Green's Operative Hand Surgery

1. Introduction - p. 488 2. Terminology, Anatomy, and Function - p. 488 3. Osseous Anatomy - p. 488 4. Ligamentous Anatomy - p. 490 5. Wrist Biomechanics - p. 493 6. Pathomechanics of Carpal Ligament Injuries - p. 498 7. Carpal Instability - p. 500 8. Carpal Instability Dissociative - p. 508 9. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Sl Dissociation - p. 531 10. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Lt Dissociation - p. 537 11. Nondissociative Carpal Instability (Cind) - p. 537 12. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Nondissociative Instability - p. 543 13. Carpal Instability Adaptive (Cia) - p. 544 14. Carpal Instability Complex - p. 545 15. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Perilunate Dislocations - p. 549 16. 14. The Distal Radioulnar Joint - p. 563 17. Anatomy and Biomechanics - p. 563 18. Physical Examination - p. 568 19. Imaging - p. 569 20. Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Lesions - p. 570001 21. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Open Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Repair ± Ulnar-Shortening ww for Class 1B Tear - p. 574 22. Acute Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability - p. 574 23. Chronic Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability - p. 577 24. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Distal Radioulnar Ligament Reconstruction - p. 580 25. Distal Radius and Forearm Malunions - p. 582 26. Ulnar Impaction Syndrome - p. 583 27. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy - p. 585 28. Distal Radioulnar Joint Arthritis - p. 586 29. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Hemiresection–Interposition Technique Arthroplasty - p. 587 30. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Sauvé-Kapandji Procedure - p. 588 31. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Distal Ulnar Resection - p. 589 32. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Stabilization of Resected Distal Ulna - p. 590 33. Failed Distal Ulnar Resection - p. 590 34. Distal Ulnar Head Implant Arthroplasty - p. 591 35. Distal Radioulnar Joint Contracture - p. 593 36. Ecu Tenosynovitis and Subluxation - p. 594 37. 15. Distal Radius Fractures - p. 601 38. The History and Rationale for Modern Treatment - p. 601 39. Fracture Evaluation - p. 601 40. Radiographic Pathoanatomy - p. 604 41. Treatment Options and Techniques - p. 612 42. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Volar Plate Basal Technique (Fig. 15.35) - p. 628 43. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Fragment-Specific Fixation - p. 639 44. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Ulnar Column Instability - p. 653 45. Treatment of the Elderly - p. 654 46. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: The Elderly - p. 655 47. Associated Injuries - p. 656 48. Complications - p. 659 49. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Volar Approach for Osteotomy of a Malunited Distal Radius Fracture - p. 6.65000000001E11 50. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy - p. 668 51. 16. Fractures of the Carpal Bones - p. 677 52. Scaphoid Fractures and Nonunion - p. 677 53. Pertinent Anatomy of the Scaphoid - p. 677 54. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Nondisplaced Fractures - p. 683 55. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Acute Scaphoid Fracture Fixation - p. 690 56. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Hybrid Russe Procedure - p. 699 57. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Scaphoid Nonunion (Box 16.1) - p. 709 58. Fractures of Carpal Bones Other Than the Scaphoid - p. 712 59. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Radial Shortening Osteotomy - p. 736 60. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Capitate Shortening - p. 736 61. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Proximal Row Carpectomy - p. 743 62. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Scaphocapitate Fusion - p. 743 63. Author’s Preferred METHOD of Treatment: Total Wrist Arthrodesis - p. 744 64. 17. Wrist and Hand Arthroscopy - p. 758 65. Surgical Technique for Diagnostic Arthroscopy - p. 759 66. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Portals - p. 763 67. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic TFCC Debridment - p. 768 68. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Synovectomy - p. 769 69. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Dorsal Wrist Ganglionotomy - p. 772 70. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Volar Wrist Ganglionotomy - p. 775 71. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic STT Joint Ganglionotomy - p. 776 72. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Capsular Release - p. 778 73. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Radial Styloidectomy - p. 780 74. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Wafer Procedure - p. 781 75. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Proximal Row Carpectomy - p. 781 76. Author’s Prefered Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Distal Scaphoidectomy for SNAC Wrist - p. 783 77. Author’s Prefered Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Resection of the Proximal Hamate - p. 785 78. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Repair for Capsular and Foveal 1B TFCC tears - p. 790 79. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Repair for Dorsal TFCC Tear - p. 791 80. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic-Assisted Reduction Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures - p. 795 81. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic-Assisted Reduction Fixation of Displaced Scaphoid Fracture - p. 797 82. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Reduction and Kirschner Wire Fixation of SL Instability - p. 802 83. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Reduction and Kirschner Wire Fixation of LT Instability - p. 803 84. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Debridement and Thermal Shrinkage - p. 805 85. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Bone Grafting in Scaphoid Nonunion - p. 807 86. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Partial Wrist Fusion - p. 817 87. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic TFCC Reconstruction With Tendon Graft - p. 827 88. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic SL Ligament Reconstruction - p. 830 89. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic-Assisted Osteochondral Grafting - p. 839 90. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Capsular Thermal Shrinkage - p. 849 91. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Arthroscopic Partial Trapeziectomy - p. 849 92. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Suture-Button Suspensionplasty - p. 850 93. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: MCP Joint Arthroscopy - p. 853 94. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: PIP Joint Arthroscopy - p. 85201 95. Part IV. Elbow and Forearm - p. 860 96. 18. Fractures of the Distal Humerus - p. 861 97. General Considerations in Distal Humerus Fractures - p. 861 98. Anatomy - p. 862 99. Operative Management of Distal Humerus Fractures - p. 869 100. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Fracture Management - p. 884 101. 19. Fractures of the Radial Head - p. 898 102. 20. Fractures of the Proximal Ulna - p. 936 103. 21. Disorders of the Forearm - p. 950 104. 22. Complex Traumatic Elbow Dislocation - p. 977 105. 23. Chronic Elbow Instability: Ligament Reconstruction - p. 994 106. 24. Treatment of the Stiff Elbow - p. 1007 107. 25. Elbow Tendinopathies and Tendon Ruptures - p. 1025 108. 26. Elbow Arthroscopy - p. 1049 109. 27. Total Elbow Arthroplasty - p. 1070 110. Part V. Nerves - p. 1084 111. 28. Compression Neuropathies - p. 1085 112. Pathophysiology of Nerve Compression - p. 1085 113. Evaluation of Compression Neuropathies - p. 1087 114. Compression of the Median Nerve - p. 1094 115. Anatomy - p. 1094 116. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Open Carpal Tunnel Release - p. 1098 117. Anatomy - p. 1100 118. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Median Nerve Decompression in the Proximal Forearm - p. 1101 119. Compression of the Ulnar Nerve - p. 1103 120. Anatomy - p. 1103 121. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Decompression of the Ulnar Nerve in Guyon Canal - p. 1104 122. Anatomy - p. 1105 123. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Transmuscular Transposition of the Ulnar Nerve at the Cubital Tunnel - p. 1110 124. Compression of the Radial Nerve - p. 1113 125. Anatomy - p. 1113 126. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Radial Sensory Nerve Decompression - p. 1113 127. Posterior Interosseous Nerve Compression - p. 1114 128. Anatomy - p. 1115 129. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Brachioradialis/Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Interval Approach - p. 1118 130. Radial Nerve Compression in the Arm - p. 1119 131. Quadrangular Space Syndrome and Axillary Nerve Decompression - p. 1119 132. Surgery for Previously Failed Procedures - p. 1120 133. 29. Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndrome - p. 1127 134. 30. Nerve Repair - p. 1150 135. Epidemiology - p. 1150 136. Anatomy - p. 1150 137. Physiology - p. 1151 138. Pathophysiology - p. 1151 139. Assessment and Timing - p. 1155 140. Treatment Options - p. 1157 141. Author’s Preferred Method Of Treatment: Nerve Repair - p. 1161 142. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Overcoming a Nerve Gap - p. 1169 143. Author’s Preferred Method Of Treatment: Forearm Nerve Injuries - p. 1179 144. Neuromas - p. 1180 145. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: the Painful Neuroma - p. 1182 146. Revision Nerve Surgery - p. 1182 147. Author’s Preferred Method Of Treatment: Revision Surgery - p. 1182 148. 31. Tendon Transfers for Median, Radial, and Ulnar Nerve Palsy - p. 1189 149. Principles of Tendon Transfer Surgery - p. 1189 150. Median Nerve Palsy - p. 1191 151. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Low Median Nerve Palsy - p. 1204 152. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: High Median Nerve Palsy - p. 1208 153. Ulnar Nerve Palsy - p. 1208 154. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Isolated Ulnar Nerve Palsy - p. 1225 155. Combined Median and Ulnar Nerve Palsies - p. 1226 156. Radial Nerve Palsy - p. 1226 157. Anatomy - p. 1226 158. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Radial Nerve Tendon Transfers - p. 1235 159. Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment: Radial Nerve Palsy After Humeral Shaft Fracture - p. 1238 160. 32. Spasticity: Cerebral Palsy and Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1243 161. 33. Tetraplegia - p. 1265 162. 34. Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury - p. 1304 163. Surgical Anatomy - p. 1304 164. Classification of Nerve Injuries - p. 1304 165. Mechanisms of Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury - p. 1306 166. Common Patterns of Brachial Plexus Injury - p. 1307 167. Preoperative Evaluation - p. 1307 168. Indications For Surgery - p. 1310 169. Contraindications To Surgery - p. 1311 170. Timing of Surgery - p. 1311 171. Operative Considerations - p. 1312 172. Intraoperative Concerns - p. 1315 173. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: C5-C6 Injury - p. 1316 174. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Pan-Plexus Injury - p. 1316 175. Primary Nerve Reconstruction - p. 1317 176. Surgical Anatomy - p. 1320 177. Surgical Anatomy - p. 1322 178. Surgical Anatomy - p. 1326 179. Surgical Anatomy - p. 1331 180. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Contralateral C7 Nerve Transfer - p. 1332 181. Functioning Free Muscle Transfer - p. 1333 182. Secondary Reconstruction - p. 1340 183. Basic Biomechanics And Relevant Anatomy Of The Shoulder - p. 1341 184. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Shoulder Reconstruction - p. 1343 185. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Glenohumeral Arthrodesis - p. 1345 186. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Late Reconstruction Of Elbow Flexion - p. 1349 187. Neuropathic Pain Management - p. 1357 188. Part VI. Pediatric Hand - p. 1362 189. 35. Embryology of the Upper Extremity - p. 1363 190. 36. Deformities of the Hand and Fingers - p. 1374 191. Syndactyly - p. 1374 192. Pathoanatomy - p. 1374 193. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Syndactyly - p. 1379 194. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: The Apert Hand - p. 1384 195. Pathoanatomy - p. 1385 196. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Ulnar Polydactyly - p. 1385 197. Pathoanatomy - p. 1389 198. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Central Polydactyly - p. 1389 199. Pathoanatomy - p. 1389 200. Pathoanatomy - p. 1392 201. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Brachydactyly - p. 1393 202. Pathoanatomy - p. 1396 203. Pathoanatomy - p. 1404 204. Pathoanatomy - p. 1410 205. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Free Phalangeal Transfer - p. 1421 206. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Microvascular Toe Transfer - p. 1425 207. Pathoanatomy - p. 1433 208. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Clinodactyly - p. 1435 209. Pathoanatomy - p. 1436 210. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Kirner Deformity - p. 1437 211. Pathoanatomy - p. 1439 212. Authors’ Preferred Method Of Treatment: Macrodactyly - p. 1444 213. 37. Deformities of the Thumb - p. 1454 214. 38. Malformations of the Wrist and Forearm - p. 1494 215. 39. Arthrogryposis - p. 1532 216. 40. Brachial Plexus Birth Injury - p. 1560 217. 41. Hand, Wrist, and Forearm Fractures in Children - p. 1598 218. Hand Fractures - p. 1598 219. Pertinent Anatomy - p. 1600 220. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Fractures of the Distal Phalanx - p. 1601 221. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Physeal Fractures of the Distal Phalanx - p. 1604 222. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Phalangeal Head Fractures - p. 1604 223. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Phalangeal Neck Fractures - p. 1607 224. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Phalangeal Shaft Fractures - p. 1607 225. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Proximal Physeal Fractures - p. 1607 226. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Phalangeal Base Fractures - p. 1611 227. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Metacarpal Epiphyseal Fractures - p. 1611 228. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Metacarpal Neck Fractures - p. 1612 229. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Metacarpal Shaft Fractures - p. 1612 230. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Metacarpal Base Fractures - p. 1613 231. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Thumb Phalangeal Fractures - p. 1615 232. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Base of Thumb Metacarpal Fractures - p. 1615 233. Wrist Fractures - p. 1616 234. Pertinent Anatomy - p. 1618 235. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Scaphoid Fractures - p. 1621 236. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Torus Fractures - p. 1623 237. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Bicortical Metaphyseal Fractures of the Distal Radius - p. 1629 238. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Physeal Fractures of the Distal Radius - p. 1630 239. Forearm Diaphyseal Fractures - p. 1632 240. Pertinent Anatomy - p. 1635 241. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Both-Bone Forearm Fractures - p. 1640 242. Part VII. Bone and Soft Tissue Reconstructions - p. 1651 243. 42. Replantation and Transplantation - p. 1653 244. 43. The Mangled Upper Extremity - p. 1663 245. 44. Nonmicrosurgical Coverage of the Upper Extremity - p. 1702 246. Skin Grafting - p. 1702 247. Local and Regional Flap Coverage of the Hand - p. 1711 248. Author’s Preferred Method Of Treatment: Defects Of The Hand And Forearm - p. 1740 249. 45. Free Flaps to the Hand and Upper Extremity - p. 1746 250. 46. Vascularized Bone Grafting - p. 1788 251. 47. Toe-to-Hand Transplantation - p. 1818 252. 48. Thumb Reconstruction - p. 1849 253. Part VIII. Other Disorders of the Upper Extremity - p. 1905 254. 49. Digital Amputations - p. 1907 255. 50. Major Limb Amputations and Prosthetics - p. 1955 256. 51. Compartment Syndrome and Volkmann’s Ischemic Contracture - p. 1967 257. 52. Management of Venomous Injuries - p. 1995 258. 53. A Practical Guide for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in the Acute Stage and Late Stage - p. 2005 259. 54. Factitious Disorders - p. 2036 260. 55. Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Inflammatory Arthropathies - p. 2040 261. Etiology And Differential Diagnosis Of Inflammatory Disease In The Hand - p. 2040 262. Basic Treatment Principles: What Hand Surgeons Need To Know - p. 2043 263. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) - p. 2047 264. Neurological Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 2049 265. Outcome Documentation In Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 2051 266. Wrist Involvement In RA - p. 2052 267. The Rheumatoid Fingers - p. 2073 268. 56. Tendinopathy - p. 2105 269. 57. The Burned Hand - p. 2121 270. 58. Skin Tumors of the Hand and Upper Extremity - p. 2153 271. 59. Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors - p. 2185 272. Diagnosis And Management of Musculoskeletal Tumors - p. 2185 273. Classification And Staging of Tumors - p. 2185 274. Evaluation Protocol - p. 2187 275. Principles of Pathologic Assessment - p. 2190 276. Definitive Treatment - p. 2190 277. Benign Soft Tissue Lesions - p. 2194 278. Anatomy - p. 2194 279. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Dorsal Wrist Ganglion - p. 2197 280. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Volar Wrist Ganglion - p. 2201 281. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Volar Retinacular Ganglion - p. 2202 282. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Mucous Cyst - p. 2203 283. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Carpometacarpal Boss - p. 2204 284. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Ganglions of The Proximal Interphalangeal Joint - p. 2205 285. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Ganglions of Extensor Tendons - p. 2206 286. Malignant Soft Tissue Lesions - p. 2212 287. Benign Bone Tumors - p. 2217 288. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Enchondroma - p. 2218 289. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Unicameral Bone Cyst - p. 2221 290. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst - p. 2223 291. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Giant Cell Tumor of Bone - p. 2224 292. Malignant Bone Tumors - p. 2224 293. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Osteogenic Sarcoma - p. 2226 294. Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment: Ewing’s Sarcoma - p. 2228 295. 60. Vascular Disorders of the Hand - p. 2234 296. Index - p. I-1