Equine Internal Medicine

1. Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology - p. 79 2. Pharmacokinetics - p. 79 3. Plasma Drug Concentrations as Therapeutic Guidelines - p. 79 4. Variation Between Drug Dose and Plasma Drug Concentration - p. 79 5. Definitions in Pharmacokinetics - p. 79 6. Rates and Orders of Reactions - p. 80 7. Clinical Application of Compartmental Modeling, Rates, and Orders of Reactions - p. 81 8. Distribution of Drugs in the Body - p. 82 9. Drug Elimination from the Body - p. 85 10. Elimination Rate Constant and Elimination Half-Life - p. 85 11. Drug Accumulation - p. 89 12. Designing Drug Dosage Regimens - p. 89 13. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring - p. 91 14. Dosage Adjustments in Renal Failure - p. 92 15. Antimicrobial Therapy - p. 94 16. Rational Use of Antimicrobial Agents - p. 94 17. Designing the Drug Dosage Regimen - p. 97 18. Concurrent Use of Additional Antimicrobials - p. 99 19. Prophylactic Use of Antimicrobials - p. 99 20. β-Lactams: Penicillins and Cephalosporins - p. 99 21. Penicillin G (Benzylpenicillin) - p. 100 22. Aminopenicillins - p. 101 23. Antipseudomonal Penicillins - p. 102 24. Cephalosporins - p. 102 25. Carbapenems - p. 105 26. Aminoglycosides - p. 105 27. Amphenicols - p. 109 28. Potentiated Sulfonamides - p. 110 29. Tetracyclines - p. 112 30. Macrolides and Azalides - p. 114 31. Fluoroquinolones - p. 116 32. Rifampin - p. 118 33. Metronidazole - p. 119 34. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs - p. 120 35. Mechanism of Action - p. 120 36. Chirality - p. 121 37. Physical Properties - p. 122 38. Drug Interactions - p. 122 39. Adverse Effects of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs - p. 122 40. Aspirin - p. 123 41. Carprofen - p. 123 42. Diclofenac - p. 123 43. Firocoxib - p. 123 44. Flunixin Meglumine - p. 124 45. Ketoprofen - p. 124 46. Meloxicam - p. 125 47. Phenylbutazone - p. 125 48. Vedaprofen - p. 126 49. Other Drugs - p. 126 50. Chapter 3. Recognizing and Treating Pain in Horses - p. 138 51. Introduction - p. 138 52. Drugs Used to Treat Pain - p. 140 53. Specific Analgesic Techniques - p. 149 54. Complementary Therapies - p. 150 55. Summary - p. 151 56. Chapter 4. Critical Care - p. 158 57. Introduction - p. 158 58. Equine Intensive Care Unit - p. 158 59. Adult Horse: Basic Procedures in Critical Care - p. 161 60. Vascular Access and Administration of Fluids - p. 161 61. Fundamentals of Fluid Therapy - p. 163 62. Orally Administered Fluids - p. 165 63. Critical Care Techniques - p. 168 64. Montoring Arterial Blood Pressure - p. 168 65. Central Venous Pressure - p. 169 66. Emergency Tracheostomy - p. 169 67. Thoracocentesis - p. 170 68. Nasogastric Intubation - p. 170 69. Abdominocentesis - p. 171 70. Trocarization - p. 172 71. Urinary Catheterization - p. 173 72. Cardiovascular Critical Care - p. 173 73. Review of Cardiovascular Physiology - p. 173 74. Cardiovascular Insufficiency: Shock States - p. 173 75. Cardiovascular Support Therapies - p. 174 76. Cardiovascular Support Strategies - p. 175 77. Respiratory Critical Care - p. 177 78. Review of Respiratory Physiology - p. 177 79. Respiratory Insufficiency: Hypoxemia and Hypercapnia - p. 178 80. Approach to the Patient with Respiratory Distress - p. 178 81. Gastrointestinal Critical Care - p. 181 82. Gastrointestinal Dysfunction - p. 181 83. Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Function - p. 181 84. Nutritional Support - p. 181 85. Gastrointestinal Motility Support - p. 182 86. Renal Critical Care - p. 182 87. General Principles - p. 182 88. Common Nephrotoxic Substances in the Intensive Care Unit - p. 183 89. Identifying Renal Dysfunction - p. 183 90. Therapy for Renal Dysfunction - p. 183 91. Neurologic Critical Care - p. 184 92. Diagnostics - p. 184 93. Treatment - p. 185 94. Supporting the Down Horse - p. 186 95. Chapter 5. Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition - p. 191 96. Chapter 6. Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine - p. 218 97. Chapter 7. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems - p. 232 98. Changes in Body Temperature - p. 232 99. Changes in Body Weight - p. 238 100. Cough - p. 244 101. Respiratory Distress - p. 250 102. Edema - p. 258 103. Collapse in Horses: Syncope, Seizures, and Sleep Disorders - p. 263 104. Dysphagia - p. 268 105. Colic - p. 272 106. Diarrhea - p. 278 107. Polyuria and Polydipsia - p. 283 108. Poor Performance - p. 289 109. Part 2. Disorders of Specific Body Systems - p. 310 110. Chapter 8. Disorders of the Respiratory System - p. 313 111. Patient Assessment - p. 314 112. Examination of the Lower Respiratory Tract - p. 316 113. Lower Respiratory Tract Diagnostic Sampling - p. 318 114. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract - p. 323 115. Progressive Ethmoidal Hematoma - p. 324 116. Guttural Pouch Anatomy - p. 324 117. Guttural Pouch Mycosis - p. 325 118. Guttural Pouch Empyema - p. 327 119. Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia - p. 327 120. Dorsal Displacement of The Soft Palate - p. 328 121. Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy - p. 329 122. Epiglottic Entrapment - p. 330 123. Arytenoid Chondritis - p. 330 124. Rostral Displacement of the Palatopharyngeal Arch - p. 330 125. Nasopharyngeal Cicatrix - p. 330 126. Streptococcus equi suBsp. equi Infection (Strangles) - p. 331 127. Equine Influenza (EIV) - p. 338 128. Equine Herpesvirus Infection - p. 339 129. Equine Arteritis Virus Infection - p. 344 130. Equine Picornavirus Infection - p. 344 131. African Horse Sickness - p. 345 132. Hendra Virus Infection - p. 345 133. Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia - p. 346 134. Pulmonary Abscess Formation - p. 352 135. Interstitial Pulmonary Disease - p. 352 136. Fungal Pneumonia - p. 354 137. Parasitic Pneumonitis - p. 356 138. Recurrent Airway Obstruction - p. 357 139. Inflammatory Airway Disease - p. 361 140. Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage - p. 365 141. Tumors of the Respiratory System - p. 368 142. Chapter 9. Disorders of the Cardiovascular System - p. 387 143. Anatomic Correlates of Cardiovascular Diseases - p. 387 144. Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology - p. 392 145. Cardiovascular Examination of the Horse - p. 397 146. Pulmonary Hypertension and Cor Pulmonale - p. 454 147. Congestive Heart Failure - p. 455 148. Congenital Heart Disease - p. 462 149. Valvular Heart Disease - p. 471 150. Pericardial Disease - p. 484 151. Myocardial Disease - p. 486 152. Vascular Diseases - p. 491 153. Cardiac Arrhythmias - p. 497 154. Chapter 10. Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System - p. 542 155. Muscle Form and Function - p. 542 156. Exertional Myopathies - p. 548 157. Nonexertional Myopathies - p. 560 158. Inflammatory Myopathies - p. 563 159. Toxic Causes of Rhabdomyolysis - p. 568 160. Postanesthetic Myopathy - p. 569 161. Myotonic Disorders - p. 570 162. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis - p. 572 163. Electrolyte Imbalances - p. 573 164. Conflict of Interest Statement - p. 574 165. Chapter 11. Disorders of the Neurologic System - p. 580 166. Neurologic Examination - p. 580 167. Conclusion - p. 588 168. Cerebrospinal Fluid Evaluation - p. 588 169. Neuroelectrodiagnostics - p. 591 170. Magnetic Resonance Imaging - p. 599 171. Seizures and Sleep Disorders - p. 603 172. Sleep - p. 607 173. Other Sleep Disorders - p. 608 174. Central Nervous System Trauma - p. 610 175. Vestibular Disease - p. 622 176. Diseases of the Cerebellum - p. 628 177. Shivers - p. 632 178. Cervical Vertebral Compressive Myelopathy - p. 633 179. Equine Neuroaxonal Dystrophy/Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy - p. 636 180. Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis - p. 640 181. Equine Herpesvirus–1 Myeloencephalopathy - p. 645 182. Polyneuritis Equi - p. 652 183. Acquired Equine Polyneuropathy in Scandinavia - p. 653 184. Neuromuscular Disorders - p. 653 185. Viral Encephalitis - p. 654 186. Rabies - p. 663 187. Equine Motor Neuron Disease - p. 665 188. Tetanus - p. 668 189. Botulism - p. 672 190. Equine Grass Sickness (Equine Dysautonomia) - p. 676 191. Lyme Disease in Horses - p. 678 192. Trigeminal-Mediated Headshaking - p. 680 193. Verminous Encephalomyelitis - p. 682 194. Miscellaneous Neurologic Disorders - p. 685 195. Chapter 12. Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System - p. 709 196. Physical Examination - p. 709 197. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 711 198. Radiography - p. 712 199. Ultrasonography - p. 713 200. Nuclear Scintigraphy - p. 713 201. Cross-Sectional Imaging - p. 713 202. Endoscopy - p. 713 203. Tests of Absorption and Digestion - p. 714 204. Histopathologic Examination - p. 715 205. Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal Inflammation - p. 715 206. Initiation of the Inflammatory Response - p. 715 207. Vascular Response During Inflammation - p. 716 208. Cellular Effectors of Inflammation - p. 716 209. Tissue Injury During Inflammation - p. 719 210. Pathophysiology of Diarrhea - p. 721 211. Pathophysiology of Colitis - p. 721 212. Role of Inflammatory Cells - p. 722 213. Role of Phagocyte-Derived Reactive Oxygen Metabolites - p. 722 214. Role of Other Factors - p. 723 215. Endotoxemia - p. 723 216. Causes of Endotoxemia in Horses - p. 725 217. Clinical Signs and Diagnosis - p. 731 218. Clinical Pathologic Testing - p. 732 219. Management - p. 733 220. Cryotherapy - p. 738 221. Inflammatory Diseases of the Small Intestine - p. 738 222. Pathophysiology - p. 738 223. Clinical and Clinicopathologic Signs - p. 739 224. Treatment - p. 740 225. Prognosis - p. 741 226. Equine Coronavirus - p. 741 227. Inflammatory Small Intestinal Diseases Associated with Malabsorption and Maldigestion - p. 741 228. Surgery - p. 747 229. Inflammatory Diseases of the Large Intestine - p. 747 230. Infectious Diseases - p. 747 231. Toxicologic Diseases - p. 755 232. Miscellaneous Inflammatory Disorders of the Large Intestine - p. 758 233. Principles of Therapy for Acute Diarrhea - p. 759 234. Peritonitis - p. 762 235. Etiopathogenesis - p. 763 236. Pathophysiology of Mucosal Injury and Repair - p. 766 237. Mechanisms of Gastric Injury - p. 767 238. Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury - p. 768 239. Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Repair - p. 770 240. Mediators of Repair - p. 772 241. Gastrointestinal Ileus - p. 773 242. Manifestations of Ileus - p. 774 243. Physiology - p. 774 244. Pathophysiology - p. 774 245. Diagnosis - p. 776 246. Treatment - p. 776 247. Ischemic Disorders of the Intestinal Tract - p. 778 248. Small Intestinal Strangulation - p. 778 249. Large Colon Volvulus - p. 781 250. Rectal Prolapse - p. 783 251. Nonstrangulating Infarction - p. 783 252. Obstructive Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 784 253. Small Intestinal Simple Obstruction - p. 784 254. Large Intestinal Simple Obstruction - p. 786 255. Diseases of the Oral Cavity, Esophagus, and Stomach - p. 789 256. Teeth - p. 790 257. Examination of the Oral Cavity - p. 791 258. Dysphagia - p. 791 259. Dental Diseases - p. 793 260. Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities - p. 794 261. Esophagus - p. 796 262. Diseases of the Stomach - p. 803 263. Neoplasia of the Alimentary Tract - p. 809 264. Clinical Signs - p. 809 265. Chapter 13. Disorders of the Liver - p. 843 266. Normal Liver - p. 843 267. Hepatic Disease and Hepatic Insufficiency - p. 849 268. Specific Hepatic Diseases - p. 865 269. Chapter 14. Disorders of the Urinary System - p. 888 270. Anatomy and Development - p. 888 271. Anatomy - p. 888 272. Development - p. 890 273. Developmental Malformations of the Urinary Tract - p. 891 274. Renal Physiology - p. 898 275. Production and Elimination of Nitrogenous and Organic Wastes - p. 898 276. Body Water and Electrolyte Balance - p. 900 277. Renal Regulation of Body Water Content and Ion Composition - p. 903 278. Examination of the Urinary System - p. 909 279. History and Physical Examination - p. 909 280. Hematology and Serum Biochemistry - p. 909 281. Urinalysis - p. 912 282. Imaging Techniques - p. 917 283. Specialized Diagnostic Techniques - p. 919 284. Acute Renal Failure - p. 923 285. Causes - p. 923 286. Pathophysiology - p. 924 287. Clinical Signs - p. 927 288. Diagnosis - p. 927 289. Treatment - p. 929 290. Prognosis - p. 930 291. Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 930 292. Predisposing Conditions - p. 930 293. Uremic Toxins and the Uremic Syndrome - p. 937 294. Clinical Signs - p. 938 295. Diagnosis and Laboratory Evaluation - p. 939 296. Disease Progression - p. 943 297. Treatment - p. 944 298. Urinary Tract Infections - p. 946 299. Urethritis - p. 946 300. Cystitis - p. 946 301. Pyelonephritis - p. 947 302. Parasitic Infections - p. 948 303. Obstructive Disease of the Urinary Tract - p. 949 304. Epidemiology of Urolithiasis - p. 949 305. Pathophysiology of Urolithiasis - p. 949 306. Nephrolithiasis and Ureterolithiasis - p. 951 307. Cystic Calculi - p. 954 308. Urethral Calculi - p. 956 309. Sabulous Urolithiasis - p. 957 310. Bladder Displacement - p. 957 311. Penile Trauma - p. 957 312. Hematuria - p. 957 313. Toxicities - p. 958 314. Urethral Defects - p. 958 315. Idiopathic Renal Hematuria - p. 960 316. Exercise-Associated Hematuria - p. 961 317. Pigmenturia Associated with Systemic Disease - p. 961 318. Polyuria and Polydipsia - p. 961 319. Renal Failure - p. 962 320. Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction - p. 963 321. Primary Polydipsia - p. 963 322. Excessive Salt Consumption - p. 964 323. Diabetes Insipidus - p. 964 324. Diabetes Mellitus - p. 966 325. Sepsis and Endotoxemia - p. 966 326. Iatrogenic Polyuria - p. 966 327. Renal Tubular Acidosis - p. 966 328. Neoplasia of the Urinary Tract - p. 969 329. Urinary Incontinence and Bladder Dysfunction - p. 973 330. Control of Micturition - p. 973 331. Clinical Signs of Bladder Dysfunction - p. 974 332. Diagnosis - p. 975 333. Treatment - p. 975 334. Chapter 15. Disorders of the Hematopoietic System - p. 991 335. Investigation of Hematologic Disorders - p. 991 336. Treatment of Hematopoietic Disorders - p. 1002 337. Disorders Associated with Acute and Chronic Blood Loss - p. 1006 338. Disorders Associated with Hemolysis - p. 1007 339. Disorders of Hemostasis - p. 1011 340. Disorders of Hematopoiesis - p. 1016 341. Vascular Tumors - p. 1019 342. Chapter 16. Disorders of the Endocrine System - p. 1029 343. Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus - p. 1029 344. Calcium - p. 1029 345. Phosphorus - p. 1033 346. Calcium Disorders in the Horse - p. 1040 347. Phosphorus Disorders in the Horse - p. 1049 348. Magnesium and Disease - p. 1052 349. Magnesium - p. 1052 350. Thyroid Gland - p. 1058 351. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, Steroids, and Neuroactive Steroids - p. 1069 352. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Physiology - p. 1069 353. Other Disorders of the Adrenal Gland - p. 1078 354. The Equine Endocrine Pancreas - p. 1079 355. Anatomy of the Endocrine Pancreas - p. 1079 356. Physiology of the Endocrine Pancreas: General Concepts - p. 1079 357. The Equine Endocrine Pancreas - p. 1081 358. Insulin Secretion from the Endocrine Pancreas - p. 1083 359. Diseases - p. 1084 360. Role Of The Equine Pancreas in Equine Metabolic Syndrome - p. 1084 361. Pancreas And Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction - p. 1085 362. Insulin Dysregulation and Equine Metabolic Syndrome - p. 1085 363. Introduction - p. 1085 364. Diagnostic Testing - p. 1090 365. Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction - p. 1100 366. Clinical Signs - p. 1100 367. Epidemiology - p. 1102 368. Pathogenesis - p. 1102 369. Pathologic Findings - p. 1103 370. Laboratory Testing - p. 1104 371. Diagnostic Testing - p. 1105 372. Treatment - p. 1108 373. Anhidrosis - p. 1110 374. Epidemiology - p. 1110 375. Physiology - p. 1110 376. Pathophysiology - p. 1111 377. Clinical Signs - p. 1112 378. Diagnosis - p. 1112 379. Treatment, Prevention, and Prognosis - p. 1112 380. Chapter 17. Disorders of the Eye and Vision - p. 1139 381. Chapter 18. Disorders of the Skin - p. 1159 382. Structure Of The Skin And Adnexa - p. 1159 383. Approach To Skin Disorders - p. 1160 384. Disorders Of Pigmentation - p. 1161 385. Disorders Of Hair - p. 1169 386. Disorders Of Keratinization - p. 1170 387. Disorders of Collagen Formation - p. 1171 388. Infectious Diseases of Skin - p. 1173 389. Nutritional and Toxic Skin Disorders - p. 1187 390. Immune Mediated Skin Disorders - p. 1189 391. Necrotizing Skin Disorders - p. 1197 392. Neoplastic Skin Disorders - p. 1202 393. Miscellaneous and Idiopathic Skin Disorders - p. 1211 394. Chapter 19. Disorders of the Reproductive Tract - p. 1217 395. Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology of the Nonpregnant Mare - p. 1217 396. Reproductive Anatomy - p. 1217 397. Reproductive Physiology of the Nonpregnant Mare - p. 1220 398. Mare Breeding Soundness Examination - p. 1225 399. Identification - p. 1225 400. Signalment and History - p. 1225 401. Behavior - p. 1226 402. General Physical Examination - p. 1226 403. Restraint - p. 1226 404. Examination of External Genitalia - p. 1226 405. Transrectal Palpation and Ultrasound Examination of the Reproductive Tract - p. 1227 406. Diagnosis of Ovarian Pathology - p. 1228 407. Diagnosis of Uterine Pathology - p. 1230 408. Hormonal Assays - p. 1236 409. Conclusion - p. 1238 410. Mare Reproductive Pathology - p. 1238 411. Vulvar Pathology - p. 1238 412. Clitoris - p. 1239 413. Vagina - p. 1239 414. Cervix - p. 1240 415. Uterus - p. 1241 416. Uterine Tubes - p. 1244 417. Ovary - p. 1244 418. Endometritis and Uterine Therapy - p. 1246 419. Introduction - p. 1246 420. Pathophysiology of Endometritis - p. 1246 421. Diagnostics - p. 1249 422. Adjunctive Techniques - p. 1252 423. Treatment Strategies - p. 1252 424. Fungal Endometritis - p. 1257 425. Conclusion - p. 1258 426. Hormonal Manipulation of the Mare - p. 1258 427. Vernal Transition - p. 1258 428. Synchronizing the Estrous Cycle - p. 1259 429. Suppression of Estrus - p. 1260 430. Inducing Ovulation - p. 1261 431. Superovulation - p. 1262 432. Cervical Dilation - p. 1262 433. Oviductal Contraction - p. 1263 434. Uterine Contractility - p. 1263 435. Hormonal Support of Pregnancy - p. 1263 436. Induction of Lactation in the Barren Mare - p. 1264 437. Breeding Management to Optimize Pregnancy Rates - p. 1264 438. Stallion Management to Optimize Pregnancy Rates - p. 1265 439. Optimizing Pregnancy Rates with Field Breeding - p. 1265 440. Optimizing Pregnancy Rates with Live Cover in Hand Breeding - p. 1265 441. Optimizing Pregnancy Rates with Artificial Insemination with Fresh Semen - p. 1266 442. Optimizing Pregnancy Rates with Artificial Insemination with Cooled Shipped Semen - p. 1266 443. Optimizing Pregnancy Rates with Artificial Insemination of Frozen Semen - p. 1266 444. Other Factors Affecting Pregnancy Rates - p. 1267 445. Equine Embryo Transfer - p. 1267 446. Donor Mare - p. 1268 447. Recipient Mare - p. 1269 448. The Pregnant Mare - p. 1269 449. Physiology of Gestation - p. 1269 450. Pregnancy Diagnosis - p. 1274 451. Management of Twins - p. 1275 452. Early Pregnancy Loss and Abortion - p. 1278 453. Gender Determination (Fetal Sexing) - p. 1285 454. Monitoring Pregnant Mares - p. 1286 455. Complications in Late Gestation - p. 1288 456. Foaling Management - p. 1294 457. Induction of Parturition - p. 1295 458. Management of the Pregnant Mare - p. 1296 459. Care of the Postpartum Mare - p. 1303 460. Assisted Reproductive Techniques for the Mare - p. 1310 461. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection - p. 1310 462. Oocyte Transfer - p. 1310 463. Assisted Reproductive Techniques for the Stallion - p. 1312 464. Conclusion - p. 1313 465. The Stallion - p. 1313 466. Reproductive Anatomy - p. 1314 467. Reproductive Physiology of the Stallion - p. 1316 468. Clinical Evaluation of the Stallion - p. 1318 469. Management of Breeding Stallions - p. 1327 470. Diseases and Disorders of Intact Male Horses - p. 1331 471. Chapter 20. Disorders of Foals - p. 1365 472. Equine Neonatology - p. 1365 473. Fetal Assessment, Monitoring, and Management - p. 1365 474. Examination of the Newborn Foal - p. 1367 475. Prematurity, Dysmaturity, and Intrauterine Growth Retardation - p. 1369 476. Neonatal Resuscitation - p. 1370 477. Neonatal Sepsis - p. 1373 478. Neurologic Disorders - p. 1380 479. Respiratory Disorders - p. 1386 480. Gastrointestinal Disorders - p. 1400 481. Urogenital Disorders - p. 1406 482. Endocrine Disorders - p. 1410 483. Immunologic Disorders - p. 1414 484. Hepatic Disorders - p. 1416 485. Muscular Disorders - p. 1419 486. Foal Antimicrobial Therapy - p. 1420 487. Fluid Therapy in the Foal - p. 1424 488. Inotrope and Vasopressor Therapy - p. 1429 489. Antiinflammatory and Analgesic Therapy - p. 1431 490. Nutritional Support of The Foal - p. 1432 491. Chapter 21. Toxicologic Problems - p. 1460 492. Toxicoses Related to the Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 1460 493. Plants - p. 1460 494. Miscellaneous Agents - p. 1462 495. Toxicoses Causing Signs of Central Nervous System Stimulation - p. 1468 496. Plants - p. 1469 497. Pesticides - p. 1471 498. Miscellaneous Agents - p. 1476 499. Toxicoses Causing Signs Relating to Central Nervous System Depression - p. 1478 500. Plants - p. 1478 501. Miscellaneous Agents - p. 1480 502. Toxicoses Causing Signs Relating to the Cardiovascular and Hemolymphatic Systems - p. 1484 503. Plants - p. 1484 504. Miscellaneous Agents - p. 1486 505. Toxicoses Causing Signs Relating to the Epithelium, Skeletal System, and General Body Condition - p. 1494 506. Plants - p. 1494 507. Miscellaneous Agents - p. 1497 508. Toxicoses Causing Signs Relating to Liver Disease or Dysfunction - p. 1502 509. Miscellaneous Agents - p. 1504 510. Toxicoses Causing Signs Relating to the Urinary System - p. 1505 511. Plants - p. 1506 512. Miscellaneous Agents - p. 1507 513. Appendix I. Aspects of Clinical Relevance in Donkeys - p. 1513 514. Index - p. 1525