Handbook of Energy Efficiency in Buildings: A Life Cycle Approach offers a comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the subject with a further focus on the Life Cycle. The editors, renowned academics, invited a diverse group of researchers to develop original chapters for the book and managed to well integrate all contributions in a consistent volume. Sections cover the role of the building sector on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, international technical standards, laws and regulations, building energy efficiency and zero energy consumption buildings, the life cycle assessment of buildings, from construction to decommissioning, and other timely topics.
The multidisciplinary approach to the subject makes it valuable for researchers and industry based Civil, Construction, and Architectural Engineers. Researchers in related fields as built environment, energy and sustainability at an urban scale will also benefit from the books integrated perspective.
1. Chapter 1: Introduction - p. xxi 2. Chapter 2: Policies, Recommendations and Standards (International Technical Standards, Main Laws and Regulations; EU Directives; Energy Labeling) - p. 3 3. Chapter 3: From Efficient to Sustainable and Zero Energy Consumption Buildings - p. 73 4. Chapter 3.1 ZEB and NZEB - p. 77 5. 1 Overview - p. 77 6. 2 The Role of Existing Buildings: The NZEB National Network - p. 79 7. Chapter 3.2 ZEB and NZEB (Definitions, Design Methodologies, Good Practices, and Case Studies) - p. 88 8. 1 Introduction - p. 88 9. 2 Definitions of ZEB - p. 90 10. 3 ZEB Balance - p. 97 11. 4 Aspects and Options in the Definition of ZEB - p. 98 12. 5 Energy Balance Example in an NZEB - p. 108 13. 6 Conclusions - p. 113 14. Chapter 3.3 Passive Building and Bioclimatic Architecture - p. 117 15. 1 Passive Building Concept and Development - p. 117 16. 2 Bioclimatic Design Process - p. 124 17. 3 Implementation Challenges - p. 138 18. 4 Certification Program PHIUS + - p. 142 19. 5 Modeling Tools - p. 144 20. 6 Worldwide Adoption - p. 147 21. 7 Integration with Other Programs - p. 150 22. 8 Current and Future Standard Developments - p. 151 23. Chapter 3.4 Green Buildings Rating Systems - p. 157 24. 1 Introduction - p. 157 25. 2 GBRSs Features - p. 158 26. 3 GBRSs Description - p. 160 27. 4 Comparison and Critical Discussion - p. 194 28. 5 Conclusions - p. 202 29. Chapter 4: Life-Cycle Assessment of Buildings - p. 205 30. Chapter 5: Steady-State and Dynamic Codes, Critical Review, Advantages and Disadvantages, Accuracy, and Reliability - p. 261 31. Chapter 6: Building Envelope - p. 294 32. Chapter 6.1 Physical Properties of Building Materials - p. 297 33. Acknowledgments - p. 297 34. 1 Introduction - p. 297 35. 2 Thermal Insulation - p. 297 36. 3 Optical Properties of Building Materials - p. 309 37. 4 Acoustic Properties of Building Materials - p. 314 38. 5 Hygrometric Properties of Building Materials - p. 320 39. 6 Embodied Energy - p. 323 40. Chapter 6.2 Innovative and Advanced Insulation Materials and Systems - p. 329 41. Acknowledgments - p. 329 42. 1 Introduction - p. 329 43. 2 Analysis of the Thermal Performance of Insulation Materials - p. 330 44. 3 Traditional Materials for Thermal Insulation of Buildings - p. 333 45. 4 Natural, Bio-based, and Recycled/Reused Insulation Materials - p. 343 46. 5 Highly Reflective Materials - p. 347 47. 6 Innovative and Superperforming Insulating Materials and Systems: State-of-the-Art and New Trends for Building Application - p. 347 48. 7 Progress About the State of the Art - p. 349 49. 8 Conclusions - p. 352 50. Chapter 6.3 Innovative Glazing Materials - p. 358 51. Acknowledgments - p. 358 52. 1 Introduction - p. 358 53. 2 What’s Needed: Technological Solutions and Performance Objectives - p. 360 54. 3 How Switchable Glazings Fulfill Energy-Efficiency Needs - p. 370 55. 4 Future Needs - p. 378 56. Chapter 6.4 Adaptive Façades - p. 384 57. Acknowledgments - p. 384 58. 1 Adaptiveness as a Key Issue for the Energy Efficiency in Buildings - p. 384 59. 2 Definitions and Classifications - p. 386 60. 3 Typologies and Features - p. 389 61. 4 Examples of Application - p. 391 62. 5 Strengths, Weaknesses, and Opportunities - p. 406 63. Chapter 6.5 Cool Roofs - p. 412 64. 1 Introduction - p. 412 65. 2 Materials and Technical Solutions for Cool Roofs - p. 413 66. 3 Aging of Cool Roofs - p. 420 67. 4 Measurement Techniques - p. 421 68. 5 Effectiveness of Cool Roofs - p. 424 69. 6 Further Effectiveness of Cool Roofs (Albedo Control) - p. 429 70. 7 Standards - p. 430 71. 8 Conclusions - p. 432 72. Chapter 7: High Efficiency Plants and Building Integrated Renewable Energy Systems - p. 439 73. Chapter 7.1 Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) - p. 443 74. 1 Introduction - p. 443 75. 2 BIPV Basis - p. 444 76. 3 Classification, Composition, and System Design of BIPV Systems - p. 452 77. 4 Potential, Performance and Life-Cycle Assessment of BIPV Systems - p. 463 78. 5 Benefits, Barriers, Future Opportunities, and Strategies for BIPV Application - p. 493 79. 6 Summary - p. 502 80. Chapter 7.2 Solar Thermal Energy for Building Applications - p. 507 81. 1 Introduction - p. 507 82. 2 Solar Collectors - p. 508 83. 3 Building Integration of RES - p. 518 84. 4 Solar Space Heating and Cooling - p. 519 85. 5 Solar Cooling - p. 525 86. 6 Solar Cooling With Absorption Refrigeration - p. 526 87. 7 Recent Research - p. 528 88. 8 Conclusions - p. 532 89. Chapter 7.3 Ground-Source Heat Pumps - p. 535 90. 1 Introduction - p. 535 91. 2 Space Heating and Cooling Systems - p. 536 92. 3 GSHP Systems - p. 537 93. 4 Earth Connections for GSHPs - p. 539 94. 5 Global Status of GSHPs - p. 544 95. 6 Recent Advances in GSHPs - p. 546 96. 7 Ground-Loop Heat Exchangers - p. 548 97. 8 Ground- vs Air-Source Heat Pump Systems - p. 549 98. 9 Effects of System and Operating Parameters on GSHP Performance - p. 550 99. 10 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Other Environmental Impacts - p. 554 100. 11 GSHP Examples - p. 555 101. 12 Conclusions - p. 556 102. Chapter 7.4 CCHP for Buildings: Design Methodologies, Operational Strategies, and Optimization Schemes - p. 560 103. 1 Introduction - p. 560 104. 2 Design Methodologies - p. 562 105. 3 Operational Strategies - p. 564 106. 4 Optimization Schemes - p. 566 107. 5 Case Studies - p. 569 108. 6 Conclusions - p. 570 109. Chapter 7.5 Efficient Heating Fan Coil Unit in Buildings - p. 575 110. 1 Introduction - p. 575 111. 2 Concept Definitions - p. 577 112. 3 Design Methodologies - p. 581 113. 4 Experiment Results - p. 588 114. 5 Case Studies - p. 590 115. 6 Conclusions - p. 594 116. Chapter 8: Building Automation for Energy Efficiency - p. 595 117. Chapter 9: Energy Efficiency in Building Renovation - p. 673 118. Chapter 9.1 Energy Audits of Existing Buildings - p. 677 119. 1 Introduction - p. 677 120. 2 Energy Audits - p. 679 121. 3 Energy Conservations Measures - p. 689 122. 4 Measurements - p. 694 123. 5 Calculations - p. 696 124. 6 Conclusions - p. 709 125. Chapter 9.2 Energy Behavior of Compact Urban Fabric - p. 714 126. 1 Introduction - p. 714 127. 2 Identification and Characterization of the Urban Fabric - p. 717 128. 3 Urban Energy Modeling in the Compact City - p. 721 129. 4 Urban Heat Island in the Compact City - p. 730 130. 5 Conclusion - p. 736 131. Chapter 9.3 Solutions to Improve Energy Efficiency in HVAC for Renovated Buildings - p. 741 132. 1 Introduction - p. 741 133. 2 Main HVAC Components and Their Peculiarities - p. 741 134. 3 Plant and Building Coupling - p. 745 135. 4 The Renovation Process - p. 747 136. 5 Procedures and Tools for Energy Estimating and Modeling of HVACs - p. 748 137. 6 Techniques and Technologies for Efficient HVAC Systems: A Brief Review - p. 755 138. 7 Case Studies - p. 761 139. Chapter 9.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Building Renovation - p. 773 140. 1 Introduction - p. 773 141. 2 Cost Analysis - p. 779 142. 3 Cost-Optimal Analysis of a Building Refurbishment - p. 791 143. 4 Example of Cost Analysis - p. 797 144. 5 Conclusions - p. 802 145. Chapter 10: Conclusions - p. 811 146. Index - p. 813
Handbook of Energy Efficiency in Buildings: A Life Cycle Approach offers a comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the subject with a further focus on the Life Cycle. The editors, renowned academics, invited a diverse group of researchers to develop original chapters for the book and managed to well integrate all contributions in a consistent volume. Sections cover the role of the building sector on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, international technical standards, laws and regulations, building energy efficiency and zero energy consumption buildings, the life cycle assessment of buildings, from construction to decommissioning, and other timely topics.
The multidisciplinary approach to the subject makes it valuable for researchers and industry based Civil, Construction, and Architectural Engineers. Researchers in related fields as built environment, energy and sustainability at an urban scale will also benefit from the books integrated perspective.
1. Chapter 1: Introduction - p. xxi 2. Chapter 2: Policies, Recommendations and Standards (International Technical Standards, Main Laws and Regulations; EU Directives; Energy Labeling) - p. 3 3. Chapter 3: From Efficient to Sustainable and Zero Energy Consumption Buildings - p. 73 4. Chapter 3.1 ZEB and NZEB - p. 77 5. 1 Overview - p. 77 6. 2 The Role of Existing Buildings: The NZEB National Network - p. 79 7. Chapter 3.2 ZEB and NZEB (Definitions, Design Methodologies, Good Practices, and Case Studies) - p. 88 8. 1 Introduction - p. 88 9. 2 Definitions of ZEB - p. 90 10. 3 ZEB Balance - p. 97 11. 4 Aspects and Options in the Definition of ZEB - p. 98 12. 5 Energy Balance Example in an NZEB - p. 108 13. 6 Conclusions - p. 113 14. Chapter 3.3 Passive Building and Bioclimatic Architecture - p. 117 15. 1 Passive Building Concept and Development - p. 117 16. 2 Bioclimatic Design Process - p. 124 17. 3 Implementation Challenges - p. 138 18. 4 Certification Program PHIUS + - p. 142 19. 5 Modeling Tools - p. 144 20. 6 Worldwide Adoption - p. 147 21. 7 Integration with Other Programs - p. 150 22. 8 Current and Future Standard Developments - p. 151 23. Chapter 3.4 Green Buildings Rating Systems - p. 157 24. 1 Introduction - p. 157 25. 2 GBRSs Features - p. 158 26. 3 GBRSs Description - p. 160 27. 4 Comparison and Critical Discussion - p. 194 28. 5 Conclusions - p. 202 29. Chapter 4: Life-Cycle Assessment of Buildings - p. 205 30. Chapter 5: Steady-State and Dynamic Codes, Critical Review, Advantages and Disadvantages, Accuracy, and Reliability - p. 261 31. Chapter 6: Building Envelope - p. 294 32. Chapter 6.1 Physical Properties of Building Materials - p. 297 33. Acknowledgments - p. 297 34. 1 Introduction - p. 297 35. 2 Thermal Insulation - p. 297 36. 3 Optical Properties of Building Materials - p. 309 37. 4 Acoustic Properties of Building Materials - p. 314 38. 5 Hygrometric Properties of Building Materials - p. 320 39. 6 Embodied Energy - p. 323 40. Chapter 6.2 Innovative and Advanced Insulation Materials and Systems - p. 329 41. Acknowledgments - p. 329 42. 1 Introduction - p. 329 43. 2 Analysis of the Thermal Performance of Insulation Materials - p. 330 44. 3 Traditional Materials for Thermal Insulation of Buildings - p. 333 45. 4 Natural, Bio-based, and Recycled/Reused Insulation Materials - p. 343 46. 5 Highly Reflective Materials - p. 347 47. 6 Innovative and Superperforming Insulating Materials and Systems: State-of-the-Art and New Trends for Building Application - p. 347 48. 7 Progress About the State of the Art - p. 349 49. 8 Conclusions - p. 352 50. Chapter 6.3 Innovative Glazing Materials - p. 358 51. Acknowledgments - p. 358 52. 1 Introduction - p. 358 53. 2 What’s Needed: Technological Solutions and Performance Objectives - p. 360 54. 3 How Switchable Glazings Fulfill Energy-Efficiency Needs - p. 370 55. 4 Future Needs - p. 378 56. Chapter 6.4 Adaptive Façades - p. 384 57. Acknowledgments - p. 384 58. 1 Adaptiveness as a Key Issue for the Energy Efficiency in Buildings - p. 384 59. 2 Definitions and Classifications - p. 386 60. 3 Typologies and Features - p. 389 61. 4 Examples of Application - p. 391 62. 5 Strengths, Weaknesses, and Opportunities - p. 406 63. Chapter 6.5 Cool Roofs - p. 412 64. 1 Introduction - p. 412 65. 2 Materials and Technical Solutions for Cool Roofs - p. 413 66. 3 Aging of Cool Roofs - p. 420 67. 4 Measurement Techniques - p. 421 68. 5 Effectiveness of Cool Roofs - p. 424 69. 6 Further Effectiveness of Cool Roofs (Albedo Control) - p. 429 70. 7 Standards - p. 430 71. 8 Conclusions - p. 432 72. Chapter 7: High Efficiency Plants and Building Integrated Renewable Energy Systems - p. 439 73. Chapter 7.1 Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) - p. 443 74. 1 Introduction - p. 443 75. 2 BIPV Basis - p. 444 76. 3 Classification, Composition, and System Design of BIPV Systems - p. 452 77. 4 Potential, Performance and Life-Cycle Assessment of BIPV Systems - p. 463 78. 5 Benefits, Barriers, Future Opportunities, and Strategies for BIPV Application - p. 493 79. 6 Summary - p. 502 80. Chapter 7.2 Solar Thermal Energy for Building Applications - p. 507 81. 1 Introduction - p. 507 82. 2 Solar Collectors - p. 508 83. 3 Building Integration of RES - p. 518 84. 4 Solar Space Heating and Cooling - p. 519 85. 5 Solar Cooling - p. 525 86. 6 Solar Cooling With Absorption Refrigeration - p. 526 87. 7 Recent Research - p. 528 88. 8 Conclusions - p. 532 89. Chapter 7.3 Ground-Source Heat Pumps - p. 535 90. 1 Introduction - p. 535 91. 2 Space Heating and Cooling Systems - p. 536 92. 3 GSHP Systems - p. 537 93. 4 Earth Connections for GSHPs - p. 539 94. 5 Global Status of GSHPs - p. 544 95. 6 Recent Advances in GSHPs - p. 546 96. 7 Ground-Loop Heat Exchangers - p. 548 97. 8 Ground- vs Air-Source Heat Pump Systems - p. 549 98. 9 Effects of System and Operating Parameters on GSHP Performance - p. 550 99. 10 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Other Environmental Impacts - p. 554 100. 11 GSHP Examples - p. 555 101. 12 Conclusions - p. 556 102. Chapter 7.4 CCHP for Buildings: Design Methodologies, Operational Strategies, and Optimization Schemes - p. 560 103. 1 Introduction - p. 560 104. 2 Design Methodologies - p. 562 105. 3 Operational Strategies - p. 564 106. 4 Optimization Schemes - p. 566 107. 5 Case Studies - p. 569 108. 6 Conclusions - p. 570 109. Chapter 7.5 Efficient Heating Fan Coil Unit in Buildings - p. 575 110. 1 Introduction - p. 575 111. 2 Concept Definitions - p. 577 112. 3 Design Methodologies - p. 581 113. 4 Experiment Results - p. 588 114. 5 Case Studies - p. 590 115. 6 Conclusions - p. 594 116. Chapter 8: Building Automation for Energy Efficiency - p. 595 117. Chapter 9: Energy Efficiency in Building Renovation - p. 673 118. Chapter 9.1 Energy Audits of Existing Buildings - p. 677 119. 1 Introduction - p. 677 120. 2 Energy Audits - p. 679 121. 3 Energy Conservations Measures - p. 689 122. 4 Measurements - p. 694 123. 5 Calculations - p. 696 124. 6 Conclusions - p. 709 125. Chapter 9.2 Energy Behavior of Compact Urban Fabric - p. 714 126. 1 Introduction - p. 714 127. 2 Identification and Characterization of the Urban Fabric - p. 717 128. 3 Urban Energy Modeling in the Compact City - p. 721 129. 4 Urban Heat Island in the Compact City - p. 730 130. 5 Conclusion - p. 736 131. Chapter 9.3 Solutions to Improve Energy Efficiency in HVAC for Renovated Buildings - p. 741 132. 1 Introduction - p. 741 133. 2 Main HVAC Components and Their Peculiarities - p. 741 134. 3 Plant and Building Coupling - p. 745 135. 4 The Renovation Process - p. 747 136. 5 Procedures and Tools for Energy Estimating and Modeling of HVACs - p. 748 137. 6 Techniques and Technologies for Efficient HVAC Systems: A Brief Review - p. 755 138. 7 Case Studies - p. 761 139. Chapter 9.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Building Renovation - p. 773 140. 1 Introduction - p. 773 141. 2 Cost Analysis - p. 779 142. 3 Cost-Optimal Analysis of a Building Refurbishment - p. 791 143. 4 Example of Cost Analysis - p. 797 144. 5 Conclusions - p. 802 145. Chapter 10: Conclusions - p. 811 146. Index - p. 813
