Fundamentals of Air Pollution, Sixth Edition offers an extensive study of the science of air pollution. With a highly interdisciplinary approach, the book's author examines air pollution through the lenses of chemistry, physics, meteorology, engineering, toxicology, regulation, and more. Students, faculty, and researchers alike will find a world of information in this comprehensive text that is strategically organized into six parts: Foundations of Air Pollution, The Risks of Air Pollution, Tropospheric Pollution, Biogeochemistry of Air Pollutants, Addressing Air Pollution, and The Future for Air Pollution Science and Engineering.
Readers will find helpful features throughout, including case studies, topical sidebars, worked examples, calculations, and reference data. This valuable resource offers an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of air pollution with its wealth of benefits to both students and researchers.
1. 4.1 Introduction - p. 91 2. 4.2 Interpreting Data - p. 93 3. 4.3 Rare Events: Black Swans and Perfect Storms - p. 106 4. 4.4 Data and Information Selection - p. 117 5. 4.5 The Nondetect Problem - p. 119 6. 4.6 Data Manipulation - p. 119 7. 4.7 Conclusions - p. 122 8. Questions - p. 122 9. Chapter 5. Life Cycle Assessment of Air Pollutants - p. 126 10. Part II. The Risks of Air Pollution - p. 154 11. Part II The Risks of Air Pollution - p. 155 12. Chapter 6. Inherent Properties of Air Pollutants - p. 159 13. 6.1 Inherency - p. 159 14. 6.1.1 Basic Chemical Concepts - p. 159 15. 6.1.2 Expressions of Chemical Characteristics - p. 162 16. 6.1.3 Electromagnetic Radiation, Electron Density, Orbitals, and Valence - p. 164 17. 6.1.4 Organic Chemistry - p. 179 18. 6.1.4.1 Isomers - p. 180 19. 6.1.5 Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry - p. 183 20. 6.1.6 Heterogeneous Reactions - p. 190 21. 6.1.7 Scavenging and Removal From the Atmosphere - p. 190 22. 6.2 Vapor Pressure - p. 191 23. 6.3 Solubility - p. 194 24. 6.4 Persistence - p. 195 25. 6.5 Physical Phase - p. 197 26. Questions - p. 208 27. Chapter 7. Air Pollutant Hazards - p. 212 28. Chapter 8. Air Pollutant Exposures - p. 228 29. Chapter 9. Respiratory Effects of Air Pollutants - p. 256 30. Chapter 10. Cardiovascular Effects of Air Pollutants - p. 270 31. Chapter 11. Cancer and Air Pollutants - p. 284 32. 11.1 Linking Air Pollution to Cancer - p. 284 33. 11.2 Estimating Risk From Airborne Carcinogens - p. 288 34. 11.3 National Air Toxics Assessment - p. 297 35. 11.4 Cancer Dose–Response - p. 297 36. 11.5 Airborne Carcinogens - p. 301 37. 11.5.1 Carcinogenic Metals - p. 301 38. 11.5.2 Fibers - p. 313 39. 11.5.3 Carcinogenic Organic Compounds - p. 314 40. 11.6 Indirect Relationships - p. 315 41. Questions - p. 320 42. Chapter 12. Reproductive and Hormonal Effects of Air Pollutants - p. 323 43. Chapter 13. Neurological Effects of Air Pollutants - p. 339 44. Chapter 14. Air Pollution's Impact on Ecosystems - p. 353 45. 14.1 Ecosystem Risk - p. 353 46. 14.2 Ecosystem Susceptibility to Air Pollution - p. 353 47. 14.3 Air Pollution Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystems - p. 355 48. 14.4 Net Primary Productivity and Eutrophication - p. 357 49. 14.5 Air Pollution Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems - p. 359 50. 14.6 Conclusions - p. 385 51. Questions - p. 386 52. Chapter 15. Air Pollution's Impact on Materials and Structures - p. 391 53. Part III. Tropospheric Pollution - p. 400 54. Part III Tropospheric Pollution - p. 401 55. Chapter 16. Scale and Complexity of Air Pollution - p. 402 56. 16.1 Physical Scale and Complexity - p. 402 57. Solution: - p. 415 58. Answer: - p. 416 59. Fluid acceleration - p. 419 60. 16.2 Air Pollution Variability and Uncertainty - p. 421 61. 16.3 Air Pollution Scales - p. 422 62. 16.4 Systems Thinking - p. 433 63. 16.5 Conclusions - p. 438 64. Questions - p. 438 65. Chapter 17. Air Pollutant Kinetics and Transformation - p. 443 66. Chapter 18. Air Pollutant Partitioning - p. 470 67. 18.1 Kinetics Versus Equilibrium - p. 470 68. 18.2 Air Pollution Chemodynamics - p. 470 69. 18.3 Equilibrium - p. 475 70. 18.4 Fugacity - p. 476 71. 18.5 Integrating Inherent Properties and Substrate Characteristics - p. 483 72. 18.6 Partitioning to Solids: Sorption - p. 487 73. 18.7 Partitioning to the Liquid Phase: Dissolution - p. 489 74. 18.8 Water-To-Air Partitioning - p. 494 75. 18.9 Dynamics Within an Organism - p. 503 76. 18.10 Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation Factors - p. 503 77. 18.11 Environmental and Chemical Persistence - p. 508 78. 18.12 Concentration-Based and Fugacity-Based Transport Models - p. 509 79. 18.13 Conclusions - p. 512 80. Questions - p. 512 81. Chapter 19. Temporal Aspects of Air Pollution - p. 520 82. Part IV. Biogeochemistry of Air Pollutants - p. 535 83. Part IV Biogeochemistry of Air Pollutants - p. 536 84. Chapter 20. The Hydrologic Cycle - p. 537 85. Chapter 21. The Carbon Cycle - p. 551 86. Chapter 22. The Nitrogen and Sulfur Cycles - p. 567 87. Chapter 23. Metal and Metalloid Cycles - p. 578 88. Part V. Addressing Air Pollution - p. 594 89. Part V Addressing Air Pollution - p. 595 90. Chapter 24. Source Sampling and Emission Measurement - p. 608 91. Chapter 25. Methods for Measuring Air Pollutants - p. 634 92. 25.1 Introduction - p. 634 93. 25.2 Sampling - p. 634 94. 25.3 Air Pollutants Sampling Methods - p. 652 95. 25.4 Selecting A Monitoring Site - p. 655 96. 25.5 Ambient Air Sampling Approaches - p. 658 97. 25.6 Emission Sampling - p. 658 98. 25.7 Extractive Sampling - p. 661 99. 25.8 Methods for Specific Pollutants - p. 671 100. 25.9 Particulate Matter Sampling - p. 676 101. 25.10 Combining Gas and Particulate Phase Measurements - p. 681 102. 25.11 Measuring Hazardous Air Pollutants - p. 683 103. 25.12 Conclusions - p. 684 104. Questions - p. 684 105. Chapter 26. Applying and Interpreting Air Quality Monitoring Data - p. 689 106. 26.1 Introduction - p. 689 107. 26.2 Stationary Monitoring Networks - p. 689 108. 26.3 Air Pollutant Phases - p. 692 109. 26.4 Air Pollution From Hazardous Waste Sites - p. 696 110. 26.5 Quality Assurance - p. 706 111. 26.6 Laboratory Analysis - p. 711 112. 26.7 Statistical Analysis and Display - p. 717 113. 26.8 Criteria and Standards - p. 718 114. 26.9 Indoor Air - p. 730 115. 26.10 Personal Monitoring - p. 735 116. Questions - p. 737 117. Chapter 27. Modeling Applications - p. 743 118. 27.1 Introduction - p. 743 119. 27.2 Modeling Techniques - p. 748 120. 27.3 Meteorology and Models - p. 754 121. 27.4 Using Models to Predict Air Pollution - p. 758 122. 27.5 Gaussian Models - p. 768 123. 27.6 Stability - p. 769 124. 27.7 Eulerian Models - p. 772 125. 27.8 Model Levels - p. 773 126. 27.9 Model Uncertainty - p. 774 127. 27.10 Links to Exposure and Dose Models - p. 776 128. 27.11 Atmospheric Tracers - p. 781 129. 27.12 Concentration Variation With Averaging Time - p. 785 130. 27.13 Recent Advances - p. 785 131. Questions - p. 786 132. Chapter 28. Air Quality Status and Trends - p. 790 133. Chapter 29. Air Pollutant Emissions - p. 823 134. Chapter 30. Air Pollution Control Technologies - p. 860 135. 30.1 Engineering Control Concepts - p. 860 136. 30.2 Air Pollution Control Devices - p. 863 137. 30.3 Particulate Matter Control Device Physics - p. 864 138. 30.4 Removal of Dry PM - p. 873 139. 30.5 Electrostatic Precipitators - p. 886 140. 30.6 Scrubbers - p. 889 141. 30.7 Removal of Liquid Droplets and Mists - p. 892 142. 30.8 Comparison of Particulate Removal Systems - p. 894 143. 30.9 Removal of Gaseous Pollutants - p. 894 144. 30.10 Mercury Removal - p. 901 145. 30.11 Removal of Odors - p. 903 146. Questions - p. 903 147. Chapter 31. Controlling Air Pollution From Sources - p. 907 148. Part VI. The Future for Air Pollution Science and Engineering - p. 944 149. Part VI The Future for Air Pollution Science and Engineering - p. 945 150. Chapter 32. Sustainable Approaches - p. 947 151. Chapter 33. Grand Challenges - p. 968 152. 33.1 Introduction - p. 968 153. 33.2 Grand Challenge #1: Shared Knowledge of Lessons Learned - p. 968 154. 33.3 Grand Challenge #2: Extending Air Pollution Information - p. 969 155. 33.4 Grand Challenge #3: Need to Characterize Real-World Exposures - p. 969 156. 33.5 Grand Challenge #4: Improvements and Adaptations to Control Technologies - p. 969 157. 33.6 Grand Challenge #5: Systems and Sustainable Thinking - p. 970 158. 33.7 Grand Challenge #6: Transdisciplinary Science - p. 971 159. 33.8 Grand Challenge #7: Translational Science - p. 972 160. 33.9 Grand Challenge #8: Future Generations - p. 974 161. 33.10 Questions - p. 975 162. Appendix 1 - p. 976 163. Appendix 2 - p. 983 164. Appendix 3 - p. 988 165. Index - p. 1019
Fundamentals of Air Pollution, Sixth Edition offers an extensive study of the science of air pollution. With a highly interdisciplinary approach, the book's author examines air pollution through the lenses of chemistry, physics, meteorology, engineering, toxicology, regulation, and more. Students, faculty, and researchers alike will find a world of information in this comprehensive text that is strategically organized into six parts: Foundations of Air Pollution, The Risks of Air Pollution, Tropospheric Pollution, Biogeochemistry of Air Pollutants, Addressing Air Pollution, and The Future for Air Pollution Science and Engineering.
Readers will find helpful features throughout, including case studies, topical sidebars, worked examples, calculations, and reference data. This valuable resource offers an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of air pollution with its wealth of benefits to both students and researchers.
1. 4.1 Introduction - p. 91 2. 4.2 Interpreting Data - p. 93 3. 4.3 Rare Events: Black Swans and Perfect Storms - p. 106 4. 4.4 Data and Information Selection - p. 117 5. 4.5 The Nondetect Problem - p. 119 6. 4.6 Data Manipulation - p. 119 7. 4.7 Conclusions - p. 122 8. Questions - p. 122 9. Chapter 5. Life Cycle Assessment of Air Pollutants - p. 126 10. Part II. The Risks of Air Pollution - p. 154 11. Part II The Risks of Air Pollution - p. 155 12. Chapter 6. Inherent Properties of Air Pollutants - p. 159 13. 6.1 Inherency - p. 159 14. 6.1.1 Basic Chemical Concepts - p. 159 15. 6.1.2 Expressions of Chemical Characteristics - p. 162 16. 6.1.3 Electromagnetic Radiation, Electron Density, Orbitals, and Valence - p. 164 17. 6.1.4 Organic Chemistry - p. 179 18. 6.1.4.1 Isomers - p. 180 19. 6.1.5 Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry - p. 183 20. 6.1.6 Heterogeneous Reactions - p. 190 21. 6.1.7 Scavenging and Removal From the Atmosphere - p. 190 22. 6.2 Vapor Pressure - p. 191 23. 6.3 Solubility - p. 194 24. 6.4 Persistence - p. 195 25. 6.5 Physical Phase - p. 197 26. Questions - p. 208 27. Chapter 7. Air Pollutant Hazards - p. 212 28. Chapter 8. Air Pollutant Exposures - p. 228 29. Chapter 9. Respiratory Effects of Air Pollutants - p. 256 30. Chapter 10. Cardiovascular Effects of Air Pollutants - p. 270 31. Chapter 11. Cancer and Air Pollutants - p. 284 32. 11.1 Linking Air Pollution to Cancer - p. 284 33. 11.2 Estimating Risk From Airborne Carcinogens - p. 288 34. 11.3 National Air Toxics Assessment - p. 297 35. 11.4 Cancer Dose–Response - p. 297 36. 11.5 Airborne Carcinogens - p. 301 37. 11.5.1 Carcinogenic Metals - p. 301 38. 11.5.2 Fibers - p. 313 39. 11.5.3 Carcinogenic Organic Compounds - p. 314 40. 11.6 Indirect Relationships - p. 315 41. Questions - p. 320 42. Chapter 12. Reproductive and Hormonal Effects of Air Pollutants - p. 323 43. Chapter 13. Neurological Effects of Air Pollutants - p. 339 44. Chapter 14. Air Pollution's Impact on Ecosystems - p. 353 45. 14.1 Ecosystem Risk - p. 353 46. 14.2 Ecosystem Susceptibility to Air Pollution - p. 353 47. 14.3 Air Pollution Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystems - p. 355 48. 14.4 Net Primary Productivity and Eutrophication - p. 357 49. 14.5 Air Pollution Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems - p. 359 50. 14.6 Conclusions - p. 385 51. Questions - p. 386 52. Chapter 15. Air Pollution's Impact on Materials and Structures - p. 391 53. Part III. Tropospheric Pollution - p. 400 54. Part III Tropospheric Pollution - p. 401 55. Chapter 16. Scale and Complexity of Air Pollution - p. 402 56. 16.1 Physical Scale and Complexity - p. 402 57. Solution: - p. 415 58. Answer: - p. 416 59. Fluid acceleration - p. 419 60. 16.2 Air Pollution Variability and Uncertainty - p. 421 61. 16.3 Air Pollution Scales - p. 422 62. 16.4 Systems Thinking - p. 433 63. 16.5 Conclusions - p. 438 64. Questions - p. 438 65. Chapter 17. Air Pollutant Kinetics and Transformation - p. 443 66. Chapter 18. Air Pollutant Partitioning - p. 470 67. 18.1 Kinetics Versus Equilibrium - p. 470 68. 18.2 Air Pollution Chemodynamics - p. 470 69. 18.3 Equilibrium - p. 475 70. 18.4 Fugacity - p. 476 71. 18.5 Integrating Inherent Properties and Substrate Characteristics - p. 483 72. 18.6 Partitioning to Solids: Sorption - p. 487 73. 18.7 Partitioning to the Liquid Phase: Dissolution - p. 489 74. 18.8 Water-To-Air Partitioning - p. 494 75. 18.9 Dynamics Within an Organism - p. 503 76. 18.10 Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation Factors - p. 503 77. 18.11 Environmental and Chemical Persistence - p. 508 78. 18.12 Concentration-Based and Fugacity-Based Transport Models - p. 509 79. 18.13 Conclusions - p. 512 80. Questions - p. 512 81. Chapter 19. Temporal Aspects of Air Pollution - p. 520 82. Part IV. Biogeochemistry of Air Pollutants - p. 535 83. Part IV Biogeochemistry of Air Pollutants - p. 536 84. Chapter 20. The Hydrologic Cycle - p. 537 85. Chapter 21. The Carbon Cycle - p. 551 86. Chapter 22. The Nitrogen and Sulfur Cycles - p. 567 87. Chapter 23. Metal and Metalloid Cycles - p. 578 88. Part V. Addressing Air Pollution - p. 594 89. Part V Addressing Air Pollution - p. 595 90. Chapter 24. Source Sampling and Emission Measurement - p. 608 91. Chapter 25. Methods for Measuring Air Pollutants - p. 634 92. 25.1 Introduction - p. 634 93. 25.2 Sampling - p. 634 94. 25.3 Air Pollutants Sampling Methods - p. 652 95. 25.4 Selecting A Monitoring Site - p. 655 96. 25.5 Ambient Air Sampling Approaches - p. 658 97. 25.6 Emission Sampling - p. 658 98. 25.7 Extractive Sampling - p. 661 99. 25.8 Methods for Specific Pollutants - p. 671 100. 25.9 Particulate Matter Sampling - p. 676 101. 25.10 Combining Gas and Particulate Phase Measurements - p. 681 102. 25.11 Measuring Hazardous Air Pollutants - p. 683 103. 25.12 Conclusions - p. 684 104. Questions - p. 684 105. Chapter 26. Applying and Interpreting Air Quality Monitoring Data - p. 689 106. 26.1 Introduction - p. 689 107. 26.2 Stationary Monitoring Networks - p. 689 108. 26.3 Air Pollutant Phases - p. 692 109. 26.4 Air Pollution From Hazardous Waste Sites - p. 696 110. 26.5 Quality Assurance - p. 706 111. 26.6 Laboratory Analysis - p. 711 112. 26.7 Statistical Analysis and Display - p. 717 113. 26.8 Criteria and Standards - p. 718 114. 26.9 Indoor Air - p. 730 115. 26.10 Personal Monitoring - p. 735 116. Questions - p. 737 117. Chapter 27. Modeling Applications - p. 743 118. 27.1 Introduction - p. 743 119. 27.2 Modeling Techniques - p. 748 120. 27.3 Meteorology and Models - p. 754 121. 27.4 Using Models to Predict Air Pollution - p. 758 122. 27.5 Gaussian Models - p. 768 123. 27.6 Stability - p. 769 124. 27.7 Eulerian Models - p. 772 125. 27.8 Model Levels - p. 773 126. 27.9 Model Uncertainty - p. 774 127. 27.10 Links to Exposure and Dose Models - p. 776 128. 27.11 Atmospheric Tracers - p. 781 129. 27.12 Concentration Variation With Averaging Time - p. 785 130. 27.13 Recent Advances - p. 785 131. Questions - p. 786 132. Chapter 28. Air Quality Status and Trends - p. 790 133. Chapter 29. Air Pollutant Emissions - p. 823 134. Chapter 30. Air Pollution Control Technologies - p. 860 135. 30.1 Engineering Control Concepts - p. 860 136. 30.2 Air Pollution Control Devices - p. 863 137. 30.3 Particulate Matter Control Device Physics - p. 864 138. 30.4 Removal of Dry PM - p. 873 139. 30.5 Electrostatic Precipitators - p. 886 140. 30.6 Scrubbers - p. 889 141. 30.7 Removal of Liquid Droplets and Mists - p. 892 142. 30.8 Comparison of Particulate Removal Systems - p. 894 143. 30.9 Removal of Gaseous Pollutants - p. 894 144. 30.10 Mercury Removal - p. 901 145. 30.11 Removal of Odors - p. 903 146. Questions - p. 903 147. Chapter 31. Controlling Air Pollution From Sources - p. 907 148. Part VI. The Future for Air Pollution Science and Engineering - p. 944 149. Part VI The Future for Air Pollution Science and Engineering - p. 945 150. Chapter 32. Sustainable Approaches - p. 947 151. Chapter 33. Grand Challenges - p. 968 152. 33.1 Introduction - p. 968 153. 33.2 Grand Challenge #1: Shared Knowledge of Lessons Learned - p. 968 154. 33.3 Grand Challenge #2: Extending Air Pollution Information - p. 969 155. 33.4 Grand Challenge #3: Need to Characterize Real-World Exposures - p. 969 156. 33.5 Grand Challenge #4: Improvements and Adaptations to Control Technologies - p. 969 157. 33.6 Grand Challenge #5: Systems and Sustainable Thinking - p. 970 158. 33.7 Grand Challenge #6: Transdisciplinary Science - p. 971 159. 33.8 Grand Challenge #7: Translational Science - p. 972 160. 33.9 Grand Challenge #8: Future Generations - p. 974 161. 33.10 Questions - p. 975 162. Appendix 1 - p. 976 163. Appendix 2 - p. 983 164. Appendix 3 - p. 988 165. Index - p. 1019
