Faust's Anesthesiology Review

1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iii 5. Dedication - p. v 6. Contributors - p. vi 7. Preface - p. xviii 8. List of Illustrations - p. xxix 9. List of Tables - p. xxx 10. Videos - p. xxx 11. SECTION I. Operating Room, Equipment, and Monitoring - p. 1 12. 1.  Medical gas supply - p. 2 13. 2.  Electricity in the operating room - p. 4 14. 3.  Operating room fires - p. 6 15. 4.  Vaporizers - p. 9 16. 5.  Carbon dioxide absorption - p. 11 17. 6.  Carbon dioxide retention and capnography - p. 13 18. 7.  Tracheal tubes - p. 18 19. 8.  Complications of tracheal intubation - p. 24 20. 9.  Disconnect monitors - p. 27 21. 10.  Pulse oximetry - p. 29 22. 11.  Hemodynamic monitoring - p. 32 23. 12.  Monitoring integrity of the neuromuscular junction - p. 36 24. 13.  Evoked potential monitoring and electromyography - p. 39 25. SECTION II. Physiology - p. 43 26. 14.  Oxygen transport - p. 44 27. 15.  Blood gas temperature correction - p. 46 28. 16.  Central regulation of ventilation - p. 47 29. 17.  Physiologic effects of hypercarbia - p. 50 30. 18.  Factors that affect pulmonary compliance and airway resistance - p. 52 31. 19.  Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion - p. 55 32. 20.  Pulmonary function test interpretation - p. 58 33. 21.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and restrictive lung disease - p. 62 34. 22.  Measurement and implications of the Qs/Qt - p. 65 35. 23.  Cardiac cycle: Control and synchronicity - p. 68 36. 24.  Physiologic determinants of cardiac output - p. 72 37. 25.  Myocardial oxygen supply and demand - p. 74 38. 26.  Tachyarrhythmias - p. 77 39. 27.  Bradyarrhythmias - p. 80 40. 28.  The autonomic nervous system - p. 83 41. 29.  The sympathetic nervous system: Anatomy and receptor pharmacology - p. 87 42. 30.  Factors affecting cerebral blood flow - p. 91 43. 31.  Physiology of neuromuscular transmission - p. 95 44. 32.  Renal physiology - p. 98 45. 33.  Renal function tests - p. 101 46. 34.  Acid-base status - p. 104 47. 35.  Electrolyte abnormalities: Potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium - p. 108 48. 36.  Hepatic physiology, preoperative evaluation, and planning - p. 110 49. 37.  Mechanisms of hepatic drug metabolism and excretion - p. 113 50. SECTION III. Pharmacology - p. 117 51. 38.  Molecular, cellular, and neural mechanisms of general anesthesia - p. 118 52. 39.  Factors that affect anesthetic gas uptake - p. 121 53. 40.  Minimum alveolar concentration - p. 124 54. 41.  The effect of intracardiac shunts on inhalation induction - p. 127 55. 42.  Inhalation anesthetic agents - p. 129 56. 43.  Nitrous oxide - p. 132 57. 44.  Cardiovascular effects of the inhalation agents - p. 134 58. 45.  Effects of inhalation agents on the central nervous system - p. 137 59. 46.  Hepatic effects of the inhalation agents - p. 141 60. 47.  Propofol - p. 143 61. 48.  Etomidate - p. 145 62. 49.  Ketamine - p. 148 63. 50.  Opioid pharmacology - p. 152 64. 51.  Succinylcholine - p. 154 65. 52.  Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents - p. 158 66. 53.  Nonrelaxant side effects of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents - p. 161 67. 54.  Antagonism of neuromuscular block - p. 163 68. 55.  Pharmacology of atropine, scopolamine, and glycopyrrolate - p. 168 69. 56.  Benzodiazepines - p. 170 70. 57.  Dexmedetomidine - p. 175 71. 58.  Inotropes - p. 177 72. 59.  Vasopressors - p. 181 73. 60.  Vasodilators - p. 185 74. 61.  Nitroglycerin - p. 188 75. 62.  β-adrenergic receptor blo cking agents - p. 190 76. 63.  Calcium channel blockers - p. 193 77. 64.  Renin-angiotensin receptor inhibition - p. 196 78. 65.  Bronchodilators - p. 199 79. 66.  Antiemetics - p. 202 80. SECTION IV. Colloids and Blood Products - p. 207 81. 67.  Albumin, hetastarch, and pentastarch - p. 208 82. 68.  Type, screen, and crossmatch of red blood cells - p. 210 83. 69.  Red blood cell and platelet transfusion - p. 212 84. 70.  Massive transfusions - p. 217 85. 71.  Hemolytic transfusion reactions - p. 220 86. 72.  Nonhemolytic transfusion reactions - p. 223 87. 73.  Blood product conservation - p. 228 88. SECTION V. Preoperative and Postoperative - p. 233 89. 74.  Principles of preoperative evaluation - p. 234 90. 75.  Preoperative evaluation of the patient with cardiac disease for noncardiac operations - p. 239 91. 76.  Tobacco use in surgical patients - p. 244 92. 77.  Obstructive sleep apnea - p. 246 93. 78.  Postoperative nausea and vomiting - p. 251 94. 79.  Anesthesia for patients who are lactating - p. 254 95. 80.  Acute and chronic alcoholism and anesthesia - p. 255 96. 81.  The evaluation and management of prolonged emergence from anesthesia - p. 259 97. 82.  Delirium in the postanesthesia care unit - p. 262 98. SECTION VIA. Specialty Anesthesia: Regional Anesthesia - p. 267 99. 83.  Local anesthetic agents: Mechanism of action and pharmacology - p. 268 100. 84.  Toxicity of local anesthetic agents - p. 270 101. 85.  Regional analgesia adjuvants, liposomal bupivacaine - p. 273 102. 86.  Multimodal analgesia - p. 277 103. 87.  Needle blocks of the eye - p. 279 104. 88.  Spinal cord anatomy and blood supply - p. 283 105. 89.  Spinal anesthesia - p. 287 106. 90.  Epidural anesthesia - p. 290 107. 91.  Combined spinal-epidural blockade - p. 293 108. 92.  Neuraxial anesthesia and anticoagulation - p. 296 109. 93.  Brachial plexus anatomy - p. 301 110. 94.  Upper extremity blocks - p. 303 111. 95.  Peripheral nerve blocks of the posterior trunk - p. 308 112. 96.  Peripheral nerve blocks of the anterior trunk - p. 312 113. 97.  Lower extremity peripheral nerve blocks - p. 317 114. 98.  Peripheral nerve blocks at the ankle - p. 322 115. 99.  Perioperative antifibrinolytic medication use - p. 325 116. 100.  Basics of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia - p. 330 117. SECTION VIB. Speciality Anesthesia: Neuroanesthesia - p. 335 118. 101.  Cerebral protection - p. 336 119. 102.  Increased intracranial pressure - p. 339 120. 103.  Functional neurosurgery - p. 341 121. 104.  Anesthesia for awake intracranial surgery - p. 345 122. 105.  Cerebral circulation - p. 348 123. 106.  Management of cerebral aneurysms - p. 350 124. 107.  Anesthesia for pituitary surgery - p. 354 125. 108.  Anesthesia for the sitting position - p. 358 126. 109.  Physiology and treatment of venous air embolism - p. 361 127. 110.  Perioperative implications of caring for patients with epilepsy - p. 364 128. 111.  Effects of anesthetic agents and sedation medications on electroencephalograms - p. 366 129. 112.  Carotid endarterectomy - p. 369 130. 113.  Management of acute spinal cord injury - p. 372 131. 114.  Anesthesia for adult complex spine surgery - p. 374 132. SECTION VIC. Specialty Anesthesia: Cardiac - p. 379 133. 115.  Coronary circulation and the myocardial conduction system - p. 380 134. 116.  Transesophageal echocardiography: Anatomic considerations - p. 383 135. 117.  Detection and treatment of perioperative acute coronary syndromes - p. 389 136. 118.  Heart failure: Classification, compensation, and treatment - p. 392 137. 119.  Right heart failure, tricuspid and pulmonary valve pathology - p. 394 138. 120.  Management of end-stage heart failure: Heart transplantation versus ventricular assist device - p. 400 139. 121.  Coronary artery stents - p. 406 140. 122.  Cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 409 141. 123.  Evaluation of the coagulation system - p. 412 142. 124.  Anticoagulation and reversal for cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 416 143. 125.  Aortic stenosis - p. 419 144. 126.  Mitral regurgitation - p. 422 145. 127.  Percutaneous approaches to valvular disease: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement and transcatheter mitral valve repair - p. 429 146. 128.  Pacemakers - p. 434 147. 129.  Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators - p. 438 148. 130.  Intra-aortic balloon pump - p. 441 149. 131.  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation - p. 444 150. SECTION VID. Specialty Anesthesia: Thoracic - p. 451 151. 132.  Intraoperative bronchospasm: Etiology and treatment - p. 452 152. 133.  Anesthesia for bronchoscopy - p. 455 153. 134.  Double-lumen tracheal tubes - p. 459 154. 135.  One-lung ventilation and methods of improving oxygenation - p. 462 155. 136.  Bronchopleural fistula - p. 464 156. 137.  High-frequency ventilation: Physics, physiology, and clinical applications - p. 467 157. 138.  Thoracotomy pain management - p. 469 158. 139.  Lung transplantation - p. 471 159. SECTION VII. Multispecialty Anesthesia; General Urologic ENT - p. 473 160. 140.  Thermoregulation and perioperative hypothermia - p. 474 161. 141.  The role of the anesthesia provider in wound infection - p. 476 162. 142.  Anesthesia in the patient with extreme obesity - p. 480 163. 143.  Weight loss procedures - p. 484 164. 144.  Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate - p. 487 165. 145.  Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy - p. 490 166. 146.  Anatomy of the larynx - p. 493 167. 147.  Anesthesia for laryngeal surgery - p. 495 168. 148.  Management of the difficult airway - p. 499 169. 149.  Enhanced recovery pathways (ERPS) - p. 503 170. SECTION VIII. Anesthesia for Unique Situations - p. 509 171. 150.  Anesthesia during a pandemic - p. 510 172. 151.  Monitored anesthesia care - p. 512 173. 152.  Anesthesia for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging - p. 514 174. 153.  Anesthesia for robotic surgery - p. 517 175. 154.  Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy - p. 521 176. 155.  Myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome - p. 524 177. 156.  Anesthesia for endoscopic procedures - p. 527 178. 157.  Anesthesia outside of the operating room - p. 530 179. 158.  Anesthesia for interventional neuroradiology - p. 532 180. 159.  Anesthesia for patients with diabetes mellitus - p. 535 181. 160.  Anesthesia for thyroid surgery - p. 539 182. 161.  Anesthesia for patients with carcinoid syndrome - p. 542 183. 162.  Anesthesia for patients with hepatocellular disease - p. 544 184. 163.  Anesthesia for the patient undergoing liver transplantation - p. 546 185. 164.  Autonomic dysreflexia - p. 554 186. SECTION IX. Obstetric Anesthesia - p. 557 187. 165.  Maternal physiologic changes in pregnancy - p. 558 188. 166.  Fetal assessment and intrapartum fetal monitoring - p. 562 189. 167.  Analgesia for labor - p. 564 190. 168.  Opioid dependence in the parturient - p. 568 191. 169.  Preterm labor: Tocolytics and anesthetic management - p. 569 192. 170.  Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy - p. 572 193. 171.  Anesthesia for cesarean delivery - p. 575 194. 172.  Nonobstetric surgery in pregnancy - p. 577 195. 173.  Anesthesia for fetal surgery - p. 579 196. 174.  Peripartum hemorrhage - p. 583 197. 175.  Anesthesia for tubal ligation - p. 586 198. 176.  Maternal diabetes: Neonatal effects - p. 588 199. SECTION X. Pediatric Anesthesia - p. 591 200. 177.  Impact of anesthesia on neural development - p. 592 201. 178.  Anesthetic risks associated with prematurity - p. 595 202. 179.  Meconium aspiration and meconium aspiration syndrome - p. 598 203. 180.  Risks of general anesthesia and sedation drugs in pediatric patients - p. 601 204. 181.  Neonatal cardiovascular physiology - p. 605 205. 182.  Differences between the infant and adult airway - p. 608 206. 183.  Fluid management in infants - p. 610 207. 184.  Neuromuscular blocking agents in infants - p. 612 208. 185.  Congenital diaphragmatic hernia - p. 615 209. 186.  Congenital pediatric airway problems - p. 618 210. 187.  Congenital heart disease: Congestive heart failure - p. 621 211. 188.  Other neonatal emergencies: Tracheoesophageal fistula and omphalocele - p. 624 212. 189.  Neonatal resuscitation - p. 626 213. 190.  Pyloric stenosis - p. 630 214. 191.  Pediatric breathing circuits - p. 632 215. 192.  Croup versus epiglottitis - p. 635 216. 193.  Sickle cell anemia: Anesthetic implications - p. 638 217. 194.  Anesthetic considerations for the patient with down syndrome - p. 640 218. 195.  Pediatric neuromuscular disorders - p. 643 219. 196.  Anesthesia for patients with myotonic dystrophy - p. 645 220. 197.  Regional anesthesia and pain relief in children - p. 648 221. SECTION XI. Pain Medicine - p. 651 222. 198.  Perioperative management of the opioid-tolerant patient - p. 652 223. 199.  Patient-controlled analgesia - p. 655 224. 200.  Neuraxial opioids - p. 658 225. 201.  Complex regional pain syndrome - p. 660 226. 202.  Postoperative headache - p. 663 227. 203.  Treatment of cancer-related pain - p. 665 228. 204.  Postherpetic neuralgia - p. 670 229. 205.  Common interventions for low back pain - p. 672 230. 206.  Stellate ganglion block - p. 675 231. 207.  Lumbar sympathetic blockade - p. 677 232. 208.  Celiac plexus block - p. 679 233. 209.  Neuromodulation techniques in pain medicine - p. 681 234. SECTION XII. Critical Care Medicine - p. 685 235. 210.  Hyperbaric oxygen therapy - p. 686 236. 211.  Perioperative management of blood glucose - p. 689 237. 212.  Acute respiratory distress syndrome - p. 693 238. 213.  Pulmonary hypertension - p. 696 239. 214.  Management of stroke - p. 700 240. 215.  Acute kidney injury - p. 703 241. 216.  Sepsis and septic shock - p. 704 242. 217.  Anesthesia for burn-injured patients - p. 710 243. SECTION XIII. Risk Management - p. 715 244. 218.  Medical ethics - p. 716 245. 219.  Medicolegal principles: Informed consent - p. 718 246. 220.  Medicolegal principles: Medical negligence - p. 720 247. 221.  Anesthesia quality registries - p. 721 248. 222.  Depth of anesthesia - p. 724 249. 223.  Patient safety and quality improvement - p. 727 250. 224.  Perioperative pulmonary aspiration - p. 729 251. 225.  Eye and dental complications - p. 732 252. 226.  Intraoperative patient positioning and positioning complications - p. 735 253. 227.  Malignant hyperthermia - p. 741 254. 228.  Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions in anesthesia - p. 744 255. 229.  Central line safety - p. 747 256. SECTION XIV. Practice Management - p. 749 257. 230.  American Society of Anesthesiologists evidence-based practice parameters - p. 750 258. 231.  Value-based payment models - p. 752 259. 232.  Perioperative surgical home - p. 757 260. 233.  Licensure, credentialing, and privileging - p. 761 261. 234.  Board certification and maintenance of certification - p. 763 262. 235.  Professional liability insurance - p. 766 263. 236.  Anesthesia information management systems - p. 768 264. 237.  Medical coding and payment systems - p. 770 265. 238.  Chemical dependence in anesthesia personnel - p. 773 266. 239.  Sustainability in anesthesiology and the operating room - p. 775 267. Index - p. 779