Feed and Feeding for Fish and Shellfish: Nutritional Physiology presents foundational knowledge and the most recent advances in aquaculture finfish and crustacean metabolism and nutritional requirements, feed ingredients, nutrient deficiency disorders, and integrated sciences. Nutrition is fundamental to the success and sustainability of the aquaculture industry as it relates to economics, fish health, high-quality product production, and pollution minimization. This book provides a unique, complete, and comprehensive coverage of the nutrition, metabolism, and feeding strategies of key aquaculture species.
Written by an international group of experts, this work introduces nutrient requirements of finfish, prawn, shrimp, crabs, and lobster before delving into advances in feed ingredients, production, and practices. Latter chapters discuss the risks of nutritional deficiency and associated diseases and disorders. The final section of the book describes integrated sciences, including aquaculture species immune systems, muscle development, reproduction, gut health, and broader perspectives on seafood quality and food security.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction of feed and feeding management - p. 3 2. Section II: Nutrient requirements - p. 15 3. Chapter 2. Nutrient and energy requirements of finfish - p. 17 4. Abstract - p. 17 5. 2.1 Introduction - p. 17 6. 2.2 Estimation of nutrient requirements - p. 17 7. 2.3 Proteins - p. 18 8. 2.4 Lipids - p. 34 9. 2.5 Carbohydrates - p. 43 10. 2.6 Energy - p. 49 11. 2.7 Vitamins - p. 51 12. 2.8 Minerals - p. 52 13. References - p. 59 14. Chapter 3. Nutrient and energy requirements for prawn and shrimp - p. 75 15. Abstract - p. 75 16. 3.1 Introduction - p. 75 17. 3.2 Amino acids, protein, and energy - p. 75 18. 3.3 Lipids - p. 81 19. 3.4 Carbohydrates - p. 85 20. 3.5 Vitamins - p. 89 21. 3.6 Minerals - p. 93 22. 3.7 Conclusions and perspective - p. 99 23. References - p. 100 24. Chapter 4. Nutrients and energy requirements for crabs and lobsters - p. 109 25. Section III: Feed ingredients and feeding practices - p. 129 26. Chapter 5. Feed ingredients for aquafeed - p. 131 27. Chapter 6. Antinutritional factors and adventitious toxins - p. 153 28. Chapter 7. Feed additives - p. 173 29. Abstract - p. 173 30. 7.1 Introduction - p. 173 31. 7.2 Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics - p. 174 32. 7.3 Phytogenics - p. 181 33. 7.4 Organic acids and their salts - p. 184 34. 7.5 Enzymes - p. 187 35. 7.6 Binders and microencapsulation - p. 190 36. 7.7 Microbound diets and microencapsulation - p. 193 37. 7.8 Carotenoids - p. 195 38. 7.9 Palatability enhancers - p. 197 39. 7.10 Feed preservatives - p. 199 40. 7.11 Antioxidants - p. 199 41. 7.12 Legislation and permissible limits - p. 201 42. 7.13 Conclusions and future directions - p. 202 43. Acknowledgments - p. 203 44. References - p. 203 45. Chapter 8. Prebiotic and probiotic applications in fish and crustaceans - p. 213 46. Abstract - p. 213 47. 8.1 A brief history of gut microbiota research and attempts to modulate gut microbiota - p. 213 48. 8.2 The immune system of teleosts - p. 214 49. 8.3 The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue - p. 215 50. 8.4 The gut-associated lymphoid tissue - p. 216 51. 8.5 The skin-associated lymphoid tissue - p. 216 52. 8.6 The gill-associated lymphoid tissue - p. 216 53. 8.7 The mucus layer - p. 216 54. 8.8 Mucins - p. 217 55. 8.9 Teleost mucins - p. 218 56. 8.10 Immunoglobulins - p. 220 57. 8.11 The immune system of crustaceans - p. 221 58. 8.12 Antimicrobial peptides - p. 222 59. 8.13 The mucosal microbiome - p. 223 60. 8.14 Functional feed additives - p. 225 61. 8.15 Probiotics - p. 225 62. 8.16 Lactic acid bacteria - p. 226 63. 8.17 Bacillus spp. - p. 227 64. 8.18 Other probionts - p. 227 65. 8.19 Probiotic “colonization” - p. 228 66. 8.20 Effect of probiotics on the host immunity - p. 228 67. 8.21 Parabiotics and postbiotics - p. 231 68. 8.22 Parabiotic benefits on host immunity - p. 232 69. 8.23 Prebiotics - p. 232 70. 8.24 Effect of prebiotics on the host immunity - p. 233 71. 8.25 Synbiotics - p. 234 72. 8.26 Concluding remarks - p. 236 73. References - p. 236 74. Chapter 9. Applications of in vitro digestive simulations - p. 249 75. Chapter 10. Feed manufacturing technology - p. 279 76. Chapter 11. Feeding practices and practical management strategies for finfish and crustaceans - p. 309 77. Section IV: Nutritional deficiency diseases and aquatic environment - p. 333 78. Chapter 12. The pathology of nutritional disease - p. 335 79. Abstract - p. 335 80. 12.1 Introduction - p. 335 81. 12.2 Imbalances of macronutrients as structural, energy giving, and functional components - p. 337 82. 12.3 Production-related disorders of nutritional origin - p. 357 83. 12.4 Starvation and feed restrictions - p. 364 84. 12.5 Nutritional immunodepression and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases - p. 366 85. 12.6 Dietary supplements for improved health and disease resistance - p. 367 86. 12.7 Feeding in climate changes - p. 368 87. 12.8 Foodborne contaminants - p. 369 88. 12.9 Concluding remarks - p. 372 89. References - p. 373 90. Chapter 13. Water quality and its impacts on feeding practices - p. 383 91. Section V: Integrated sciences with nutrition - p. 403 92. Chapter 14. Nutrition and the immune system in fish and shellfish - p. 405 93. Abstract - p. 405 94. 14.1 Introduction - p. 405 95. 14.2 The immune system in fish—an overview - p. 405 96. 14.3 The immune system in shellfish - p. 416 97. 14.4 Nutrients required for normal function of the immune system - p. 416 98. 14.5 Concluding remarks - p. 444 99. References - p. 444 100. Chapter 15. Larval and broodstock nutrition of finfish - p. 461 101. Abstract - p. 461 102. 15.1 Introduction - p. 461 103. 15.2 Reproductive biology and ovarian development of broodstock - p. 462 104. 15.3 The interplay of nutrients during fish reproduction - p. 464 105. 15.4 Feeding regimen for optimum broodstock and spawning performance - p. 464 106. 15.5 Consequences of limited feed intake - p. 466 107. 15.6 Nutrient utilization during embryonic development - p. 466 108. 15.7 The ontogeny of the digestive tract and digestive enzyme activity in fish - p. 467 109. 15.8 Live feeds - p. 470 110. 15.9 Formulated feeds - p. 471 111. 15.10 Nutritional requirements of broodstock and larvae - p. 473 112. 15.11 Future directions - p. 494 113. References - p. 495 114. Chapter 16. Larval and broodstock nutrition of crustaceans - p. 513 115. Abstract - p. 513 116. 16.1 Introduction - p. 513 117. 16.2 A brief outlook of the main cultured crustacean species - p. 513 118. 16.3 Crustacean broodstock feeding practices - p. 515 119. 16.4 Crustacean broodstock nutrition - p. 520 120. 16.5 Nutritional requirements in crustacean larvae - p. 535 121. 16.6 Conclusions - p. 550 122. References - p. 550 123. Chapter 17. The importance of gut microbes for nutrition and health - p. 575 124. Abstract - p. 575 125. 17.1 Introduction - p. 575 126. 17.2 Composition of gut microbiota in common farmed fish and shrimp species - p. 578 127. 17.3 Development of the gut microbiota - p. 582 128. 17.4 Homeostatic functions of the gut microbiota - p. 586 129. 17.5 Dietary factors affecting the gut microbiota - p. 597 130. 17.6 Antibiotics and antimicrobials: impacts on gut health and disease susceptibility - p. 607 131. 17.7 Methods to analyze microbiota in the fish gut - p. 612 132. 17.8 Conclusions - p. 615 133. References - p. 615 134. Chapter 18. Omics approaches in fish nutrition research - p. 639 135. Chapter 19. Feed to food - p. 669 136. Index - p. 695
Feed and Feeding for Fish and Shellfish: Nutritional Physiology presents foundational knowledge and the most recent advances in aquaculture finfish and crustacean metabolism and nutritional requirements, feed ingredients, nutrient deficiency disorders, and integrated sciences. Nutrition is fundamental to the success and sustainability of the aquaculture industry as it relates to economics, fish health, high-quality product production, and pollution minimization. This book provides a unique, complete, and comprehensive coverage of the nutrition, metabolism, and feeding strategies of key aquaculture species.
Written by an international group of experts, this work introduces nutrient requirements of finfish, prawn, shrimp, crabs, and lobster before delving into advances in feed ingredients, production, and practices. Latter chapters discuss the risks of nutritional deficiency and associated diseases and disorders. The final section of the book describes integrated sciences, including aquaculture species immune systems, muscle development, reproduction, gut health, and broader perspectives on seafood quality and food security.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction of feed and feeding management - p. 3 2. Section II: Nutrient requirements - p. 15 3. Chapter 2. Nutrient and energy requirements of finfish - p. 17 4. Abstract - p. 17 5. 2.1 Introduction - p. 17 6. 2.2 Estimation of nutrient requirements - p. 17 7. 2.3 Proteins - p. 18 8. 2.4 Lipids - p. 34 9. 2.5 Carbohydrates - p. 43 10. 2.6 Energy - p. 49 11. 2.7 Vitamins - p. 51 12. 2.8 Minerals - p. 52 13. References - p. 59 14. Chapter 3. Nutrient and energy requirements for prawn and shrimp - p. 75 15. Abstract - p. 75 16. 3.1 Introduction - p. 75 17. 3.2 Amino acids, protein, and energy - p. 75 18. 3.3 Lipids - p. 81 19. 3.4 Carbohydrates - p. 85 20. 3.5 Vitamins - p. 89 21. 3.6 Minerals - p. 93 22. 3.7 Conclusions and perspective - p. 99 23. References - p. 100 24. Chapter 4. Nutrients and energy requirements for crabs and lobsters - p. 109 25. Section III: Feed ingredients and feeding practices - p. 129 26. Chapter 5. Feed ingredients for aquafeed - p. 131 27. Chapter 6. Antinutritional factors and adventitious toxins - p. 153 28. Chapter 7. Feed additives - p. 173 29. Abstract - p. 173 30. 7.1 Introduction - p. 173 31. 7.2 Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics - p. 174 32. 7.3 Phytogenics - p. 181 33. 7.4 Organic acids and their salts - p. 184 34. 7.5 Enzymes - p. 187 35. 7.6 Binders and microencapsulation - p. 190 36. 7.7 Microbound diets and microencapsulation - p. 193 37. 7.8 Carotenoids - p. 195 38. 7.9 Palatability enhancers - p. 197 39. 7.10 Feed preservatives - p. 199 40. 7.11 Antioxidants - p. 199 41. 7.12 Legislation and permissible limits - p. 201 42. 7.13 Conclusions and future directions - p. 202 43. Acknowledgments - p. 203 44. References - p. 203 45. Chapter 8. Prebiotic and probiotic applications in fish and crustaceans - p. 213 46. Abstract - p. 213 47. 8.1 A brief history of gut microbiota research and attempts to modulate gut microbiota - p. 213 48. 8.2 The immune system of teleosts - p. 214 49. 8.3 The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue - p. 215 50. 8.4 The gut-associated lymphoid tissue - p. 216 51. 8.5 The skin-associated lymphoid tissue - p. 216 52. 8.6 The gill-associated lymphoid tissue - p. 216 53. 8.7 The mucus layer - p. 216 54. 8.8 Mucins - p. 217 55. 8.9 Teleost mucins - p. 218 56. 8.10 Immunoglobulins - p. 220 57. 8.11 The immune system of crustaceans - p. 221 58. 8.12 Antimicrobial peptides - p. 222 59. 8.13 The mucosal microbiome - p. 223 60. 8.14 Functional feed additives - p. 225 61. 8.15 Probiotics - p. 225 62. 8.16 Lactic acid bacteria - p. 226 63. 8.17 Bacillus spp. - p. 227 64. 8.18 Other probionts - p. 227 65. 8.19 Probiotic “colonization” - p. 228 66. 8.20 Effect of probiotics on the host immunity - p. 228 67. 8.21 Parabiotics and postbiotics - p. 231 68. 8.22 Parabiotic benefits on host immunity - p. 232 69. 8.23 Prebiotics - p. 232 70. 8.24 Effect of prebiotics on the host immunity - p. 233 71. 8.25 Synbiotics - p. 234 72. 8.26 Concluding remarks - p. 236 73. References - p. 236 74. Chapter 9. Applications of in vitro digestive simulations - p. 249 75. Chapter 10. Feed manufacturing technology - p. 279 76. Chapter 11. Feeding practices and practical management strategies for finfish and crustaceans - p. 309 77. Section IV: Nutritional deficiency diseases and aquatic environment - p. 333 78. Chapter 12. The pathology of nutritional disease - p. 335 79. Abstract - p. 335 80. 12.1 Introduction - p. 335 81. 12.2 Imbalances of macronutrients as structural, energy giving, and functional components - p. 337 82. 12.3 Production-related disorders of nutritional origin - p. 357 83. 12.4 Starvation and feed restrictions - p. 364 84. 12.5 Nutritional immunodepression and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases - p. 366 85. 12.6 Dietary supplements for improved health and disease resistance - p. 367 86. 12.7 Feeding in climate changes - p. 368 87. 12.8 Foodborne contaminants - p. 369 88. 12.9 Concluding remarks - p. 372 89. References - p. 373 90. Chapter 13. Water quality and its impacts on feeding practices - p. 383 91. Section V: Integrated sciences with nutrition - p. 403 92. Chapter 14. Nutrition and the immune system in fish and shellfish - p. 405 93. Abstract - p. 405 94. 14.1 Introduction - p. 405 95. 14.2 The immune system in fish—an overview - p. 405 96. 14.3 The immune system in shellfish - p. 416 97. 14.4 Nutrients required for normal function of the immune system - p. 416 98. 14.5 Concluding remarks - p. 444 99. References - p. 444 100. Chapter 15. Larval and broodstock nutrition of finfish - p. 461 101. Abstract - p. 461 102. 15.1 Introduction - p. 461 103. 15.2 Reproductive biology and ovarian development of broodstock - p. 462 104. 15.3 The interplay of nutrients during fish reproduction - p. 464 105. 15.4 Feeding regimen for optimum broodstock and spawning performance - p. 464 106. 15.5 Consequences of limited feed intake - p. 466 107. 15.6 Nutrient utilization during embryonic development - p. 466 108. 15.7 The ontogeny of the digestive tract and digestive enzyme activity in fish - p. 467 109. 15.8 Live feeds - p. 470 110. 15.9 Formulated feeds - p. 471 111. 15.10 Nutritional requirements of broodstock and larvae - p. 473 112. 15.11 Future directions - p. 494 113. References - p. 495 114. Chapter 16. Larval and broodstock nutrition of crustaceans - p. 513 115. Abstract - p. 513 116. 16.1 Introduction - p. 513 117. 16.2 A brief outlook of the main cultured crustacean species - p. 513 118. 16.3 Crustacean broodstock feeding practices - p. 515 119. 16.4 Crustacean broodstock nutrition - p. 520 120. 16.5 Nutritional requirements in crustacean larvae - p. 535 121. 16.6 Conclusions - p. 550 122. References - p. 550 123. Chapter 17. The importance of gut microbes for nutrition and health - p. 575 124. Abstract - p. 575 125. 17.1 Introduction - p. 575 126. 17.2 Composition of gut microbiota in common farmed fish and shrimp species - p. 578 127. 17.3 Development of the gut microbiota - p. 582 128. 17.4 Homeostatic functions of the gut microbiota - p. 586 129. 17.5 Dietary factors affecting the gut microbiota - p. 597 130. 17.6 Antibiotics and antimicrobials: impacts on gut health and disease susceptibility - p. 607 131. 17.7 Methods to analyze microbiota in the fish gut - p. 612 132. 17.8 Conclusions - p. 615 133. References - p. 615 134. Chapter 18. Omics approaches in fish nutrition research - p. 639 135. Chapter 19. Feed to food - p. 669 136. Index - p. 695
