In the highly specialized field of caring for children in the PICU, Fuhrman and Zimmerman's Pediatric Critical Care is the definitive reference for all members of the pediatric intensive care team. Drs. Jerry J. Zimmerman and Alexandre T. Rotta, along with an expert team of editors and contributors from around the world, have carefully updated the 6th Edition of this highly regarded text to bring you the most authoritative and useful information on today’s pediatric critical care—everything from basic science to clinical applications.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Disclaimer - p. ii 4. Table of Contents - p. iii 5. Copyright - p. iv 6. Contributors - p. v 7. Preface - p. xxv 8. List of Illustrations - p. xxvii 9. List of Tables - p. xxviii 10. Section I: Pediatric Critical Care: The Discipline - p. 1 11. 1. History of pediatric critical care medicine - p. 2 12. 2. High-reliability pediatric intensive care unit: Role of intensivist and team in obtaining optimal outcomes - p. 16 13. 3. Critical communications in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 22 14. 4. Professionalism in pediatric critical care - p. 26 15. 5. Leading and managing change in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 29 16. 6. Evolution of critical care nursing - p. 36 17. 7. Fostering a learning healthcare environment in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 47 18. 8. Challenges of pediatric critical care in resource-poor settings - p. 51 19. 9. Public health emergencies and emergency mass critical care - p. 59 20. 10. Lifelong learning in pediatric critical care - p. 66 21. Section II: Pediatric Critical Care: Tools and Procedures - p. 75 22. 11. Essential concepts in clinical trial design and statistical analysis - p. 76 23. 12. Prediction of short-term outcomes during critical illness in children - p. 82 24. 13. Pediatric critical care transport - p. 89 25. 14. Pediatric vascular access and centeses - p. 94 26. 15. Ultrasonography in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 114 27. Section III: Pediatric Critical Care: Psychosocial and Societal - p. 135 28. 16. Patient- and family-centered care in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 136 29. 17. Pediatric critical care ethics - p. 144 30. 18. Ethical issues around death and dying - p. 154 31. 19. Palliative care in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 158 32. 20. Organ donation process and management of the organ donor - p. 163 33. 21. Long-term outcomes following critical illness in children - p. 175 34. 22. Burnout and resiliency - p. 183 35. Section IV: Pediatric Critical Care: Cardiovascular - p. 187 36. 23. Structure and function of the heart - p. 188 37. 24. Regional peripheral circulation - p. 203 38. 25. Endothelium and endotheliopathy - p. 218 39. 26. Principles of invasive cardiovascular monitoring - p. 227 40. 27. Assessment of cardiovascular function - p. 239 41. 28. Cardiac failure and ventricular assist devices - p. 248 42. 29. Echocardiographic imaging - p. 270 43. 30. Diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization - p. 289 44. 31. Pharmacology of the cardiovascular system - p. 300 45. 32. Cardiopulmonary interactions - p. 320 46. 33. Disorders of cardiac rhythm - p. 329 47. 34. Shock states - p. 352 48. 35. Pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 363 49. 36. Critical care after surgery for congenital cardiac disease - p. 380 50. Neonatal considerations - p. 380 51. Preoperative care - p. 381 52. Postoperative care - p. 382 53. Critical care management of selected specific lesions - p. 392 54. Summary - p. 409 55. Key references - p. 409 56. References - p. 410.e1 57. 37. Cardiac transplantation - p. 411 58. 38. Physiologic foundations of cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 420 59. Mechanisms of blood flow - p. 421 60. Rate and duty cycle - p. 422 61. Newer cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques - p. 425 62. Pharmacology - p. 429 63. Management of ventricular fibrillation - p. 437 64. Future directions - p. 443 65. Key references - p. 443 66. References - p. 443.e1 67. 39. Performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infants and children - p. 444 68. Section V: Pediatric Critical Care: Pulmonary - p. 453 69. 40. Structure and development of the upper respiratory system - p. 454 70. 41. Structure and development of the lower respiratory system - p. 462 71. 42. Physiology of the respiratory system - p. 470 72. 43. Noninvasive respiratory monitoring and assessment of gas exchange - p. 483 73. 44. Overview of breathing failure - p. 492 74. 45. Ventilation/perfusion inequality - p. 503 75. 46. Mechanical dysfunction of the respiratory system - p. 509 76. 47. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract - p. 524 77. 48. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated lung injury - p. 536 78. 49. Acute viral bronchiolitis - p. 546 79. 50. Asthma - p. 552 80. 51. Neonatal pulmonary disease - p. 568 81. 52. Pneumonitis and interstitial disease - p. 585 82. Pathogenesis - p. 585 83. Pathophysiology - p. 585 84. Diagnosis - p. 586 85. Bacterial pneumonitis - p. 586 86. Viral pneumonitis - p. 590 87. Fungal pneumonitis - p. 595 88. Primary pulmonary fungi - p. 596 89. Opportunistic pulmonary mycoses - p. 598 90. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia - p. 599 91. Chemical pneumonitis - p. 600 92. Idiopathic interstitial lung disease - p. 603 93. Pediatric pulmonary hemorrhage - p. 603 94. Summary - p. 606 95. Key references - p. 606 96. References - p. 607.e1 97. 53. Diseases of the pulmonary circulation - p. 608 98. 54. Mechanical ventilation and respiratory care - p. 625 99. 55. Noninvasive ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 644 100. 56. Extracorporeal life support - p. 655 101. 57. Pediatric lung transplantation - p. 679 102. Section VI: Pediatric Critical Care: Neurologic - p. 689 103. 58. Structure, function, and development of the nervous system - p. 690 104. 59. Critical care considerations for common neurosurgical conditions - p. 710 105. 60. Neurologic assessment and monitoring - p. 720 106. 61. Neuroimaging - p. 735 107. 62. Coma and depressed sensorium - p. 756 108. 63. Intracranial hypertension and monitoring - p. 768 109. 64. Status epilepticus - p. 779 110. 65. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy - p. 793 111. Epidemiology - p. 793 112. Mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury - p. 794 113. Clinical pathophysiology - p. 796.e3 114. Clinical outcome and prognostication after pediatric cardiac arrest - p. 800 115. Response of the immature brain to cardiac arrest - p. 801 116. Treatment after cardiac arrest - p. 803 117. Current and novel therapies and interventions - p. 805.e1 118. Futuristic approaches - p. 807 119. Summary - p. 809 120. Key references - p. 809 121. References - p. 810.e1 122. 66. Pediatric stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage - p. 811 123. 67. Central nervous system infections and related conditions - p. 823 124. 68. Acute neuromuscular disease and disorders - p. 837 125. 69. Acute rehabilitation and early mobility in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 845 126. Section VII: Pediatric Critical Care: Renal - p. 855 127. 70. Renal structure and function - p. 856 128. 71. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness - p. 866 129. 72. Acid-base disorders - p. 882 130. 73. Tests of kidney function in children - p. 896 131. 74. Glomerulotubular dysfunction and acute kidney injury - p. 907 132. 75. Pediatric renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit - p. 923 133. 76. Pediatric renal transplantation - p. 930 134. 77. Renal pharmacology - p. 937 135. 78. Acute severe hypertension - p. 945 136. Section VIII: Pediatric Critical Care: Metabolic and Endocrine - p. 959 137. 79. Cellular respiration - p. 960 138. 80. Biology of the stress response - p. 971 139. 81. Inborn errors of metabolism - p. 976 140. 82. Progress towards precision medicine in critical illness - p. 991 141. 83. Molecular foundations of cellular injury - p. 996 142. 84. Endocrine emergencies - p. 1003 143. 85. Diabetic ketoacidosis - p. 1016 144. Section IX: Pediatric Critical Care: Hematology and Oncology - p. 1023 145. 86. Structure and function of the hematopoietic organs - p. 1024 146. 87. The erythron - p. 1033 147. 88. Hemoglobinopathies - p. 1040 148. 89. Coagulation and coagulopathy - p. 1052 149. 90. Thrombosis in pediatric critical care - p. 1073 150. 91. Transfusion medicine - p. 1082 151. 92. Hematology and oncology problems - p. 1101 152. 93. Critical illness in children undergoing hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation - p. 1113 153. Section X: Pediatric Critical Care: Gastroenterology and Nutrition - p. 1129 154. 94. Gastrointestinal structure and function - p. 1130 155. 95. Disorders and diseases of the gastrointestinal system - p. 1141 156. 96. Acute liver failure - p. 1155 157. 97. Hepatic transplantation - p. 1162 158. 98. Acute abdomen - p. 1170 159. 99. Nutrition of the critically ill child - p. 1177 160. Section XI: Pediatric Critical Care: Immunity and Infection - p. 1189 161. 100. Innate immunity - p. 1190 162. 101. Adaptive immunity - p. 1199 163. 102. Critical illness and the microbiome - p. 1208 164. 103. Congenital immunodeficiency - p. 1215 165. 104. Acquired immune dysfunction - p. 1229 166. 105. Immune balance in critical illness - p. 1242 167. 106. Pediatric rheumatologic disease - p. 1249 168. 107. Bacterial and fungal infections - p. 1263 169. 108. Life-threatening viral diseases and their treatment - p. 1273 170. 109. Healthcare-associated infections - p. 1284 171. 110. Pediatric sepsis - p. 1293 172. 111. Multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome - p. 1310 173. Section XII: Pediatric Critical Care: Environmental Injury and Trauma - p. 1317 174. 112. Bites and stings - p. 1318 175. 113. Hyperthermic injury - p. 1327 176. 114. Accidental hypothermia - p. 1332 177. 115. Drowning - p. 1337 178. 116. Burn and inhalation injury - p. 1347 179. 117. Evaluation, stabilization, and initial management after trauma - p. 1363 180. 118. Traumatic brain injury - p. 1375 181. 119. Pediatric thoracic trauma - p. 1401 182. 120. Pediatric abdominal trauma - p. 1408 183. 121. Child abuse - p. 1417 184. Section XIII: Pediatric Critical Care: Pharmacology and Toxicology - p. 1425 185. 122. Principles of drug disposition - p. 1426 186. 123. Molecular mechanisms of drug actions - p. 1446 187. 124. Adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions - p. 1464 188. 125. Principles of toxin assessment and screening - p. 1486 189. 126. Toxidromes and their treatment - p. 1496 190. Section XIV: Pediatric Critical Care: Anesthesia Principles in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - p. 1509 191. 127. Airway management - p. 1510 192. 128. Anesthesia effects on organ systems - p. 1535 193. 129. Anesthesia principles and operating room anesthesia regimens - p. 1544 194. 130. Malignant hyperthermia - p. 1560 195. 131. Neuromuscular blocking agents - p. 1567 196. 132. Sedation and analgesia - p. 1583 197. Posttraumatic stress disorder - p. 1584 198. Sedation scoring and assessment - p. 1584 199. Opioids and analgesia in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 1585 200. Specific opioid agonists - p. 1586 201. Opiate antagonists - p. 1589 202. Incidental pain syndromes in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 1590 203. Opiate tolerance - p. 1591 204. Benzodiazepines - p. 1594 205. Specific benzodiazepines - p. 1594 206. Flumazenil - p. 1596 207. Other agents for sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 1596 208. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - p. 1598 209. Baclofen - p. 1598 210. Cannabis - p. 1599 211. Dexmedetomidine - p. 1600 212. Propofol - p. 1601 213. Ketamine - p. 1604 214. Etomidate - p. 1605 215. Inhalational anesthetic agents - p. 1605 216. Inhalation agent withdrawal syndrome - p. 1607 217. Sedation for children with preexisting cognitive impairment - p. 1607 218. Apoptosis and neurocognitive effects of anesthetic agents - p. 1607 219. Sedation-related complications - p. 1608 220. Pharmacoeconomics of analgesia and sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 1609 221. Key references - p. 1609 222. References - p. 1610.e1 223. 133. Tolerance, dependency, and withdrawal - p. 1611 224. 134. Pediatric delirium - p. 1617 225. 135. Procedural sedation for the pediatric intensivist - p. 1624 226. Section XV: Pediatric Critical Care: Board Review Questions - p. e1 227. 136. Board review questions - p. e2 228. Chapter 1: History of pediatric critical care medicine - p. e2 229. Chapter 2: High-reliability pediatric intensive care unit: role of intensivist and team in obtaining optimal outcomes - p. e2 230. Chapter 3: Critical communication in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e3 231. Chapter 4: Professionalism in pediatric critical care - p. e3 232. Chapter 5: Leading and managing change in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e4 233. Chapter 7: Fostering a learning healthcare environment in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e6 234. Chapter 8: Challenges of pediatric critical care in resource-poor settings - p. e7 235. Chapter 9: Public health emergencies and emergency mass critical care - p. e7 236. Chapter 10: Lifelong learning in pediatric critical care - p. e8 237. Chapter 11: Essential concepts in clinical trial design and statistical analysis - p. e10 238. Chapter 12: Prediction tools for short-term outcomes following critical illness in children - p. e11 239. Chapter 13: Pediatric critical care transport - p. e13 240. Chapter 14: Pediatric vascular access and centeses - p. e14 241. Chapter 15: Ultrasonography in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e15 242. Chapter 16: Patient- and family-centered care in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e16 243. Chapter 17: Pediatric critical care ethics - p. e17 244. Chapter 18: Ethical issues around death and dying - p. e18 245. Chapter 19: Palliative care in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e19 246. Chapter 20: Organ donation process and management of the organ donor - p. e20 247. Chapter 21: Long-term outcomes following critical illness in children - p. e23 248. Chapter 22: Burnout and resiliency - p. e24 249. Chapter 23: Structure and function of the heart - p. e25 250. Chapter 24: Regional and peripheral circulation - p. e28 251. Chapter 25: Endothelium and endotheliopathy - p. e32 252. Chapter 26: Principles of invasive cardiovascular monitoring - p. e34 253. Chapter 27: Assessment of cardiovascular function - p. e36 254. Chapter 28: Cardiac failure and ventricular assist devices - p. e38 255. Chapter 29: Echocardiographic imaging - p. e39 256. Chapter 30: Diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization - p. e41 257. Chapter 31: Pharmacology of the cardiovascular system - p. e43 258. Chapter 32: Cardiopulmonary interaction - p. e48 259. Chapter 33: Disorders of cardiac rhythm - p. e49 260. Chapter 34: Shock states - p. e50 261. Chapter 35: Pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass - p. e51 262. Chapter 36: Critical care after surgery for congenital cardiac disease - p. e52 263. Chapter 37: Cardiac transplantation - p. e54 264. Chapter 38: Physiologic foundations of cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. e57 265. Chapter 39: Performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infants and children - p. e59 266. Chapter 40: Structure and development of the upper respiratory system - p. e60 267. Chapter 41: Structure and development of the lower respiratory system - p. e61 268. Chapter 42: Physiology of the respiratory system - p. e62 269. Chapter 43: Noninvasive respiratory monitoring and assessment of gas exchange - p. e63 270. Chapter 44: Overview of breathing failure - p. e64 271. Chapter 45: Ventilation/perfusion inequality - p. e66 272. Chapter 46: Mechanical dysfunction of the respiratory system - p. e69 273. Chapter 47: Diseases of the upper respiratory tract - p. e72 274. Chapter 48: Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated lung injury - p. e73 275. Chapter 49: Acute viral bronchiolitis - p. e74 276. Chapter 50: Asthma - p. e76 277. Chapter 51: Neonatal pulmonary disease - p. e77 278. Chapter 52: Pneumonitis and interstitial disease - p. e78 279. Chapter 53: Diseases of the pulmonary circulation - p. e80 280. Chapter 54: Mechanical ventilation and respiratory care - p. e82 281. Chapter 55: Noninvasive ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e84 282. Chapter 56: Extracorporeal life support - p. e86 283. Chapter 57: Pediatric lung transplantation - p. e88 284. Chapter 58: Structure, function, and development of the nervous system - p. e89 285. Chapter 59: Critical care considerations for common neurosurgical conditions - p. e90 286. Chapter 60: Neurologic assessment and monitoring - p. e91 287. Chapter 61: Neuroimaging - p. e93 288. Chapter 62: Coma and depressed sensorium - p. e94 289. Chapter 63: Intracranial hypertension and monitoring - p. e97 290. Chapter 64: Status epilepticus - p. e98 291. Chapter 65: Anoxic ischemic encephalopathy - p. e100 292. Chapter 66: Pediatric stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage - p. e103 293. Chapter 67: Central nervous system infections and related conditions - p. e104 294. Chapter 68: Acute neuromuscular disease and disorders - p. e107 295. Chapter 70: Renal structure and function - p. e111 296. Chapter 71: Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness - p. e113 297. Chapter 72: Acid-base balance in critical illness - p. e114 298. Chapter 73: Tests of kidney function in children - p. e116 299. Chapter 74: Glomerulotubular dysfunction and acute kidney injury - p. e117 300. Chapter 75: Pediatric renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit - p. e119 301. Chapter 76: Pediatric renal transplantation - p. e120 302. Chapter 77: Renal pharmacology - p. e121 303. Chapter 78: Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies - p. e122 304. Chapter 79: Cellular respiration - p. e123 305. Chapter 80: Biology of the stress response - p. e125 306. Chapter 81: Inborn errors of metabolism - p. e126 307. Chapter 82: Genetic variation in health and disease - p. e127 308. Chapter 83: Molecular foundations of cellular injury - p. e128 309. Chapter 84: Endocrine emergencies - p. e130 310. Chapter 85: Diabetic ketoacidosis - p. e130 311. Chapter 86: Structure and function of the hematopoietic organs - p. e132 312. Chapter 87: The erythron - p. e135 313. Chapter 88: Hemoglobinopathies - p. e135 314. Chapter 89: Coagulation and coagulopathy - p. e137 315. Chapter 90: Thrombosis in pediatric critical care - p. e139 316. Chapter 91: Transfusion medicine - p. e140 317. Chapter 92: Hematology and oncology problems - p. e142 318. Chapter 93: Critical illness in children undergoing hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation - p. e144 319. Chapter 94: Gastrointestinal structure and function - p. e148 320. Chapter 95: Disorders of the gastrointestinal system - p. e149 321. Chapter 96: Acute liver failure - p. e152 322. Chapter 97: Hepatic transplantation - p. e154 323. Chapter 98: Acute abdomen - p. e154 324. Chapter 99: Nutrition of the critically ill child - p. e155 325. Chapter 100: Innate immunity - p. e156 326. Chapter 101: Adaptive immunity - p. e160 327. Chapter 102: Critical illness and the microbiome - p. e161 328. Chapter 103: Congenital immunodeficiencies - p. e162 329. Chapter 104: Acquired immune dysfunction - p. e164 330. Chapter 105: Immune balance in critical illness - p. e165 331. Chapter 106: Pediatric rheumatologic disease - p. e166 332. Chapter 107: Bacterial and fungal infections - p. e169 333. Chapter 108: Life-threatening viral diseases and their treatment - p. e170 334. Chapter 109: Healthcare-associated infections - p. e171 335. Chapter 110: Pediatric sepsis - p. e172 336. Chapter 111: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome - p. e173 337. Chapter 112: Bites and stings - p. e174 338. Chapter 113: Hyperthermic injury - p. e175 339. Chapter 114: Hypothermic injury - p. e177 340. Chapter 115: Drowning - p. e179 341. Chapter 116: Burn and inhalation injuries in children - p. e181 342. Chapter 117: Evaluation, stabilization, and initial management after trauma - p. e184 343. Chapter 118: Traumatic brain injury - p. e184 344. Chapter 119: Pediatric thoracic trauma - p. e187 345. Chapter 120: Pediatric abdominal trauma - p. e188 346. Chapter 121: Child abuse - p. e189 347. Chapter 122: Principles of drug disposition - p. e191 348. Chapter 123: Molecular mechanisms of drug action - p. e193 349. Chapter 124: Adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions - p. e194 350. Chapter 125: Principles of toxin assessment and screening - p. e196 351. Chapter 126: Toxidromes and their treatment - p. e197 352. Chapter 127: Airway management - p. e199 353. Chapter 128: Anesthesia effects on organ systems - p. e200 354. Chapter 129: Anesthesia principles and operating room anesthesia regimens - p. e202 355. Chapter 130: Malignant hyperthermia - p. e203 356. Chapter 131: Neuromuscular blocking agents - p. e205 357. Chapter 132: Sedation and analgesia - p. e207 358. Chapter 133: Tolerance, dependency, and withdrawal - p. e211 359. Chapter 134: Pediatric delirium - p. e212 360. Chapter 135: Procedural sedation for the pediatric intensivist - p. e212 361. Index - p. 1629
In the highly specialized field of caring for children in the PICU, Fuhrman and Zimmerman's Pediatric Critical Care is the definitive reference for all members of the pediatric intensive care team. Drs. Jerry J. Zimmerman and Alexandre T. Rotta, along with an expert team of editors and contributors from around the world, have carefully updated the 6th Edition of this highly regarded text to bring you the most authoritative and useful information on today’s pediatric critical care—everything from basic science to clinical applications.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Disclaimer - p. ii 4. Table of Contents - p. iii 5. Copyright - p. iv 6. Contributors - p. v 7. Preface - p. xxv 8. List of Illustrations - p. xxvii 9. List of Tables - p. xxviii 10. Section I: Pediatric Critical Care: The Discipline - p. 1 11. 1. History of pediatric critical care medicine - p. 2 12. 2. High-reliability pediatric intensive care unit: Role of intensivist and team in obtaining optimal outcomes - p. 16 13. 3. Critical communications in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 22 14. 4. Professionalism in pediatric critical care - p. 26 15. 5. Leading and managing change in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 29 16. 6. Evolution of critical care nursing - p. 36 17. 7. Fostering a learning healthcare environment in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 47 18. 8. Challenges of pediatric critical care in resource-poor settings - p. 51 19. 9. Public health emergencies and emergency mass critical care - p. 59 20. 10. Lifelong learning in pediatric critical care - p. 66 21. Section II: Pediatric Critical Care: Tools and Procedures - p. 75 22. 11. Essential concepts in clinical trial design and statistical analysis - p. 76 23. 12. Prediction of short-term outcomes during critical illness in children - p. 82 24. 13. Pediatric critical care transport - p. 89 25. 14. Pediatric vascular access and centeses - p. 94 26. 15. Ultrasonography in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 114 27. Section III: Pediatric Critical Care: Psychosocial and Societal - p. 135 28. 16. Patient- and family-centered care in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 136 29. 17. Pediatric critical care ethics - p. 144 30. 18. Ethical issues around death and dying - p. 154 31. 19. Palliative care in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 158 32. 20. Organ donation process and management of the organ donor - p. 163 33. 21. Long-term outcomes following critical illness in children - p. 175 34. 22. Burnout and resiliency - p. 183 35. Section IV: Pediatric Critical Care: Cardiovascular - p. 187 36. 23. Structure and function of the heart - p. 188 37. 24. Regional peripheral circulation - p. 203 38. 25. Endothelium and endotheliopathy - p. 218 39. 26. Principles of invasive cardiovascular monitoring - p. 227 40. 27. Assessment of cardiovascular function - p. 239 41. 28. Cardiac failure and ventricular assist devices - p. 248 42. 29. Echocardiographic imaging - p. 270 43. 30. Diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization - p. 289 44. 31. Pharmacology of the cardiovascular system - p. 300 45. 32. Cardiopulmonary interactions - p. 320 46. 33. Disorders of cardiac rhythm - p. 329 47. 34. Shock states - p. 352 48. 35. Pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 363 49. 36. Critical care after surgery for congenital cardiac disease - p. 380 50. Neonatal considerations - p. 380 51. Preoperative care - p. 381 52. Postoperative care - p. 382 53. Critical care management of selected specific lesions - p. 392 54. Summary - p. 409 55. Key references - p. 409 56. References - p. 410.e1 57. 37. Cardiac transplantation - p. 411 58. 38. Physiologic foundations of cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 420 59. Mechanisms of blood flow - p. 421 60. Rate and duty cycle - p. 422 61. Newer cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques - p. 425 62. Pharmacology - p. 429 63. Management of ventricular fibrillation - p. 437 64. Future directions - p. 443 65. Key references - p. 443 66. References - p. 443.e1 67. 39. Performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infants and children - p. 444 68. Section V: Pediatric Critical Care: Pulmonary - p. 453 69. 40. Structure and development of the upper respiratory system - p. 454 70. 41. Structure and development of the lower respiratory system - p. 462 71. 42. Physiology of the respiratory system - p. 470 72. 43. Noninvasive respiratory monitoring and assessment of gas exchange - p. 483 73. 44. Overview of breathing failure - p. 492 74. 45. Ventilation/perfusion inequality - p. 503 75. 46. Mechanical dysfunction of the respiratory system - p. 509 76. 47. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract - p. 524 77. 48. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated lung injury - p. 536 78. 49. Acute viral bronchiolitis - p. 546 79. 50. Asthma - p. 552 80. 51. Neonatal pulmonary disease - p. 568 81. 52. Pneumonitis and interstitial disease - p. 585 82. Pathogenesis - p. 585 83. Pathophysiology - p. 585 84. Diagnosis - p. 586 85. Bacterial pneumonitis - p. 586 86. Viral pneumonitis - p. 590 87. Fungal pneumonitis - p. 595 88. Primary pulmonary fungi - p. 596 89. Opportunistic pulmonary mycoses - p. 598 90. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia - p. 599 91. Chemical pneumonitis - p. 600 92. Idiopathic interstitial lung disease - p. 603 93. Pediatric pulmonary hemorrhage - p. 603 94. Summary - p. 606 95. Key references - p. 606 96. References - p. 607.e1 97. 53. Diseases of the pulmonary circulation - p. 608 98. 54. Mechanical ventilation and respiratory care - p. 625 99. 55. Noninvasive ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 644 100. 56. Extracorporeal life support - p. 655 101. 57. Pediatric lung transplantation - p. 679 102. Section VI: Pediatric Critical Care: Neurologic - p. 689 103. 58. Structure, function, and development of the nervous system - p. 690 104. 59. Critical care considerations for common neurosurgical conditions - p. 710 105. 60. Neurologic assessment and monitoring - p. 720 106. 61. Neuroimaging - p. 735 107. 62. Coma and depressed sensorium - p. 756 108. 63. Intracranial hypertension and monitoring - p. 768 109. 64. Status epilepticus - p. 779 110. 65. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy - p. 793 111. Epidemiology - p. 793 112. Mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury - p. 794 113. Clinical pathophysiology - p. 796.e3 114. Clinical outcome and prognostication after pediatric cardiac arrest - p. 800 115. Response of the immature brain to cardiac arrest - p. 801 116. Treatment after cardiac arrest - p. 803 117. Current and novel therapies and interventions - p. 805.e1 118. Futuristic approaches - p. 807 119. Summary - p. 809 120. Key references - p. 809 121. References - p. 810.e1 122. 66. Pediatric stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage - p. 811 123. 67. Central nervous system infections and related conditions - p. 823 124. 68. Acute neuromuscular disease and disorders - p. 837 125. 69. Acute rehabilitation and early mobility in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 845 126. Section VII: Pediatric Critical Care: Renal - p. 855 127. 70. Renal structure and function - p. 856 128. 71. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness - p. 866 129. 72. Acid-base disorders - p. 882 130. 73. Tests of kidney function in children - p. 896 131. 74. Glomerulotubular dysfunction and acute kidney injury - p. 907 132. 75. Pediatric renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit - p. 923 133. 76. Pediatric renal transplantation - p. 930 134. 77. Renal pharmacology - p. 937 135. 78. Acute severe hypertension - p. 945 136. Section VIII: Pediatric Critical Care: Metabolic and Endocrine - p. 959 137. 79. Cellular respiration - p. 960 138. 80. Biology of the stress response - p. 971 139. 81. Inborn errors of metabolism - p. 976 140. 82. Progress towards precision medicine in critical illness - p. 991 141. 83. Molecular foundations of cellular injury - p. 996 142. 84. Endocrine emergencies - p. 1003 143. 85. Diabetic ketoacidosis - p. 1016 144. Section IX: Pediatric Critical Care: Hematology and Oncology - p. 1023 145. 86. Structure and function of the hematopoietic organs - p. 1024 146. 87. The erythron - p. 1033 147. 88. Hemoglobinopathies - p. 1040 148. 89. Coagulation and coagulopathy - p. 1052 149. 90. Thrombosis in pediatric critical care - p. 1073 150. 91. Transfusion medicine - p. 1082 151. 92. Hematology and oncology problems - p. 1101 152. 93. Critical illness in children undergoing hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation - p. 1113 153. Section X: Pediatric Critical Care: Gastroenterology and Nutrition - p. 1129 154. 94. Gastrointestinal structure and function - p. 1130 155. 95. Disorders and diseases of the gastrointestinal system - p. 1141 156. 96. Acute liver failure - p. 1155 157. 97. Hepatic transplantation - p. 1162 158. 98. Acute abdomen - p. 1170 159. 99. Nutrition of the critically ill child - p. 1177 160. Section XI: Pediatric Critical Care: Immunity and Infection - p. 1189 161. 100. Innate immunity - p. 1190 162. 101. Adaptive immunity - p. 1199 163. 102. Critical illness and the microbiome - p. 1208 164. 103. Congenital immunodeficiency - p. 1215 165. 104. Acquired immune dysfunction - p. 1229 166. 105. Immune balance in critical illness - p. 1242 167. 106. Pediatric rheumatologic disease - p. 1249 168. 107. Bacterial and fungal infections - p. 1263 169. 108. Life-threatening viral diseases and their treatment - p. 1273 170. 109. Healthcare-associated infections - p. 1284 171. 110. Pediatric sepsis - p. 1293 172. 111. Multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome - p. 1310 173. Section XII: Pediatric Critical Care: Environmental Injury and Trauma - p. 1317 174. 112. Bites and stings - p. 1318 175. 113. Hyperthermic injury - p. 1327 176. 114. Accidental hypothermia - p. 1332 177. 115. Drowning - p. 1337 178. 116. Burn and inhalation injury - p. 1347 179. 117. Evaluation, stabilization, and initial management after trauma - p. 1363 180. 118. Traumatic brain injury - p. 1375 181. 119. Pediatric thoracic trauma - p. 1401 182. 120. Pediatric abdominal trauma - p. 1408 183. 121. Child abuse - p. 1417 184. Section XIII: Pediatric Critical Care: Pharmacology and Toxicology - p. 1425 185. 122. Principles of drug disposition - p. 1426 186. 123. Molecular mechanisms of drug actions - p. 1446 187. 124. Adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions - p. 1464 188. 125. Principles of toxin assessment and screening - p. 1486 189. 126. Toxidromes and their treatment - p. 1496 190. Section XIV: Pediatric Critical Care: Anesthesia Principles in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit - p. 1509 191. 127. Airway management - p. 1510 192. 128. Anesthesia effects on organ systems - p. 1535 193. 129. Anesthesia principles and operating room anesthesia regimens - p. 1544 194. 130. Malignant hyperthermia - p. 1560 195. 131. Neuromuscular blocking agents - p. 1567 196. 132. Sedation and analgesia - p. 1583 197. Posttraumatic stress disorder - p. 1584 198. Sedation scoring and assessment - p. 1584 199. Opioids and analgesia in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 1585 200. Specific opioid agonists - p. 1586 201. Opiate antagonists - p. 1589 202. Incidental pain syndromes in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 1590 203. Opiate tolerance - p. 1591 204. Benzodiazepines - p. 1594 205. Specific benzodiazepines - p. 1594 206. Flumazenil - p. 1596 207. Other agents for sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 1596 208. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - p. 1598 209. Baclofen - p. 1598 210. Cannabis - p. 1599 211. Dexmedetomidine - p. 1600 212. Propofol - p. 1601 213. Ketamine - p. 1604 214. Etomidate - p. 1605 215. Inhalational anesthetic agents - p. 1605 216. Inhalation agent withdrawal syndrome - p. 1607 217. Sedation for children with preexisting cognitive impairment - p. 1607 218. Apoptosis and neurocognitive effects of anesthetic agents - p. 1607 219. Sedation-related complications - p. 1608 220. Pharmacoeconomics of analgesia and sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. 1609 221. Key references - p. 1609 222. References - p. 1610.e1 223. 133. Tolerance, dependency, and withdrawal - p. 1611 224. 134. Pediatric delirium - p. 1617 225. 135. Procedural sedation for the pediatric intensivist - p. 1624 226. Section XV: Pediatric Critical Care: Board Review Questions - p. e1 227. 136. Board review questions - p. e2 228. Chapter 1: History of pediatric critical care medicine - p. e2 229. Chapter 2: High-reliability pediatric intensive care unit: role of intensivist and team in obtaining optimal outcomes - p. e2 230. Chapter 3: Critical communication in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e3 231. Chapter 4: Professionalism in pediatric critical care - p. e3 232. Chapter 5: Leading and managing change in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e4 233. Chapter 7: Fostering a learning healthcare environment in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e6 234. Chapter 8: Challenges of pediatric critical care in resource-poor settings - p. e7 235. Chapter 9: Public health emergencies and emergency mass critical care - p. e7 236. Chapter 10: Lifelong learning in pediatric critical care - p. e8 237. Chapter 11: Essential concepts in clinical trial design and statistical analysis - p. e10 238. Chapter 12: Prediction tools for short-term outcomes following critical illness in children - p. e11 239. Chapter 13: Pediatric critical care transport - p. e13 240. Chapter 14: Pediatric vascular access and centeses - p. e14 241. Chapter 15: Ultrasonography in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e15 242. Chapter 16: Patient- and family-centered care in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e16 243. Chapter 17: Pediatric critical care ethics - p. e17 244. Chapter 18: Ethical issues around death and dying - p. e18 245. Chapter 19: Palliative care in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e19 246. Chapter 20: Organ donation process and management of the organ donor - p. e20 247. Chapter 21: Long-term outcomes following critical illness in children - p. e23 248. Chapter 22: Burnout and resiliency - p. e24 249. Chapter 23: Structure and function of the heart - p. e25 250. Chapter 24: Regional and peripheral circulation - p. e28 251. Chapter 25: Endothelium and endotheliopathy - p. e32 252. Chapter 26: Principles of invasive cardiovascular monitoring - p. e34 253. Chapter 27: Assessment of cardiovascular function - p. e36 254. Chapter 28: Cardiac failure and ventricular assist devices - p. e38 255. Chapter 29: Echocardiographic imaging - p. e39 256. Chapter 30: Diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization - p. e41 257. Chapter 31: Pharmacology of the cardiovascular system - p. e43 258. Chapter 32: Cardiopulmonary interaction - p. e48 259. Chapter 33: Disorders of cardiac rhythm - p. e49 260. Chapter 34: Shock states - p. e50 261. Chapter 35: Pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass - p. e51 262. Chapter 36: Critical care after surgery for congenital cardiac disease - p. e52 263. Chapter 37: Cardiac transplantation - p. e54 264. Chapter 38: Physiologic foundations of cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. e57 265. Chapter 39: Performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infants and children - p. e59 266. Chapter 40: Structure and development of the upper respiratory system - p. e60 267. Chapter 41: Structure and development of the lower respiratory system - p. e61 268. Chapter 42: Physiology of the respiratory system - p. e62 269. Chapter 43: Noninvasive respiratory monitoring and assessment of gas exchange - p. e63 270. Chapter 44: Overview of breathing failure - p. e64 271. Chapter 45: Ventilation/perfusion inequality - p. e66 272. Chapter 46: Mechanical dysfunction of the respiratory system - p. e69 273. Chapter 47: Diseases of the upper respiratory tract - p. e72 274. Chapter 48: Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated lung injury - p. e73 275. Chapter 49: Acute viral bronchiolitis - p. e74 276. Chapter 50: Asthma - p. e76 277. Chapter 51: Neonatal pulmonary disease - p. e77 278. Chapter 52: Pneumonitis and interstitial disease - p. e78 279. Chapter 53: Diseases of the pulmonary circulation - p. e80 280. Chapter 54: Mechanical ventilation and respiratory care - p. e82 281. Chapter 55: Noninvasive ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit - p. e84 282. Chapter 56: Extracorporeal life support - p. e86 283. Chapter 57: Pediatric lung transplantation - p. e88 284. Chapter 58: Structure, function, and development of the nervous system - p. e89 285. Chapter 59: Critical care considerations for common neurosurgical conditions - p. e90 286. Chapter 60: Neurologic assessment and monitoring - p. e91 287. Chapter 61: Neuroimaging - p. e93 288. Chapter 62: Coma and depressed sensorium - p. e94 289. Chapter 63: Intracranial hypertension and monitoring - p. e97 290. Chapter 64: Status epilepticus - p. e98 291. Chapter 65: Anoxic ischemic encephalopathy - p. e100 292. Chapter 66: Pediatric stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage - p. e103 293. Chapter 67: Central nervous system infections and related conditions - p. e104 294. Chapter 68: Acute neuromuscular disease and disorders - p. e107 295. Chapter 70: Renal structure and function - p. e111 296. Chapter 71: Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness - p. e113 297. Chapter 72: Acid-base balance in critical illness - p. e114 298. Chapter 73: Tests of kidney function in children - p. e116 299. Chapter 74: Glomerulotubular dysfunction and acute kidney injury - p. e117 300. Chapter 75: Pediatric renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit - p. e119 301. Chapter 76: Pediatric renal transplantation - p. e120 302. Chapter 77: Renal pharmacology - p. e121 303. Chapter 78: Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies - p. e122 304. Chapter 79: Cellular respiration - p. e123 305. Chapter 80: Biology of the stress response - p. e125 306. Chapter 81: Inborn errors of metabolism - p. e126 307. Chapter 82: Genetic variation in health and disease - p. e127 308. Chapter 83: Molecular foundations of cellular injury - p. e128 309. Chapter 84: Endocrine emergencies - p. e130 310. Chapter 85: Diabetic ketoacidosis - p. e130 311. Chapter 86: Structure and function of the hematopoietic organs - p. e132 312. Chapter 87: The erythron - p. e135 313. Chapter 88: Hemoglobinopathies - p. e135 314. Chapter 89: Coagulation and coagulopathy - p. e137 315. Chapter 90: Thrombosis in pediatric critical care - p. e139 316. Chapter 91: Transfusion medicine - p. e140 317. Chapter 92: Hematology and oncology problems - p. e142 318. Chapter 93: Critical illness in children undergoing hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation - p. e144 319. Chapter 94: Gastrointestinal structure and function - p. e148 320. Chapter 95: Disorders of the gastrointestinal system - p. e149 321. Chapter 96: Acute liver failure - p. e152 322. Chapter 97: Hepatic transplantation - p. e154 323. Chapter 98: Acute abdomen - p. e154 324. Chapter 99: Nutrition of the critically ill child - p. e155 325. Chapter 100: Innate immunity - p. e156 326. Chapter 101: Adaptive immunity - p. e160 327. Chapter 102: Critical illness and the microbiome - p. e161 328. Chapter 103: Congenital immunodeficiencies - p. e162 329. Chapter 104: Acquired immune dysfunction - p. e164 330. Chapter 105: Immune balance in critical illness - p. e165 331. Chapter 106: Pediatric rheumatologic disease - p. e166 332. Chapter 107: Bacterial and fungal infections - p. e169 333. Chapter 108: Life-threatening viral diseases and their treatment - p. e170 334. Chapter 109: Healthcare-associated infections - p. e171 335. Chapter 110: Pediatric sepsis - p. e172 336. Chapter 111: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome - p. e173 337. Chapter 112: Bites and stings - p. e174 338. Chapter 113: Hyperthermic injury - p. e175 339. Chapter 114: Hypothermic injury - p. e177 340. Chapter 115: Drowning - p. e179 341. Chapter 116: Burn and inhalation injuries in children - p. e181 342. Chapter 117: Evaluation, stabilization, and initial management after trauma - p. e184 343. Chapter 118: Traumatic brain injury - p. e184 344. Chapter 119: Pediatric thoracic trauma - p. e187 345. Chapter 120: Pediatric abdominal trauma - p. e188 346. Chapter 121: Child abuse - p. e189 347. Chapter 122: Principles of drug disposition - p. e191 348. Chapter 123: Molecular mechanisms of drug action - p. e193 349. Chapter 124: Adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions - p. e194 350. Chapter 125: Principles of toxin assessment and screening - p. e196 351. Chapter 126: Toxidromes and their treatment - p. e197 352. Chapter 127: Airway management - p. e199 353. Chapter 128: Anesthesia effects on organ systems - p. e200 354. Chapter 129: Anesthesia principles and operating room anesthesia regimens - p. e202 355. Chapter 130: Malignant hyperthermia - p. e203 356. Chapter 131: Neuromuscular blocking agents - p. e205 357. Chapter 132: Sedation and analgesia - p. e207 358. Chapter 133: Tolerance, dependency, and withdrawal - p. e211 359. Chapter 134: Pediatric delirium - p. e212 360. Chapter 135: Procedural sedation for the pediatric intensivist - p. e212 361. Index - p. 1629
