 122: Appetitive versus aversive motivational processes: The role of the limbic Basal Ganglia pathways in normal and pathological contexts. - p. 325 39. Chapter 123: Impacts of dopamine on learning and behavior in health and disease: Insights from optogenetics in rodents - p. 325 40. Chapter 124: Outcome-specific reward processing and decision-making - p. 379 41. Chapter 125: Uncertainty coding in the reward system - p. 379 42. Chapter 126: Persistence in the choice of delayed rewards - p. 379 43. Chapter 127: Omission of rewards and regret representations in the brain - p. 379 44. Chapter 128: Body brain interactions in the control of feeding - p. 379 45. Chapter 129: Adaptive value coding and choice behavior - p. 441 46. Environmental Influences on Human Brain Functions - p. 441 47. Chapter 130: The public health environment and brain function - p. 441 48. Chapter 131: Environmental pollution and brain function - p. 441 49. Chapter 132: Intelligence differences and environmental experiences - p. 491 50. Chapter 133: Environmental determinates of psychopathology and brain structure/function - p. 491 51. Chapter 134: Environmental enrichment in cognitive and brain aging - p. 509 52. Chapter 135: Promoting brain health in a digital world - p. 509 53. Chapter 136: Communal knowledge and brain function - p. 509 54. Sex Differences - p. 509 55. Chapter 137: Where the study of sex influences has been, and where it is going - p. 509 56. Chapter 138: Sexual selection and sex differences in brain and cognition - p. 509 57. Chapter 139: Sex differences in the brain: Developmental parameters, complexities, and outcomes - p. 509 58. Chapter 140: Menstrual cycle-related changes in the human brain - p. 509 59. Chapter 141: Synthetic sex hormones and cognition - p. 612 60. Chapter 142: Sex differences in pain perception - p. 612 61. Chapter 143: Sex differences in autism - p. 632 62. Chapter 144: Sex differences in substance use disorders - p. 632 63. Chapter 145: Sex differences in ischemic stroke: risk factors, pathology, and treatment - p. 632 64. Chapter 146: Sex differences in brain aging - p. 680 65. Chapter 147: Sex/gender associated mechanisms in the (human) brain: Sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and social-cultural gender factors - p. 680 66. Chapter 148: Sex differences in risk/reward decision making - p. 703 67. Chapter 149: Sex differences in spatial learning and memory - p. 703 68. Volume 4 - p. 732 69. Human Brain Development and Aging - p. 732 70. Chapter 150: Cultural contributions to cognitive aging - p. 732 71. Chapter 151: Emotional processing in aging - p. 732 72. Chapter 152: Aging, music and executive functions - p. 732 73. Chapter 153: Social determinants of brain health & brain changes across the human lifespan - p. 732 74. Chapter 154: Mood and the aging brain - p. 62 75. Chapter 155: Physical activity interventions in cognitive aging - p. 62 76. Chapter 156: Brain health and episodic memory function at midlife: Exploring the effects of sex differences and menopause status - p. 62 77. Chapter 157: Dedifferentiation of neurocognitive function in aging - p. 105 78. Chapter 158: Health, lifestyle, and contextual factors in healthy and pathological neurocognitive aging - p. 105 79. Chapter 159: Development of cognition - p. 132 80. Chapter 160: Sleep and aging - p. 146 81. Chapter 161: Social and structural determinants of cognitive and brain aging outcomes in racially/ethnically minoritized older adults - p. 146 82. Chapter 162: Brain iron accumulation as a biomarker of risk for cognitive decline in aging: Applications of the FRIENDS model - p. 168 83. Chapter 163: Effects of age on neural reinstatement during memory retrieval - p. 185 84. Chapter 164: The ketogenic diet as a treatment paradigm for neurological disease - p. 200 85. Chapter 165: Sensory loss, change and its relationship to cognition in the brain - p. 219 86. Chapter 166: Development of episodic memory - p. 232 87. MRI-Based Neuroimaging - p. 243 88. Chapter 167: Physical principles of MRI - p. 243 89. Chapter 168: Principles of fMRI - p. 271 90. Chapter 169: Neurovascular coupling and functional neuroimaging - p. 298 91. Chapter 170: Human brain anatomy and atlases - p. 320 92. Chapter 171: Quantifying brain microstructure using MRI - p. 341 93. Chapter 172: Visual processing - p. 349 94. Chapter 173: Motor functions and actions - p. 349 95. Chapter 174: MRI of brain plasticity - p. 394 96. Chapter 175: Social interaction—Recent behavioral and brain studies - p. 405 97. Chapter 176: Resting-state networks - p. 416 98. Chapter 177: Computing geometric layers and columns on continuously improving human (f)MRI data - p. 431 99. Chapter 178: Clinical applications of fMRI - p. 456 100. Chapter 179: Neuromodulation of disrupted brain networks - p. 483 101. Chapter 180: Ultrahigh field FMRI - principles and applications - p. 495 102. Chapter 181: Preprocessing for fMRI (and a little bit for diffusion MRI) - p. 495 103. Chapter 182: Spatial normalization - p. 495 104. Chapter 183: Understanding real-world audition with computational fMRI - p. 553 105. Computational Modeling - p. 576 106. Chapter 184: Machine learning four NeuroImaging data analysis - p. 576 107. Chapter 185: Mapping effective connectivity - p. 587 108. Chapter 186: Functional specialization, modularity and communication: Network models linking brain structure and function - p. 608 109. Chapter 187: Modelling whole-brain dynamics - p. 620 110. Chapter 188: Statistical modeling of functional MRI data - p. 631 111. Chapter 189: Predictive processing in neuroscience, computational modeling and psychology - p. 655 112. Chapter 190: Encoding and decoding models - p. 673 113. Volume 5 - p. 683 114. Methodological Issues - p. 683 115. Chapter 191: Corticography and human intracranial neurophysiology - p. 683 116. Chapter 192: Deep brain stimulation - p. 9 117. Chapter 193: Human single neuron recordings - p. 34 118. Chapter 194: Electroencephalography - p. 34 119. Chapter 195: Magnetoencephalography - p. 34 120. Chapter 196: Non-invasive optical imaging of brain function with fNIRS: Current status and way forward - p. 93 121. Chapter 197: PET imaging in neurodegeneration - p. 112 122. Chapter 198: Neurotransmitter function - p. 112 123. Chapter 199: Big and deep data aggregation and analysis strategies for human neuroscience - p. 112 124. Chapter 200: Brain states - p. 112 125. Chapter 201: Replication - p. 112 126. Chapter 202: Individual differences - p. 112 127. Chapter 203: Lesion to symptom mapping - p. 112 128. Chapter 204: Precision neuroimaging - p. 202 129. Chapter 205: Functional spectroscopy - p. 202 130. Neurorecovery of Function - p. 202 131. Chapter 206: Aphasia: Etiology, symptomology, and treatment approaches - p. 202 132. Chapter 207: Acquired dyslexia: Cognitive components, neural underpinnings, and treatment approaches - p. 202 133. Chapter 208: Balance dysfunction - p. 258 134. Chapter 209: Limb apraxia: Gestures and tool use - p. 272 135. Chapter 210: Gait dysfunction - p. 272 136. Chapter 211: Dysarthria - p. 272 137. Chapter 212: Attention and decision making - p. 306 138. Genetics and Molecular Biology - p. 324 139. Chapter 213: Dopamine - p. 324 140. Chapter 214: Endorphins and their Receptors - p. 339 141. Chapter 215: GABA - p. 347 142. Chapter 216: Glial cell types - p. 361 143. Chapter 217: Ion channels - p. 378 144. Chapter 218: Microglia - p. 393 145. Chapter 219: Neuroglia, Overview - p. 404 146. Chapter 220: Neural Transplantation - p. 415 147. Chapter 221: Neurotransmitters - p. 429 148. Chapter 222: Neuropeptides and Islet Function - p. 440 149. Chapter 223: Norepinephrine - p. 453 150. Chapter 224: Opiates - p. 472 151. Chapter 225: Oxytocin - p. 482 152. Chapter 226: Peptides, Hormones, and the Brain and Spinal Cord - p. 489 153. Chapter 227: Psychoneuroimmunology - p. 506 154. Chapter 228: Psychoneuroendocrinology - p. 527 155. Chapter 229: Synapses and Synaptic Transmission and Integration - p. 544 156. Chapter 230: Synaptogenesis - p. 552 157. Brain Disorders - p. 564 158. Chapter 231: Unilateral spatial neglect - p. 564 159. Chapter 232: Movement disorders and cognition - p. 564 160. Chapter 233: Disorders of body representation - p. 564 161. Chapter 234: Frontal lobe syndromes - p. 564 162. Chapter 235: Non-invasive brain stimulation and cognition - p. 564 163. Chapter 236: Phantom limb pain - p. 564 164. Chapter 237: Pharmacology of cognition-focus on cognitive flexibility and creativity - p. 661 165. Index - p. 661 166. Authors - p. 661
