Quantifying exergy losses in the energy supply system of buildings reveals the potential for energy improvement, which cannot be discovered using conventional energy analysis. Thermoeconomics combines economic and thermodynamic analysis by applying the concept of cost (an economic concept) to exergy, as exergy is a thermodynamic property fit for this purpose, in that it combines the quantity of energy with its quality factor.
Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings applies exergy analysis methods and thermoeconomics to the built environment. The mechanisms of heat transfer throughout the envelope of buildings are analyzed from an exergy perspective and then to the building thermal installations, analyzing the different components, such as condensing boilers, absorption refrigerators, microcogeneration plants, etc., including solar installations and finally the thermal facilities as a whole.
A detailed analysis of the cost formation process is presented, which has its physical roots firmly planted in the second law of thermodynamics. The basic principles and the rules of cost allocation, in energy units (exergy cost), in monetary units (exergoeconomic cost), and in CO2 emissions (exergoenvironmental cost), based on the so-called Exergy Cost Theory are presented and applied to thermal installations of buildings.
Clear and rigorous in its exposition, Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings discusses exergy analysis and thermoeconomics and the role they could play in the analysis and design of building components, either the envelope or the thermal facilities, as well as the diagnosis of thermal installations. This book moves progressively from introducing the basic concepts to applying them.
Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings provides examples of specific cases throughout this book. These cases include real data, so that the results obtained are useful to interpret the inefficiencies and losses that truly occur in actual installations; hence, the assessment of their effects encourages the manner to improve efficiency.
1. 2.2 Brief introduction to Thermodynamics and its different formulations - p. 68 2. 2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics - p. 77 3. 2.4 Brief history of the Second Law of Thermodynamics - p. 98 4. 2.5 Review of the concept of entropy - p. 101 5. 2.6 Different quality of energy - p. 108 6. 2.7 The environment and natural resources - p. 111 7. 2.8 Reference environment - p. 112 8. 2.9 Exergy by heat transfer - p. 115 9. 2.10 Available work and physical exergy of a closed system - p. 119 10. 2.11 Exergy destruction in irreversible processes - p. 123 11. 2.12 Exergy balance in a closed system - p. 124 12. 2.13 Physical flow exergy - p. 134 13. 2.14 Exergy balance in a control volume - p. 138 14. 2.15 Exergy of thermal radiation - p. 148 15. 2.16 Benefits of the exergy analysis method - p. 167 16. 2.17 Mechanisms of irreversibilities - p. 171 17. Superscripts - p. 179 18. Subscripts - p. 179 19. Symbols - p. 180 20. Constants - p. 181 21. References - p. 181 22. 3 Calculation of physical and chemical exergy - p. 183 23. Keywords - p. 183 24. 3.1 Summary - p. 183 25. 3.2 Calculation of physical exergy - p. 184 26. 3.3 Modelling the reference environment - p. 203 27. 3.4 Some thermodynamic notions of multicomponent systems - p. 210 28. 3.5 Calculation of standard chemical exergy - p. 218 29. 3.6 Chemical exergy of substances of interest in buildings - p. 234 30. Superscripts - p. 256 31. Subscripts - p. 256 32. Symbols - p. 257 33. References - p. 257 34. Section B Exergy analysis of the envelope and thermal installations - p. 261 35. 4 Exergy analysis of heat transfer in buildings - p. 263 36. Keywords - p. 263 37. 4.0 Correction - p. 263 38. 4.1 Summary - p. 263 39. 4.2 Heat exchanges in a building - p. 264 40. 4.3 Heat conduction in a wall - p. 266 41. 4.4 Exergy and inertia of walls - p. 271 42. 4.5 Transport of exergy by convection - p. 276 43. 4.6 Exchange of radiation exergy between surfaces - p. 281 44. 4.7 Energy and exergy balances on the interior surface of a façade - p. 286 45. 4.8 Energy and exergy balances in the exterior surface of a façade - p. 291 46. 4.9 Exergy exchanged by a building through an opaque envelope - p. 303 47. 4.10 Indicator of exergy behaviour of a wall - p. 310 48. 4.11 Exergy and thermal comfort - p. 319 49. 4.12 Energy and exergy demand of a building - p. 325 50. Subscripts - p. 338 51. Symbols - p. 339 52. References - p. 339 53. 5 Exergy analysis of thermal facilities equipment in buildings (I) - p. 345 54. Keywords - p. 346 55. 5.1 Summary - p. 346 56. 5.2 Introduction - p. 346 57. 5.3 Indoor air - p. 347 58. 5.4 End elements - p. 349 59. 5.5 Distribution system - p. 357 60. 5.6 Three-way valves - p. 363 61. 5.7 Heat exchangers - p. 365 62. 5.8 Heating and DHW boilers - p. 373 63. 5.9 Heat pumps - p. 390 64. 5.10 Cogeneration in buildings - p. 409 65. 5.11 Thermal energy storage systems (TES) - p. 438 66. Subscripts - p. 450 67. Symbols - p. 450 68. References - p. 451 69. 6 Exergy analysis of thermal equipment in buildings (II) - p. 455 70. Keywords - p. 455 71. 6.1 Summary - p. 455 72. 6.2 Absorption refrigerators - p. 456 73. 6.3 Adsorption cooling systems - p. 475 74. 6.4 Exergy analysis of basic air conditioning processes - p. 488 75. 6.5 Ventilation systems - p. 516 76. 6.6 Use of solar energy. Photovoltaic and thermal modules - p. 529 77. Subscripts - p. 548 78. Symbols - p. 548 79. References - p. 549 80. Section C Thermoeconomics and symbolic thermoeconomics. Costs and diagnosis of installations - p. 555 81. 7 Thermoeconomics and its application to buildings - p. 557 82. Keywords - p. 557 83. 7.1 Summary - p. 557 84. 7.2 Introduction - p. 558 85. 7.3 Thermoeconomics - p. 559 86. 7.4 The physical structure of the installations - p. 563 87. 7.5 Mass, energy and exergy balances - p. 564 88. 7.6 Productive structure of the installations - p. 572 89. 7.7 Exergy analysis of systems - p. 595 90. 7.8 Cost accounting and exergy - p. 598 91. 7.9 Exergy cost theory - p. 605 92. 7.10 Other methods of allocating costs - p. 651 93. Subscripts - p. 657 94. Superscripts - p. 657 95. Scalars - p. 657 96. Matrices and vectors - p. 658 97. References - p. 658 98. 8 Symbolic Thermoeconomics applied to thermal facilities - p. 663 99. Keywords - p. 663 100. 8.1 Summary - p. 663 101. 8.2 Introduction - p. 664 102. 8.3 FP representation or supply-driven model - p. 665 103. 8.4 Representation PF or demand-driven model - p. 680 104. 8.4.1 Expressions for the exergies of flows - p. 680 105. 8.4.2 Expressions for the fuel and product of components - p. 682 106. 8.4.3 Expression of the installation global efficiency - p. 685 107. 8.4.4 Expressions for the exergy costs and exergoeconomic costs of fuel and product - p. 685 108. 8.4.5 Relationship between FP and PF representations - p. 688 109. 8.4.6 Examples - p. 689 110. 8.5 FP and PF representations with residues - p. 697 111. 8.6 Symbolic Thermoeconomics in thermal installations analysis - p. 716 112. Nomenclature - p. 717 113. Superscript - p. 717 114. Subscript - p. 717 115. Scalars - p. 718 116. Matrices and vectors - p. 718 117. References - p. 719 118. 9 Operational diagnosis of thermal installations in buildings - p. 721 119. Keywords - p. 721 120. 9.1 Summary - p. 721 121. 9.2 Introduction to energy diagnosis - p. 722 122. 9.3 Thermoeconomic diagnosis - p. 725 123. 9.4 Exergy indicators. Impact on fuel - p. 728 124. 9.5 Diagnosis through malfunctions and dysfunctions - p. 732 125. 9.6 Method of characteristic curves - p. 758 126. 9.7 Advanced exergy theory - p. 770 127. Subscripts - p. 785 128. Superscripts - p. 785 129. Scalars - p. 785 130. Matrices and vectors - p. 785 131. References - p. 786 132. Section D Sustainability and exergy in buildings - p. 789 133. 10 Sustainability and exergy in buildings - p. 791 134. 11 Application of exergecoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analysis to several cases of building thermal installations - p. 845 135. Section E Design and thermoeconomics in buildings - p. 909 136. 12 Design and optimization of the envelope and thermal installations of buildings - p. 911 137. Keywords - p. 911 138. 12.0 Correction - p. 911 139. 12.1 Summary - p. 911 140. 12.2 Introduction - p. 912 141. 12.3 Modelling and simulation - p. 914 142. 12.4 Stages in the thermal systems design process - p. 917 143. 12.5 Mathematical formulation of optimization - p. 920 144. 12.6 Different mathematical optimization methods - p. 924 145. 12.7 Optimization in the design of thermal installations in buildings - p. 928 146. 12.8 Application of Thermoeconomics to the design of thermal systems in buildings - p. 962 147. 12.9 Energy renovation of buildings - p. 980 148. Subscripts - p. 1001 149. Superscripts - p. 1001 150. Nomenclature - p. 1001 151. References - p. 1002 152. Section F Exergy in the thermodynamics of continuous media - p. 1007 153. 13 Exergy in continuous media. Application to equipment design - p. 1009 154. Keywords - p. 1009 155. 13.1 Summary - p. 1009 156. 13.2 Introduction - p. 1010 157. 13.3 Brief review of some notions of fluid mechanics - p. 1012 158. 13.4 Conservation of mass - p. 1022 159. 13.5 Energy balance - p. 1028 160. 13.6 Entropy balance - p. 1036 161. 13.7 Introduction to Onsager theory - p. 1043 162. 13.8 Exergy in continuous media - p. 1045 163. 13.9 Exergy cost in continuous media - p. 1062 164. Superscripts - p. 1064 165. Subscripts - p. 1064 166. Nomenclature - p. 1064 167. References - p. 1066 168. Index - p. 1069 169. A - p. 1069 170. B - p. 1070 171. C - p. 1071 172. D - p. 1073 173. E - p. 1074 174. F - p. 1078 175. G - p. 1079 176. H - p. 1080 177. I - p. 1081 178. K - p. 1082 179. L - p. 1082 180. M - p. 1083 181. N - p. 1084 182. O - p. 1085 183. P - p. 1086 184. Q - p. 1087 185. R - p. 1087 186. S - p. 1088 187. T - p. 1090 188. U - p. 1093 189. V - p. 1093 190. W - p. 1093 191. Z - p. 1093
Quantifying exergy losses in the energy supply system of buildings reveals the potential for energy improvement, which cannot be discovered using conventional energy analysis. Thermoeconomics combines economic and thermodynamic analysis by applying the concept of cost (an economic concept) to exergy, as exergy is a thermodynamic property fit for this purpose, in that it combines the quantity of energy with its quality factor.
Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings applies exergy analysis methods and thermoeconomics to the built environment. The mechanisms of heat transfer throughout the envelope of buildings are analyzed from an exergy perspective and then to the building thermal installations, analyzing the different components, such as condensing boilers, absorption refrigerators, microcogeneration plants, etc., including solar installations and finally the thermal facilities as a whole.
A detailed analysis of the cost formation process is presented, which has its physical roots firmly planted in the second law of thermodynamics. The basic principles and the rules of cost allocation, in energy units (exergy cost), in monetary units (exergoeconomic cost), and in CO2 emissions (exergoenvironmental cost), based on the so-called Exergy Cost Theory are presented and applied to thermal installations of buildings.
Clear and rigorous in its exposition, Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings discusses exergy analysis and thermoeconomics and the role they could play in the analysis and design of building components, either the envelope or the thermal facilities, as well as the diagnosis of thermal installations. This book moves progressively from introducing the basic concepts to applying them.
Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings provides examples of specific cases throughout this book. These cases include real data, so that the results obtained are useful to interpret the inefficiencies and losses that truly occur in actual installations; hence, the assessment of their effects encourages the manner to improve efficiency.
1. 2.2 Brief introduction to Thermodynamics and its different formulations - p. 68 2. 2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics - p. 77 3. 2.4 Brief history of the Second Law of Thermodynamics - p. 98 4. 2.5 Review of the concept of entropy - p. 101 5. 2.6 Different quality of energy - p. 108 6. 2.7 The environment and natural resources - p. 111 7. 2.8 Reference environment - p. 112 8. 2.9 Exergy by heat transfer - p. 115 9. 2.10 Available work and physical exergy of a closed system - p. 119 10. 2.11 Exergy destruction in irreversible processes - p. 123 11. 2.12 Exergy balance in a closed system - p. 124 12. 2.13 Physical flow exergy - p. 134 13. 2.14 Exergy balance in a control volume - p. 138 14. 2.15 Exergy of thermal radiation - p. 148 15. 2.16 Benefits of the exergy analysis method - p. 167 16. 2.17 Mechanisms of irreversibilities - p. 171 17. Superscripts - p. 179 18. Subscripts - p. 179 19. Symbols - p. 180 20. Constants - p. 181 21. References - p. 181 22. 3 Calculation of physical and chemical exergy - p. 183 23. Keywords - p. 183 24. 3.1 Summary - p. 183 25. 3.2 Calculation of physical exergy - p. 184 26. 3.3 Modelling the reference environment - p. 203 27. 3.4 Some thermodynamic notions of multicomponent systems - p. 210 28. 3.5 Calculation of standard chemical exergy - p. 218 29. 3.6 Chemical exergy of substances of interest in buildings - p. 234 30. Superscripts - p. 256 31. Subscripts - p. 256 32. Symbols - p. 257 33. References - p. 257 34. Section B Exergy analysis of the envelope and thermal installations - p. 261 35. 4 Exergy analysis of heat transfer in buildings - p. 263 36. Keywords - p. 263 37. 4.0 Correction - p. 263 38. 4.1 Summary - p. 263 39. 4.2 Heat exchanges in a building - p. 264 40. 4.3 Heat conduction in a wall - p. 266 41. 4.4 Exergy and inertia of walls - p. 271 42. 4.5 Transport of exergy by convection - p. 276 43. 4.6 Exchange of radiation exergy between surfaces - p. 281 44. 4.7 Energy and exergy balances on the interior surface of a façade - p. 286 45. 4.8 Energy and exergy balances in the exterior surface of a façade - p. 291 46. 4.9 Exergy exchanged by a building through an opaque envelope - p. 303 47. 4.10 Indicator of exergy behaviour of a wall - p. 310 48. 4.11 Exergy and thermal comfort - p. 319 49. 4.12 Energy and exergy demand of a building - p. 325 50. Subscripts - p. 338 51. Symbols - p. 339 52. References - p. 339 53. 5 Exergy analysis of thermal facilities equipment in buildings (I) - p. 345 54. Keywords - p. 346 55. 5.1 Summary - p. 346 56. 5.2 Introduction - p. 346 57. 5.3 Indoor air - p. 347 58. 5.4 End elements - p. 349 59. 5.5 Distribution system - p. 357 60. 5.6 Three-way valves - p. 363 61. 5.7 Heat exchangers - p. 365 62. 5.8 Heating and DHW boilers - p. 373 63. 5.9 Heat pumps - p. 390 64. 5.10 Cogeneration in buildings - p. 409 65. 5.11 Thermal energy storage systems (TES) - p. 438 66. Subscripts - p. 450 67. Symbols - p. 450 68. References - p. 451 69. 6 Exergy analysis of thermal equipment in buildings (II) - p. 455 70. Keywords - p. 455 71. 6.1 Summary - p. 455 72. 6.2 Absorption refrigerators - p. 456 73. 6.3 Adsorption cooling systems - p. 475 74. 6.4 Exergy analysis of basic air conditioning processes - p. 488 75. 6.5 Ventilation systems - p. 516 76. 6.6 Use of solar energy. Photovoltaic and thermal modules - p. 529 77. Subscripts - p. 548 78. Symbols - p. 548 79. References - p. 549 80. Section C Thermoeconomics and symbolic thermoeconomics. Costs and diagnosis of installations - p. 555 81. 7 Thermoeconomics and its application to buildings - p. 557 82. Keywords - p. 557 83. 7.1 Summary - p. 557 84. 7.2 Introduction - p. 558 85. 7.3 Thermoeconomics - p. 559 86. 7.4 The physical structure of the installations - p. 563 87. 7.5 Mass, energy and exergy balances - p. 564 88. 7.6 Productive structure of the installations - p. 572 89. 7.7 Exergy analysis of systems - p. 595 90. 7.8 Cost accounting and exergy - p. 598 91. 7.9 Exergy cost theory - p. 605 92. 7.10 Other methods of allocating costs - p. 651 93. Subscripts - p. 657 94. Superscripts - p. 657 95. Scalars - p. 657 96. Matrices and vectors - p. 658 97. References - p. 658 98. 8 Symbolic Thermoeconomics applied to thermal facilities - p. 663 99. Keywords - p. 663 100. 8.1 Summary - p. 663 101. 8.2 Introduction - p. 664 102. 8.3 FP representation or supply-driven model - p. 665 103. 8.4 Representation PF or demand-driven model - p. 680 104. 8.4.1 Expressions for the exergies of flows - p. 680 105. 8.4.2 Expressions for the fuel and product of components - p. 682 106. 8.4.3 Expression of the installation global efficiency - p. 685 107. 8.4.4 Expressions for the exergy costs and exergoeconomic costs of fuel and product - p. 685 108. 8.4.5 Relationship between FP and PF representations - p. 688 109. 8.4.6 Examples - p. 689 110. 8.5 FP and PF representations with residues - p. 697 111. 8.6 Symbolic Thermoeconomics in thermal installations analysis - p. 716 112. Nomenclature - p. 717 113. Superscript - p. 717 114. Subscript - p. 717 115. Scalars - p. 718 116. Matrices and vectors - p. 718 117. References - p. 719 118. 9 Operational diagnosis of thermal installations in buildings - p. 721 119. Keywords - p. 721 120. 9.1 Summary - p. 721 121. 9.2 Introduction to energy diagnosis - p. 722 122. 9.3 Thermoeconomic diagnosis - p. 725 123. 9.4 Exergy indicators. Impact on fuel - p. 728 124. 9.5 Diagnosis through malfunctions and dysfunctions - p. 732 125. 9.6 Method of characteristic curves - p. 758 126. 9.7 Advanced exergy theory - p. 770 127. Subscripts - p. 785 128. Superscripts - p. 785 129. Scalars - p. 785 130. Matrices and vectors - p. 785 131. References - p. 786 132. Section D Sustainability and exergy in buildings - p. 789 133. 10 Sustainability and exergy in buildings - p. 791 134. 11 Application of exergecoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analysis to several cases of building thermal installations - p. 845 135. Section E Design and thermoeconomics in buildings - p. 909 136. 12 Design and optimization of the envelope and thermal installations of buildings - p. 911 137. Keywords - p. 911 138. 12.0 Correction - p. 911 139. 12.1 Summary - p. 911 140. 12.2 Introduction - p. 912 141. 12.3 Modelling and simulation - p. 914 142. 12.4 Stages in the thermal systems design process - p. 917 143. 12.5 Mathematical formulation of optimization - p. 920 144. 12.6 Different mathematical optimization methods - p. 924 145. 12.7 Optimization in the design of thermal installations in buildings - p. 928 146. 12.8 Application of Thermoeconomics to the design of thermal systems in buildings - p. 962 147. 12.9 Energy renovation of buildings - p. 980 148. Subscripts - p. 1001 149. Superscripts - p. 1001 150. Nomenclature - p. 1001 151. References - p. 1002 152. Section F Exergy in the thermodynamics of continuous media - p. 1007 153. 13 Exergy in continuous media. Application to equipment design - p. 1009 154. Keywords - p. 1009 155. 13.1 Summary - p. 1009 156. 13.2 Introduction - p. 1010 157. 13.3 Brief review of some notions of fluid mechanics - p. 1012 158. 13.4 Conservation of mass - p. 1022 159. 13.5 Energy balance - p. 1028 160. 13.6 Entropy balance - p. 1036 161. 13.7 Introduction to Onsager theory - p. 1043 162. 13.8 Exergy in continuous media - p. 1045 163. 13.9 Exergy cost in continuous media - p. 1062 164. Superscripts - p. 1064 165. Subscripts - p. 1064 166. Nomenclature - p. 1064 167. References - p. 1066 168. Index - p. 1069 169. A - p. 1069 170. B - p. 1070 171. C - p. 1071 172. D - p. 1073 173. E - p. 1074 174. F - p. 1078 175. G - p. 1079 176. H - p. 1080 177. I - p. 1081 178. K - p. 1082 179. L - p. 1082 180. M - p. 1083 181. N - p. 1084 182. O - p. 1085 183. P - p. 1086 184. Q - p. 1087 185. R - p. 1087 186. S - p. 1088 187. T - p. 1090 188. U - p. 1093 189. V - p. 1093 190. W - p. 1093 191. Z - p. 1093
