Designed with the busy practitioner in mind, the third edition of ExpertDDx: Brain and Spine quickly guides you to the most likely differential diagnoses based on key imaging findings and clinical information. This superbly illustrated resource covers more than 275 of the top differential diagnoses across a broad spectrum of central nervous system diseases, presenting parallel groups of anatomically based differentials, generic imaging patterns, modality-specific findings, and clinically based differentials for each area. Now fully revised and up-to-date, this practical reference clearly guides you through useful, actionable differential diagnoses that lead to definitive findings in every area of the brain and spine.
Presents multiple clear, sharp, succinctly annotated images for each diagnosis; a list of diagnostic possibilities sorted as common, less common, and rare but significant; and brief, bulleted text offering helpful diagnostic clues
Reflects changes in 2021 WHO CNS tumor grading and nomenclature
Contains newly identified entities, new differential diagnoses, and updated references
Shows both typical and variant manifestations of each possible diagnosis
Includes many new, high-quality images—more than 7,000 images in all, both in print and online
Features updated genetic information now available in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)
Separates adult and pediatric DDx lists for even faster reference
Assists you in building either a definitive diagnosis from an imaging study or a carefully refined list of reasonable differential diagnoses
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iii 5. Dedications - p. iii 6. Contributing Authors - p. v 7. Preface - p. v 8. Acknowledgments - p. ix 9. Sections - p. xi 10. SECTION 1: SKULL AND BRAIN - p. 1 11. SCALP, SKULL - p. 2 12. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 3 13. Skull Normal Variants - p. 4 14. Scalp Mass, Child - p. 5 15. Scalp Mass, Adult - p. 9 16. Congenital Anomalies of Skull Base - p. 11 17. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 17 18. "Hair on End" - p. 17 19. Thick Skull, Generalized - p. 19 20. Thick Skull, Localized - p. 23 21. Thin Skull, Generalized - p. 25 22. Thin Skull, Localized - p. 27 23. Lytic Skull Lesion, Solitary - p. 29 24. Multiple Lucent Skull Lesions - p. 33 25. Sclerotic Skull Lesion, Solitary - p. 37 26. Sclerotic Skull Lesions, Multiple - p. 41 27. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 43 28. Macrocrania/Macrocephaly - p. 43 29. Microcephaly - p. 49 30. MENINGES - p. 55 31. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 55 32. Dural Calcification(s) - p. 55 33. Dural-Based Mass, Solitary - p. 57 34. Dural-Based Masses, Multiple - p. 61 35. Falx Lesions - p. 65 36. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 67 37. Thick Dura/Arachnoid, Generalized - p. 67 38. Pial Enhancement - p. 69 39. Dural Tail Sign - p. 73 40. VENTRICLES, PERIVENTRICULAR REGIONS - p. 75 41. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 75 42. Ventricles, Normal Variants - p. 75 43. Choroid Plexus Lesions, Child - p. 79 44. Choroid Plexus Lesions, Adult - p. 81 45. Ependymal/Subependymal Lesions - p. 83 46. Lateral Ventricle Mass - p. 89 47. Thick Septum Pellucidum - p. 93 48. Foramen of Monro Mass - p. 95 49. 3rd Ventricle Mass, Anterior - p. 99 50. 3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/Posterior - p. 103 51. Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal Lesion - p. 105 52. 4th Ventricle Mass, Child - p. 111 53. 4th Ventricle Mass, Adult - p. 115 54. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 117 55. Bubbly-Appearing Intraventricular Mass - p. 117 56. Ependymal Enhancement - p. 121 57. Ventriculomegaly - p. 125 58. Small Ventricles - p. 131 59. Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles - p. 133 60. Irregular Lateral Ventricles - p. 137 61. Periventricular Enhancing Lesions - p. 141 62. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 145 63. Intraventricular Calcification(s) - p. 145 64. Periventricular Calcification(s) - p. 149 65. Periventricular T2-/FLAIR-Hyperintense Lesions - p. 153 66. EXTRAAXIAL SPACES AND SUBARACHNOID CISTERNS - p. 157 67. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 157 68. Subarachnoid Space Normal Variants - p. 157 69. Epidural Mass - p. 159 70. Enlarged Sulci, Generalized - p. 163 71. Effaced Sulci, Generalized - p. 167 72. Interhemispheric Fissure Cysts - p. 171 73. CPA Mass, Adult - p. 175 74. Cystic CPA Mass - p. 179 75. Prepontine Cistern Mass - p. 183 76. Ventral Foramen Magnum Mass - p. 189 77. Dorsal Foramen Magnum Mass - p. 193 78. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 197 79. Solitary Enhancing Cranial Nerve - p. 197 80. Multiple Enhancing Cranial Nerves - p. 199 81. CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid Collection - p. 203 82. Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 205 83. CSF-Like Extraaxial Mass - p. 209 84. Sulcal/Cisternal Enhancement - p. 211 85. Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/Ventricles - p. 215 86. Pneumocephalus - p. 217 87. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 219 88. Extraaxial Flow Voids - p. 219 89. T1-Hyperintense CSF - p. 221 90. FLAIR-Hyperintense Sulci - p. 223 91. T2-Hypointense Extraaxial Lesions - p. 227 92. Hyperdense CSF - p. 231 93. Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es) - p. 233 94. Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es) - p. 235 95. BRAIN PARENCHYMA, GENERAL - p. 239 96. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 239 97. Multiple Enhancing Lesions, General - p. 239 98. Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Solitary - p. 243 99. Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Multiple - p. 249 100. Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, General - p. 253 101. CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s) - p. 259 102. Cyst With Nodule - p. 265 103. Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s) - p. 269 104. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 271 105. Solitary Parenchymal Calcification - p. 271 106. Multiple Parenchymal Calcifications - p. 275 107. Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesion - p. 279 108. Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesions - p. 285 109. Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal Lesion - p. 291 110. Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal Lesions - p. 295 111. Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Common - p. 299 112. Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less Common - p. 305 113. Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but Important - p. 311 114. Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2 - p. 317 115. Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWI - p. 318 116. T1-/T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions - p. 323 117. T1-Hypointense, T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions - p. 327 118. T1-/T2-Isointense Parenchymal Lesions - p. 331 119. Restricted Diffusion, General - p. 335 120. Restricted Diffusion, Cortex - p. 341 121. Restricted Diffusion, Basal Ganglia - p. 343 122. T1-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s) - p. 347 123. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 351 124. Brain Tumor in Newborn/Infant - p. 351 125. Brain Tumor in Child > 1 Year - p. 357 126. Epilepsy, Child - p. 363 127. Epilepsy, Adult - p. 369 128. SUPRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA - p. 371 129. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 371 130. Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheres - p. 371 131. Thick Cerebral Cortex - p. 377 132. Thin Cortex - p. 383 133. Focal Cortical Mass - p. 389 134. Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIR - p. 395 135. Cortical Enhancement - p. 399 136. Solitary White Matter Lesion - p. 401 137. Confluent White Matter Lesions - p. 405 138. Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum - p. 411 139. Corpus Callosum Holes - p. 417 140. Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass Effect - p. 419 141. Corpus Callosum Mass - p. 421 142. Corpus Callosum Splenium Lesion - p. 423 143. Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion - p. 427 144. Hippocampal Lesion - p. 433 145. Basal Ganglia Calcification - p. 437 146. Hyperdense Basal Ganglia - p. 441 147. Hypodense Basal Ganglia - p. 443 148. T1-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia - p. 447 149. T2-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia - p. 451 150. Enlarged Perivascular Spaces - p. 455 151. Perivascular Space Enhancing Lesions - p. 457 152. Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions - p. 461 153. Putamen Lesion(s) - p. 465 154. Globus Pallidus Lesion(s) - p. 467 155. Unilateral Thalamic Lesion - p. 471 156. Bithalamic Lesions - p. 473 157. Pulvinar Sign - p. 477 158. Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) Lesion - p. 479 159. INFRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA - p. 481 160. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 481 161. Large Brainstem - p. 481 162. Small Brainstem - p. 483 163. T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Focal - p. 485 164. T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Diffuse - p. 487 165. Midbrain Lesion - p. 489 166. Pontine Lesion - p. 493 167. Medulla Lesion - p. 499 168. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s) - p. 503 169. Cerebellar Atrophy - p. 507 170. Cerebellar Hemisphere Mass - p. 511 171. Vermis Mass - p. 517 172. Low Cerebellar Tonsils - p. 521 173. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 523 174. Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion - p. 523 175. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 529 176. Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Adult - p. 529 177. Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Pediatric - p. 533 178. SELLA/JUXTASELLAR, PINEAL REGION - p. 539 179. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 539 180. Pineal Region Mass, General - p. 539 181. Pineal Gland Mass - p. 543 182. Quadrigeminal Cistern Mass - p. 545 183. Pineal + Suprasellar Lesions - p. 547 184. Sella/Pituitary Normal Variants - p. 549 185. Sellar/Juxtasellar Calcification - p. 551 186. Enlarged Pituitary Gland - p. 555 187. Intrasellar Lesion - p. 557 188. Cystic Intrasellar Mass - p. 559 189. Suprasellar Mass, Child - p. 561 190. Suprasellar Mass, Adult - p. 567 191. Suprasellar Cystic Mass - p. 571 192. Calcified Suprasellar Mass - p. 575 193. Enhancing Suprasellar Mass - p. 577 194. Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base Invasion - p. 579 195. Absent/Thin Infundibular Stalk - p. 583 196. Thick Infundibular Stalk - p. 585 197. Hypothalamus Lesion - p. 587 198. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 591 199. Hyperdense Suprasellar Mass - p. 591 200. T1-Hyperintense Suprasellar Mass - p. 593 201. ARTERIES - p. 595 202. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 595 203. Multifocal Arterial Narrowing - p. 595 204. Vessel Wall Abnormalities - p. 599 205. Fusiform Arterial Enlargement - p. 603 206. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 605 207. Hyperattenuating ("Dense") Artery - p. 605 208. VEINS, VENOUS SINUSES - p. 607 209. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 607 210. Dural Sinus Lesion, General - p. 607 211. Enlarged Cortical Veins - p. 611 212. Prominent/Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) Veins - p. 613 213. Abnormally Enhancing Medullary Veins - p. 617 214. Unilateral Cavernous Sinus Mass - p. 619 215. Bilateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions - p. 623 216. Meckel Cave Lesion - p. 627 217. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 631 218. Hyperdense Dural Sinus - p. 631 219. GRE/SWI Venous Abnormalities - p. 635 220. CRANIAL NERVES - p. 637 221. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 637 222. Hemifacial Spasm - p. 637 223. Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adult - p. 641 224. Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Child - p. 645 225. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopsia - p. 651 226. Homonymous Hemianopsia - p. 657 227. Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy - p. 661 228. Trigeminal Neuralgia - p. 667 229. Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII Neuropathy - p. 671 230. Horner Syndrome - p. 677 231. SECTION 2: SPINE - p. 683 232. TRANSSPATIAL - p. 683 233. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 683 234. Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic Abnormality - p. 683 235. Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony Abnormality - p. 687 236. Thoracic Bony Trauma - p. 689 237. Lumbar Bony Trauma - p. 691 238. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 693 239. Kyphosis - p. 693 240. Kyphoscoliosis, Child - p. 695 241. Platyspondyly, Diffuse - p. 697 242. Sacral Mass, Adult - p. 699 243. Sacrococcygeal Mass, Pediatric - p. 703 244. Sacral Deformity - p. 707 245. Multicompartmental Mass - p. 711 246. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 717 247. Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative - p. 717 248. Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative - p. 723 249. Acute Upper Extremity Pain/Weakness - p. 729 250. Lower Extremity Pain - p. 735 251. Back Pain, Adult - p. 739 252. Back Pain, Pediatric - p. 745 253. CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION - p. 749 254. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 749 255. Craniocervical Junction Acute Injury - p. 749 256. Craniovertebral Junction Abnormality, General - p. 753 257. Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue Abnormality - p. 757 258. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 761 259. C1-C2 Instability - p. 761 260. Odontoid Deformity - p. 765 261. VERTEBRAL BODY, POSTERIOR ELEMENTS - p. 767 262. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 767 263. Congenital Vertebral Anomalies - p. 767 264. Cervical Bony Fusion - p. 769 265. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 771 266. Flattened Vertebral Body, Solitary - p. 771 267. Flattened Vertebral Body, Multiple - p. 773 268. Dysmorphic Vertebral Body - p. 775 269. Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior Element - p. 777 270. Enlarged Neural Foramen - p. 781 271. Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened Canal - p. 783 272. Spondylolisthesis - p. 785 273. Bony Lesion, Aggressive - p. 789 274. Fracture, Vertebral Body - p. 793 275. Facet Abnormality, Nontraumatic - p. 797 276. Fracture, Posterior Element - p. 799 277. Pedicle Abnormality - p. 801 278. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 805 279. Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble Expansion - p. 805 280. Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Focal - p. 809 281. Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Diffuse - p. 813 282. Vertebral Body Thickened Bony Trabeculae - p. 815 283. Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Diffuse - p. 817 284. Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Focal - p. 819 285. Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Diffuse - p. 821 286. Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Focal - p. 825 287. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC, ENDPLATE - p. 827 288. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 827 289. Disc Contour Abnormality - p. 827 290. Intervertebral Disc/Endplate Irregularity - p. 831 291. Vertebral Endplate Contour Abnormality - p. 835 292. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 839 293. Intervertebral Disc, T1 Hypointense - p. 839 294. Intervertebral Disc, T2 Hyperintense - p. 841 295. Vertebral Endplate Signal Abnormality - p. 843 296. EXTRADURAL - p. 845 297. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 845 298. Epidural Mass - p. 845 299. Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal Mass - p. 851 300. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 853 301. Paraspinal Muscle Abnormality - p. 853 302. Extradural Lesions, Multiple - p. 855 303. Extradural Lesion, No Enhancement - p. 857 304. Extradural Lesion, Solid Enhancement - p. 859 305. Epidural Fluid - p. 863 306. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 867 307. Soft Tissue Calcification, Paraspinal - p. 867 308. Extradural, Normal Marrow Signal - p. 869 309. Extradural, Abnormal Marrow Signal - p. 873 310. Extradural Lesion, T1 Hyperintense - p. 877 311. Extradural Lesion, T1 Hypointense - p. 879 312. Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense - p. 883 313. Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 Hypointense - p. 887 314. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 889 315. Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, Pediatric - p. 889 316. INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY - p. 893 317. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 893 318. Cauda Equina Enhancement, Diffuse - p. 893 319. Subarachnoid Space Narrowing - p. 897 320. Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal Enhancement - p. 899 321. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 903 322. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement - p. 903 323. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement - p. 907 324. Intradural Lesion, Serpentine - p. 911 325. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Multiple - p. 913 326. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 917 327. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement - p. 917 328. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense - p. 921 329. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense - p. 923 330. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense - p. 927 331. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense - p. 929 332. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 931 333. Cauda Equina Syndrome - p. 931 334. INTRAMEDULLARY - p. 933 335. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 933 336. Intramedullary Mass - p. 933 337. Conus Abnormality - p. 937 338. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 941 339. Intramedullary Lesions, Multiple - p. 941 340. Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement - p. 943 341. Intramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement - p. 947 342. Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined Enhancement - p. 949 343. Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement - p. 953 344. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 955 345. Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense - p. 955 346. Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense - p. 957 347. Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense - p. 959 348. Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense - p. 963 349. Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Ventral - p. 969 350. Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Dorsal - p. 971 351. Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Central - p. 975 352. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 981 353. Myelopathy - p. 981 354. INDEX - p. 987
Designed with the busy practitioner in mind, the third edition of ExpertDDx: Brain and Spine quickly guides you to the most likely differential diagnoses based on key imaging findings and clinical information. This superbly illustrated resource covers more than 275 of the top differential diagnoses across a broad spectrum of central nervous system diseases, presenting parallel groups of anatomically based differentials, generic imaging patterns, modality-specific findings, and clinically based differentials for each area. Now fully revised and up-to-date, this practical reference clearly guides you through useful, actionable differential diagnoses that lead to definitive findings in every area of the brain and spine.
Presents multiple clear, sharp, succinctly annotated images for each diagnosis; a list of diagnostic possibilities sorted as common, less common, and rare but significant; and brief, bulleted text offering helpful diagnostic clues
Reflects changes in 2021 WHO CNS tumor grading and nomenclature
Contains newly identified entities, new differential diagnoses, and updated references
Shows both typical and variant manifestations of each possible diagnosis
Includes many new, high-quality images—more than 7,000 images in all, both in print and online
Features updated genetic information now available in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)
Separates adult and pediatric DDx lists for even faster reference
Assists you in building either a definitive diagnosis from an imaging study or a carefully refined list of reasonable differential diagnoses
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iii 5. Dedications - p. iii 6. Contributing Authors - p. v 7. Preface - p. v 8. Acknowledgments - p. ix 9. Sections - p. xi 10. SECTION 1: SKULL AND BRAIN - p. 1 11. SCALP, SKULL - p. 2 12. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 3 13. Skull Normal Variants - p. 4 14. Scalp Mass, Child - p. 5 15. Scalp Mass, Adult - p. 9 16. Congenital Anomalies of Skull Base - p. 11 17. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 17 18. "Hair on End" - p. 17 19. Thick Skull, Generalized - p. 19 20. Thick Skull, Localized - p. 23 21. Thin Skull, Generalized - p. 25 22. Thin Skull, Localized - p. 27 23. Lytic Skull Lesion, Solitary - p. 29 24. Multiple Lucent Skull Lesions - p. 33 25. Sclerotic Skull Lesion, Solitary - p. 37 26. Sclerotic Skull Lesions, Multiple - p. 41 27. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 43 28. Macrocrania/Macrocephaly - p. 43 29. Microcephaly - p. 49 30. MENINGES - p. 55 31. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 55 32. Dural Calcification(s) - p. 55 33. Dural-Based Mass, Solitary - p. 57 34. Dural-Based Masses, Multiple - p. 61 35. Falx Lesions - p. 65 36. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 67 37. Thick Dura/Arachnoid, Generalized - p. 67 38. Pial Enhancement - p. 69 39. Dural Tail Sign - p. 73 40. VENTRICLES, PERIVENTRICULAR REGIONS - p. 75 41. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 75 42. Ventricles, Normal Variants - p. 75 43. Choroid Plexus Lesions, Child - p. 79 44. Choroid Plexus Lesions, Adult - p. 81 45. Ependymal/Subependymal Lesions - p. 83 46. Lateral Ventricle Mass - p. 89 47. Thick Septum Pellucidum - p. 93 48. Foramen of Monro Mass - p. 95 49. 3rd Ventricle Mass, Anterior - p. 99 50. 3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/Posterior - p. 103 51. Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal Lesion - p. 105 52. 4th Ventricle Mass, Child - p. 111 53. 4th Ventricle Mass, Adult - p. 115 54. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 117 55. Bubbly-Appearing Intraventricular Mass - p. 117 56. Ependymal Enhancement - p. 121 57. Ventriculomegaly - p. 125 58. Small Ventricles - p. 131 59. Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles - p. 133 60. Irregular Lateral Ventricles - p. 137 61. Periventricular Enhancing Lesions - p. 141 62. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 145 63. Intraventricular Calcification(s) - p. 145 64. Periventricular Calcification(s) - p. 149 65. Periventricular T2-/FLAIR-Hyperintense Lesions - p. 153 66. EXTRAAXIAL SPACES AND SUBARACHNOID CISTERNS - p. 157 67. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 157 68. Subarachnoid Space Normal Variants - p. 157 69. Epidural Mass - p. 159 70. Enlarged Sulci, Generalized - p. 163 71. Effaced Sulci, Generalized - p. 167 72. Interhemispheric Fissure Cysts - p. 171 73. CPA Mass, Adult - p. 175 74. Cystic CPA Mass - p. 179 75. Prepontine Cistern Mass - p. 183 76. Ventral Foramen Magnum Mass - p. 189 77. Dorsal Foramen Magnum Mass - p. 193 78. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 197 79. Solitary Enhancing Cranial Nerve - p. 197 80. Multiple Enhancing Cranial Nerves - p. 199 81. CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid Collection - p. 203 82. Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 205 83. CSF-Like Extraaxial Mass - p. 209 84. Sulcal/Cisternal Enhancement - p. 211 85. Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/Ventricles - p. 215 86. Pneumocephalus - p. 217 87. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 219 88. Extraaxial Flow Voids - p. 219 89. T1-Hyperintense CSF - p. 221 90. FLAIR-Hyperintense Sulci - p. 223 91. T2-Hypointense Extraaxial Lesions - p. 227 92. Hyperdense CSF - p. 231 93. Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es) - p. 233 94. Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es) - p. 235 95. BRAIN PARENCHYMA, GENERAL - p. 239 96. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 239 97. Multiple Enhancing Lesions, General - p. 239 98. Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Solitary - p. 243 99. Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Multiple - p. 249 100. Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, General - p. 253 101. CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s) - p. 259 102. Cyst With Nodule - p. 265 103. Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s) - p. 269 104. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 271 105. Solitary Parenchymal Calcification - p. 271 106. Multiple Parenchymal Calcifications - p. 275 107. Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesion - p. 279 108. Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesions - p. 285 109. Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal Lesion - p. 291 110. Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal Lesions - p. 295 111. Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Common - p. 299 112. Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less Common - p. 305 113. Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but Important - p. 311 114. Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2 - p. 317 115. Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWI - p. 318 116. T1-/T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions - p. 323 117. T1-Hypointense, T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions - p. 327 118. T1-/T2-Isointense Parenchymal Lesions - p. 331 119. Restricted Diffusion, General - p. 335 120. Restricted Diffusion, Cortex - p. 341 121. Restricted Diffusion, Basal Ganglia - p. 343 122. T1-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s) - p. 347 123. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 351 124. Brain Tumor in Newborn/Infant - p. 351 125. Brain Tumor in Child > 1 Year - p. 357 126. Epilepsy, Child - p. 363 127. Epilepsy, Adult - p. 369 128. SUPRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA - p. 371 129. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 371 130. Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheres - p. 371 131. Thick Cerebral Cortex - p. 377 132. Thin Cortex - p. 383 133. Focal Cortical Mass - p. 389 134. Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIR - p. 395 135. Cortical Enhancement - p. 399 136. Solitary White Matter Lesion - p. 401 137. Confluent White Matter Lesions - p. 405 138. Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum - p. 411 139. Corpus Callosum Holes - p. 417 140. Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass Effect - p. 419 141. Corpus Callosum Mass - p. 421 142. Corpus Callosum Splenium Lesion - p. 423 143. Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion - p. 427 144. Hippocampal Lesion - p. 433 145. Basal Ganglia Calcification - p. 437 146. Hyperdense Basal Ganglia - p. 441 147. Hypodense Basal Ganglia - p. 443 148. T1-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia - p. 447 149. T2-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia - p. 451 150. Enlarged Perivascular Spaces - p. 455 151. Perivascular Space Enhancing Lesions - p. 457 152. Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions - p. 461 153. Putamen Lesion(s) - p. 465 154. Globus Pallidus Lesion(s) - p. 467 155. Unilateral Thalamic Lesion - p. 471 156. Bithalamic Lesions - p. 473 157. Pulvinar Sign - p. 477 158. Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) Lesion - p. 479 159. INFRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA - p. 481 160. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 481 161. Large Brainstem - p. 481 162. Small Brainstem - p. 483 163. T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Focal - p. 485 164. T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Diffuse - p. 487 165. Midbrain Lesion - p. 489 166. Pontine Lesion - p. 493 167. Medulla Lesion - p. 499 168. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s) - p. 503 169. Cerebellar Atrophy - p. 507 170. Cerebellar Hemisphere Mass - p. 511 171. Vermis Mass - p. 517 172. Low Cerebellar Tonsils - p. 521 173. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 523 174. Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion - p. 523 175. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 529 176. Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Adult - p. 529 177. Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Pediatric - p. 533 178. SELLA/JUXTASELLAR, PINEAL REGION - p. 539 179. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 539 180. Pineal Region Mass, General - p. 539 181. Pineal Gland Mass - p. 543 182. Quadrigeminal Cistern Mass - p. 545 183. Pineal + Suprasellar Lesions - p. 547 184. Sella/Pituitary Normal Variants - p. 549 185. Sellar/Juxtasellar Calcification - p. 551 186. Enlarged Pituitary Gland - p. 555 187. Intrasellar Lesion - p. 557 188. Cystic Intrasellar Mass - p. 559 189. Suprasellar Mass, Child - p. 561 190. Suprasellar Mass, Adult - p. 567 191. Suprasellar Cystic Mass - p. 571 192. Calcified Suprasellar Mass - p. 575 193. Enhancing Suprasellar Mass - p. 577 194. Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base Invasion - p. 579 195. Absent/Thin Infundibular Stalk - p. 583 196. Thick Infundibular Stalk - p. 585 197. Hypothalamus Lesion - p. 587 198. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 591 199. Hyperdense Suprasellar Mass - p. 591 200. T1-Hyperintense Suprasellar Mass - p. 593 201. ARTERIES - p. 595 202. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 595 203. Multifocal Arterial Narrowing - p. 595 204. Vessel Wall Abnormalities - p. 599 205. Fusiform Arterial Enlargement - p. 603 206. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 605 207. Hyperattenuating ("Dense") Artery - p. 605 208. VEINS, VENOUS SINUSES - p. 607 209. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 607 210. Dural Sinus Lesion, General - p. 607 211. Enlarged Cortical Veins - p. 611 212. Prominent/Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) Veins - p. 613 213. Abnormally Enhancing Medullary Veins - p. 617 214. Unilateral Cavernous Sinus Mass - p. 619 215. Bilateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions - p. 623 216. Meckel Cave Lesion - p. 627 217. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 631 218. Hyperdense Dural Sinus - p. 631 219. GRE/SWI Venous Abnormalities - p. 635 220. CRANIAL NERVES - p. 637 221. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 637 222. Hemifacial Spasm - p. 637 223. Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adult - p. 641 224. Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Child - p. 645 225. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopsia - p. 651 226. Homonymous Hemianopsia - p. 657 227. Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy - p. 661 228. Trigeminal Neuralgia - p. 667 229. Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII Neuropathy - p. 671 230. Horner Syndrome - p. 677 231. SECTION 2: SPINE - p. 683 232. TRANSSPATIAL - p. 683 233. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 683 234. Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic Abnormality - p. 683 235. Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony Abnormality - p. 687 236. Thoracic Bony Trauma - p. 689 237. Lumbar Bony Trauma - p. 691 238. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 693 239. Kyphosis - p. 693 240. Kyphoscoliosis, Child - p. 695 241. Platyspondyly, Diffuse - p. 697 242. Sacral Mass, Adult - p. 699 243. Sacrococcygeal Mass, Pediatric - p. 703 244. Sacral Deformity - p. 707 245. Multicompartmental Mass - p. 711 246. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 717 247. Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative - p. 717 248. Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative - p. 723 249. Acute Upper Extremity Pain/Weakness - p. 729 250. Lower Extremity Pain - p. 735 251. Back Pain, Adult - p. 739 252. Back Pain, Pediatric - p. 745 253. CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION - p. 749 254. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 749 255. Craniocervical Junction Acute Injury - p. 749 256. Craniovertebral Junction Abnormality, General - p. 753 257. Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue Abnormality - p. 757 258. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 761 259. C1-C2 Instability - p. 761 260. Odontoid Deformity - p. 765 261. VERTEBRAL BODY, POSTERIOR ELEMENTS - p. 767 262. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 767 263. Congenital Vertebral Anomalies - p. 767 264. Cervical Bony Fusion - p. 769 265. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 771 266. Flattened Vertebral Body, Solitary - p. 771 267. Flattened Vertebral Body, Multiple - p. 773 268. Dysmorphic Vertebral Body - p. 775 269. Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior Element - p. 777 270. Enlarged Neural Foramen - p. 781 271. Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened Canal - p. 783 272. Spondylolisthesis - p. 785 273. Bony Lesion, Aggressive - p. 789 274. Fracture, Vertebral Body - p. 793 275. Facet Abnormality, Nontraumatic - p. 797 276. Fracture, Posterior Element - p. 799 277. Pedicle Abnormality - p. 801 278. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 805 279. Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble Expansion - p. 805 280. Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Focal - p. 809 281. Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Diffuse - p. 813 282. Vertebral Body Thickened Bony Trabeculae - p. 815 283. Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Diffuse - p. 817 284. Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Focal - p. 819 285. Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Diffuse - p. 821 286. Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Focal - p. 825 287. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC, ENDPLATE - p. 827 288. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 827 289. Disc Contour Abnormality - p. 827 290. Intervertebral Disc/Endplate Irregularity - p. 831 291. Vertebral Endplate Contour Abnormality - p. 835 292. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 839 293. Intervertebral Disc, T1 Hypointense - p. 839 294. Intervertebral Disc, T2 Hyperintense - p. 841 295. Vertebral Endplate Signal Abnormality - p. 843 296. EXTRADURAL - p. 845 297. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 845 298. Epidural Mass - p. 845 299. Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal Mass - p. 851 300. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 853 301. Paraspinal Muscle Abnormality - p. 853 302. Extradural Lesions, Multiple - p. 855 303. Extradural Lesion, No Enhancement - p. 857 304. Extradural Lesion, Solid Enhancement - p. 859 305. Epidural Fluid - p. 863 306. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 867 307. Soft Tissue Calcification, Paraspinal - p. 867 308. Extradural, Normal Marrow Signal - p. 869 309. Extradural, Abnormal Marrow Signal - p. 873 310. Extradural Lesion, T1 Hyperintense - p. 877 311. Extradural Lesion, T1 Hypointense - p. 879 312. Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense - p. 883 313. Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 Hypointense - p. 887 314. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 889 315. Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, Pediatric - p. 889 316. INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY - p. 893 317. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 893 318. Cauda Equina Enhancement, Diffuse - p. 893 319. Subarachnoid Space Narrowing - p. 897 320. Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal Enhancement - p. 899 321. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 903 322. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement - p. 903 323. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement - p. 907 324. Intradural Lesion, Serpentine - p. 911 325. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Multiple - p. 913 326. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 917 327. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement - p. 917 328. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense - p. 921 329. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense - p. 923 330. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense - p. 927 331. Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense - p. 929 332. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 931 333. Cauda Equina Syndrome - p. 931 334. INTRAMEDULLARY - p. 933 335. ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 933 336. Intramedullary Mass - p. 933 337. Conus Abnormality - p. 937 338. GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS - p. 941 339. Intramedullary Lesions, Multiple - p. 941 340. Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement - p. 943 341. Intramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement - p. 947 342. Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined Enhancement - p. 949 343. Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement - p. 953 344. MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS - p. 955 345. Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense - p. 955 346. Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense - p. 957 347. Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense - p. 959 348. Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense - p. 963 349. Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Ventral - p. 969 350. Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Dorsal - p. 971 351. Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Central - p. 975 352. CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS - p. 981 353. Myelopathy - p. 981 354. INDEX - p. 987
