Imaging in Spine Surgery tailors the highly regarded Diagnostic Imaging series templates with radiology images and color graphics to the needs of neurosurgeons, orthopedic spine surgeons, pain management and rehab (PM&R) physicians, and anesthesiologists. It provides clinical information for diagnosis and appropriate care for the patient, resulting in the perfect comprehensive text for spine surgeons.
1. Chapter 62: Introduction to Scoliosis - p. 135 2. Chapter 63: Scoliosis - p. 141 3. Chapter 64: Kyphosis - p. 145 4. Chapter 65: Degenerative Scoliosis - p. 147 5. Chapter 66: Scoliosis Instrumentation - p. 148 6. Chapter 67: Spondylolisthesis - p. 149 7. Chapter 68: Instability - p. 150 8. SECTION 5: TRAUMA - p. 151 9. VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCS - p. 151 10. Chapter 69: Fracture Classification - p. 151 11. Chapter 70: Atlantooccipital Dislocation - p. 159 12. Chapter 71: Ligamentous Injury - p. 161 13. Chapter 72: Occipital Condyle Fracture - p. 162 14. Chapter 73: Jefferson C1 Fracture - p. 163 15. Chapter 74: Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation - p. 165 16. Chapter 75: Odontoid C2 Fracture - p. 167 17. Chapter 76: Burst C2 Fracture - p. 169 18. Chapter 77: Hangman’s C2 Fracture - p. 170 19. Chapter 78: Apophyseal Ring Fracture - p. 171 20. Chapter 79: Cervical Hyperflexion Injury - p. 172 21. Chapter 80: Cervical Hyperextension Injury - p. 173 22. Chapter 81: Cervical Burst Fracture - p. 174 23. Chapter 82: Traumatic Disc Herniation - p. 175 24. Chapter 83: Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture - p. 176 25. Chapter 84: Fracture Dislocation - p. 177 26. Chapter 85: Chance Fracture - p. 178 27. Chapter 86: Anterior Compression Fracture - p. 179 28. Chapter 87: Sacral Insufficiency Fracture - p. 180 29. CORD, DURA, AND VESSELS - p. 181 30. Chapter 88: Posttraumatic Syrinx - p. 181 31. Chapter 89: Presyrinx Edema - p. 182 32. Chapter 90: Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma - p. 183 33. Chapter 91: Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation - p. 184 34. Chapter 92: Traumatic Epidural Hematoma - p. 185 35. Chapter 93: Traumatic Subdural Hematoma - p. 186 36. SECTION 6: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND ARTHRITIDES - p. 187 37. DEGENERATIVE DISEASE - p. 187 38. Chapter 94: Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease - p. 187 39. Chapter 95: Degenerative Disc Disease - p. 193 40. Chapter 96: Degenerative Endplate Changes - p. 197 41. Chapter 97: Disc Bulge - p. 199 42. Chapter 98: Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc - p. 200 43. Chapter 99: Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 201 44. Chapter 100: Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 202 45. Chapter 101: Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 203 46. Chapter 102: Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal - p. 204 47. Chapter 103: Cervical Facet Arthropathy - p. 205 48. Chapter 104: Lumbar Facet Arthropathy - p. 206 49. Chapter 105: Facet Joint Synovial Cyst - p. 207 50. Chapter 106: Baastrup Disease - p. 208 51. Chapter 107: Bertolotti Syndrome - p. 209 52. Chapter 108: Schmorl Node - p. 210 53. Chapter 109: Scheuermann Disease - p. 211 54. Chapter 110: Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis - p. 212 55. Chapter 111: Congenital Spinal Stenosis - p. 213 56. Chapter 112: Cervical Spondylosis - p. 214 57. Chapter 113: DISH - p. 215 58. Chapter 114: OPLL - p. 216 59. Chapter 115: Ossification Ligamentum Flavum - p. 217 60. Chapter 116: Periodontoid Pseudotumor - p. 218 61. Chapter 117: Spondylolysis - p. 219 62. INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES - p. 221 63. Chapter 118: Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 221 64. Chapter 119: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis - p. 225 65. Chapter 120: Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy - p. 226 66. Chapter 121: Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy - p. 227 67. Chapter 122: Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. 229 68. Chapter 123: CPPD - p. 233 69. Chapter 124: Gout - p. 234 70. SECTION 7: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 235 71. INFECTION - p. 235 72. Chapter 125: Pathways of Spread - p. 235 73. Chapter 126: Pyogenic Osteomyelitis - p. 241 74. Chapter 127: Tuberculous Osteomyelitis - p. 245 75. Chapter 128: Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis - p. 246 76. Chapter 129: Osteomyelitis, C1-C2 - p. 247 77. Chapter 130: Septic Facet Joint Arthritis - p. 248 78. Chapter 131: Paraspinal Abscess - p. 249 79. Chapter 132: Epidural Abscess - p. 250 80. Chapter 133: Abscess, Spinal Cord - p. 251 81. INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE - p. 252 82. Chapter 134: Acute Transverse Myelopathy - p. 252 83. Chapter 135: Multiple Sclerosis - p. 253 84. Chapter 136: Neuromyelitis Optica - p. 254 85. Chapter 137: ADEM - p. 255 86. Chapter 138: Sarcoidosis - p. 256 87. Chapter 139: Grisel Syndrome - p. 257 88. Chapter 140: IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis - p. 258 89. SECTION 8: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES - p. 259 90. EXTRADURAL NEOPLASMS - p. 259 91. Chapter 141: Spread of Neoplasms - p. 259 92. Chapter 142: Blastic Osseous Metastases - p. 265 93. Chapter 143: Lytic Osseous Metastases - p. 266 94. Chapter 144: Hemangioma - p. 267 95. Chapter 145: Osteoid Osteoma - p. 268 96. Chapter 146: Osteoblastoma - p. 269 97. Chapter 147: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst - p. 270 98. Chapter 148: Giant Cell Tumor - p. 271 99. Chapter 149: Osteochondroma - p. 272 100. Chapter 150: Chondrosarcoma - p. 273 101. Chapter 151: Osteosarcoma - p. 274 102. Chapter 152: Chordoma - p. 275 103. Chapter 153: Ewing Sarcoma - p. 276 104. Chapter 154: Lymphoma - p. 277 105. Chapter 155: Leukemia - p. 278 106. Chapter 156: Plasmacytoma - p. 279 107. Chapter 157: Multiple Myeloma - p. 280 108. Chapter 158: Neuroblastic Tumor - p. 281 109. INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY - p. 282 110. Chapter 159: Schwannoma - p. 282 111. Chapter 160: Meningioma - p. 283 112. Chapter 161: Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma - p. 284 113. Chapter 162: Neurofibroma - p. 285 114. Chapter 163: Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors - p. 286 115. Chapter 164: Metastases, CSF Disseminated - p. 287 116. Chapter 165: Paraganglioma - p. 288 117. INTRAMEDULLARY - p. 289 118. Chapter 166: Astrocytoma - p. 289 119. Chapter 167: Cellular Ependymoma - p. 291 120. Chapter 168: Myxopapillary Ependymoma - p. 293 121. Chapter 169: Hemangioblastoma - p. 294 122. Chapter 170: Spinal Cord Metastases - p. 295 123. Chapter 171: Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma - p. 296 124. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 297 125. CYSTS - p. 297 126. Chapter 172: CSF Flow Artifact - p. 297 127. Chapter 173: Meningeal Cyst - p. 299 128. Chapter 174: Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst - p. 300 129. Chapter 175: Syringomyelia - p. 301 130. TUMOR MIMICS - p. 302 131. Chapter 176: Fibrous Dysplasia - p. 302 132. Chapter 177: Kümmell Disease - p. 303 133. Chapter 178: Hirayama Disease - p. 305 134. Chapter 179: Paget Disease - p. 307 135. Chapter 180: Bone Infarction - p. 308 136. Chapter 181: Extramedullary Hematopoiesis - p. 309 137. Chapter 182: Tumoral Calcinosis - p. 310 138. SECTION 9: VASCULAR DISORDERS - p. 311 139. Chapter 183: Vascular Anatomy - p. 311 140. Chapter 184: Approach to Vascular Conditions - p. 319 141. Chapter 185: Type 1 Vascular Malformation (Dural Arteriovenous Fistula) - p. 323 142. Chapter 186: Type 2 Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 327 143. Chapter 187: Type 3 Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 328 144. Chapter 188: Type 4 Vascular Malformation (Arteriovenous Fistula) - p. 329 145. Chapter 189: Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula With Intraspinal Drainage - p. 330 146. Chapter 190: Cavernous Malformation - p. 331 147. Chapter 191: Spinal Artery Aneurysm - p. 332 148. Chapter 192: Spinal Cord Infarction - p. 333 149. Chapter 193: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 334 150. Chapter 194: Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma - p. 335 151. Chapter 195: Subdural Hematoma - p. 336 152. Chapter 196: Bow Hunter Syndrome - p. 337 153. Chapter 197: Vertebral Dissection - p. 338 154. Chapter 198: Carotid Dissection - p. 339 155. Chapter 199: Fibromuscular Dysplasia - p. 340 156. SECTION 10: COMPLICATIONS - p. 341 157. Chapter 200: Complications Overview - p. 341 158. Chapter 201: Myelography Complications - p. 345 159. Chapter 202: Vertebroplasty Complications - p. 346 160. Chapter 203: Failed Back Surgery Syndrome - p. 347 161. Chapter 204: Epidural Abscess, Postop - p. 348 162. Chapter 205: Disc Space Infection - p. 349 163. Chapter 206: Meningitis - p. 350 164. Chapter 207: CSF Leakage Syndrome - p. 351 165. Chapter 208: Pseudomeningocele - p. 352 166. Chapter 209: Direct Cord Trauma - p. 353 167. Chapter 210: Vascular Injury - p. 354 168. Chapter 211: Epidural Hematoma, Spine - p. 355 169. Chapter 212: Instrumentation Failure - p. 356 170. Chapter 213: Bone Graft Complications - p. 357 171. Chapter 214: rhBMP-2 Complications - p. 358 172. Chapter 215: Heterotopic Bone Formation - p. 359 173. Chapter 216: Recurrent Disc Herniation - p. 360 174. Chapter 217: Peridural Fibrosis - p. 361 175. Chapter 218: Arachnoiditis/Adhesions - p. 362 176. Chapter 219: Arachnoiditis Ossificans - p. 363 177. Chapter 220: Accelerated Degeneration - p. 364 178. Chapter 221: Postsurgical Deformity - p. 365 179. Chapter 222: Radiation Myelopathy - p. 366 180. SECTION 11: REMOTE COMPLICATIONS - p. 367 181. Chapter 223: Remote Complications Overview - p. 367 182. Chapter 224: Donor Site Complications - p. 371 183. Chapter 225: Deep Venous Thrombosis - p. 372 184. Chapter 226: Pulmonary Embolism - p. 373 185. Chapter 227: Aspiration Pneumonia - p. 374 186. Chapter 228: Acute Myocardial Infarction - p. 375 187. Chapter 229: Cerebral Infarction - p. 376 188. Chapter 230: Cerebellar Hemorrhage - p. 377 189. Chapter 231: Intracranial Hypotension - p. 378 190. Chapter 232: Extraaxial Hematoma, Brain - p. 379 191. Chapter 233: Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage - p. 380 192. Chapter 234: Retroperitoneal Lymphocele - p. 381 193. Chapter 235: Ophthalmic Complications - p. 382 194. Chapter 236: Esophageal Perforation - p. 383 195. Chapter 237: Acute Pancreatitis - p. 384 196. Chapter 238: Pseudomembranous Colitis (*Clostridium difficile*) - p. 385 197. Chapter 239: Rhabdomyolysis - p. 386 198. Chapter 240: Bowel Perforation - p. 387 199. Chapter 241: Ureteral Trauma - p. 388 200. SECTION 12: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 389 201. Chapter 242: Basilar Invagination - p. 389 202. Chapter 243: Basilar Impression - p. 395 203. Chapter 244: Cranial Settling - p. 399 204. Chapter 245: Platybasia - p. 401 205. Chapter 246: Intrinsic Skull Base Lesion - p. 403 206. Chapter 247: Foramen Magnum Mass - p. 407 207. SECTION 13: PERIPHERAL NERVE AND PLEXUS - p. 411 208. Chapter 248: Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy - p. 411 209. Chapter 249: Superior Sulcus Tumor - p. 417 210. Chapter 250: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 418 211. Chapter 251: Muscle Denervation - p. 419 212. Chapter 252: Brachial Plexus Traction Injury - p. 420 213. Chapter 253: Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis - p. 421 214. Chapter 254: Traumatic Neuroma - p. 422 215. Chapter 255: Radiation Plexopathy - p. 423 216. Chapter 256: Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor - p. 424 217. Chapter 257: Peripheral Neurolymphomatosis - p. 425 218. Chapter 258: Hypertrophic Neuropathy - p. 426 219. Chapter 259: Femoral Neuropathy - p. 427 220. Chapter 260: Ulnar Neuropathy - p. 428 221. Chapter 261: Suprascapular Neuropathy - p. 429 222. Chapter 262: Median Neuropathy - p. 430 223. Chapter 263: Common Peroneal Neuropathy - p. 431 224. Chapter 264: Tibial Neuropathy - p. 432 225. SECTION 14: IMAGE-GUIDED PROCEDURES - p. 433 226. CERVICAL SPINE - p. 433 227. Chapter 265: Medial Branch Block, Cervical Spine - p. 433 228. Chapter 266: Facet Joint Injection, Cervical Spine - p. 437 229. Chapter 267: Selective Nerve Root Block, Cervical Spine - p. 439 230. Chapter 268: Epidural Steroid Injection, Cervical Spine - p. 441 231. THORACIC SPINE - p. 443 232. Chapter 269: Medial Branch Block, Thoracic Spine - p. 443 233. Chapter 270: Facet Joint Injection, Thoracic Spine - p. 445 234. Chapter 271: Selective Nerve Root Block, Thoracic Spine - p. 447 235. Chapter 272: Epidural Steroid Injection, Thoracic Spine - p. 449 236. LUMBAR SPINE - p. 451 237. Chapter 273: Medial Branch Block, Lumbar Spine - p. 451 238. Chapter 274: Facet Joint Injection, Lumbar Spine - p. 453 239. Chapter 275: Selective Nerve Root Block, Lumbar Spine - p. 455 240. Chapter 276: Epidural Steroid Injection, Lumbar Spine - p. 457 241. VERTEBRAL BODY - p. 459 242. Chapter 277: Vertebroplasty - p. 459 243. Chapter 278: Kyphoplasty - p. 461 244. Chapter 279: Sacroplasty - p. 463 245. Chapter 280: Vertebral Biopsy - p. 465 246. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC - p. 467 247. Chapter 281: Percutaneous Discectomy - p. 467 248. Chapter 282: Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy - p. 469 249. Chapter 283: Nucleoplasty - p. 470 250. Chapter 284: Disc Aspiration/Biopsy - p. 471 251. PELVIS - p. 473 252. Chapter 285: Pelvis Anatomy - p. 473 253. Chapter 286: Sacroiliac Joint Injection - p. 475 254. Chapter 287: Sacral Nerve Root Block - p. 477 255. Chapter 288: Piriformis Steroid Injection - p. 479 256. INDEX - p. 481
Imaging in Spine Surgery tailors the highly regarded Diagnostic Imaging series templates with radiology images and color graphics to the needs of neurosurgeons, orthopedic spine surgeons, pain management and rehab (PM&R) physicians, and anesthesiologists. It provides clinical information for diagnosis and appropriate care for the patient, resulting in the perfect comprehensive text for spine surgeons.
1. Chapter 62: Introduction to Scoliosis - p. 135 2. Chapter 63: Scoliosis - p. 141 3. Chapter 64: Kyphosis - p. 145 4. Chapter 65: Degenerative Scoliosis - p. 147 5. Chapter 66: Scoliosis Instrumentation - p. 148 6. Chapter 67: Spondylolisthesis - p. 149 7. Chapter 68: Instability - p. 150 8. SECTION 5: TRAUMA - p. 151 9. VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCS - p. 151 10. Chapter 69: Fracture Classification - p. 151 11. Chapter 70: Atlantooccipital Dislocation - p. 159 12. Chapter 71: Ligamentous Injury - p. 161 13. Chapter 72: Occipital Condyle Fracture - p. 162 14. Chapter 73: Jefferson C1 Fracture - p. 163 15. Chapter 74: Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation - p. 165 16. Chapter 75: Odontoid C2 Fracture - p. 167 17. Chapter 76: Burst C2 Fracture - p. 169 18. Chapter 77: Hangman’s C2 Fracture - p. 170 19. Chapter 78: Apophyseal Ring Fracture - p. 171 20. Chapter 79: Cervical Hyperflexion Injury - p. 172 21. Chapter 80: Cervical Hyperextension Injury - p. 173 22. Chapter 81: Cervical Burst Fracture - p. 174 23. Chapter 82: Traumatic Disc Herniation - p. 175 24. Chapter 83: Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture - p. 176 25. Chapter 84: Fracture Dislocation - p. 177 26. Chapter 85: Chance Fracture - p. 178 27. Chapter 86: Anterior Compression Fracture - p. 179 28. Chapter 87: Sacral Insufficiency Fracture - p. 180 29. CORD, DURA, AND VESSELS - p. 181 30. Chapter 88: Posttraumatic Syrinx - p. 181 31. Chapter 89: Presyrinx Edema - p. 182 32. Chapter 90: Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma - p. 183 33. Chapter 91: Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation - p. 184 34. Chapter 92: Traumatic Epidural Hematoma - p. 185 35. Chapter 93: Traumatic Subdural Hematoma - p. 186 36. SECTION 6: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND ARTHRITIDES - p. 187 37. DEGENERATIVE DISEASE - p. 187 38. Chapter 94: Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease - p. 187 39. Chapter 95: Degenerative Disc Disease - p. 193 40. Chapter 96: Degenerative Endplate Changes - p. 197 41. Chapter 97: Disc Bulge - p. 199 42. Chapter 98: Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc - p. 200 43. Chapter 99: Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 201 44. Chapter 100: Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 202 45. Chapter 101: Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 203 46. Chapter 102: Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal - p. 204 47. Chapter 103: Cervical Facet Arthropathy - p. 205 48. Chapter 104: Lumbar Facet Arthropathy - p. 206 49. Chapter 105: Facet Joint Synovial Cyst - p. 207 50. Chapter 106: Baastrup Disease - p. 208 51. Chapter 107: Bertolotti Syndrome - p. 209 52. Chapter 108: Schmorl Node - p. 210 53. Chapter 109: Scheuermann Disease - p. 211 54. Chapter 110: Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis - p. 212 55. Chapter 111: Congenital Spinal Stenosis - p. 213 56. Chapter 112: Cervical Spondylosis - p. 214 57. Chapter 113: DISH - p. 215 58. Chapter 114: OPLL - p. 216 59. Chapter 115: Ossification Ligamentum Flavum - p. 217 60. Chapter 116: Periodontoid Pseudotumor - p. 218 61. Chapter 117: Spondylolysis - p. 219 62. INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES - p. 221 63. Chapter 118: Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 221 64. Chapter 119: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis - p. 225 65. Chapter 120: Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy - p. 226 66. Chapter 121: Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy - p. 227 67. Chapter 122: Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. 229 68. Chapter 123: CPPD - p. 233 69. Chapter 124: Gout - p. 234 70. SECTION 7: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 235 71. INFECTION - p. 235 72. Chapter 125: Pathways of Spread - p. 235 73. Chapter 126: Pyogenic Osteomyelitis - p. 241 74. Chapter 127: Tuberculous Osteomyelitis - p. 245 75. Chapter 128: Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis - p. 246 76. Chapter 129: Osteomyelitis, C1-C2 - p. 247 77. Chapter 130: Septic Facet Joint Arthritis - p. 248 78. Chapter 131: Paraspinal Abscess - p. 249 79. Chapter 132: Epidural Abscess - p. 250 80. Chapter 133: Abscess, Spinal Cord - p. 251 81. INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE - p. 252 82. Chapter 134: Acute Transverse Myelopathy - p. 252 83. Chapter 135: Multiple Sclerosis - p. 253 84. Chapter 136: Neuromyelitis Optica - p. 254 85. Chapter 137: ADEM - p. 255 86. Chapter 138: Sarcoidosis - p. 256 87. Chapter 139: Grisel Syndrome - p. 257 88. Chapter 140: IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis - p. 258 89. SECTION 8: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES - p. 259 90. EXTRADURAL NEOPLASMS - p. 259 91. Chapter 141: Spread of Neoplasms - p. 259 92. Chapter 142: Blastic Osseous Metastases - p. 265 93. Chapter 143: Lytic Osseous Metastases - p. 266 94. Chapter 144: Hemangioma - p. 267 95. Chapter 145: Osteoid Osteoma - p. 268 96. Chapter 146: Osteoblastoma - p. 269 97. Chapter 147: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst - p. 270 98. Chapter 148: Giant Cell Tumor - p. 271 99. Chapter 149: Osteochondroma - p. 272 100. Chapter 150: Chondrosarcoma - p. 273 101. Chapter 151: Osteosarcoma - p. 274 102. Chapter 152: Chordoma - p. 275 103. Chapter 153: Ewing Sarcoma - p. 276 104. Chapter 154: Lymphoma - p. 277 105. Chapter 155: Leukemia - p. 278 106. Chapter 156: Plasmacytoma - p. 279 107. Chapter 157: Multiple Myeloma - p. 280 108. Chapter 158: Neuroblastic Tumor - p. 281 109. INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY - p. 282 110. Chapter 159: Schwannoma - p. 282 111. Chapter 160: Meningioma - p. 283 112. Chapter 161: Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma - p. 284 113. Chapter 162: Neurofibroma - p. 285 114. Chapter 163: Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors - p. 286 115. Chapter 164: Metastases, CSF Disseminated - p. 287 116. Chapter 165: Paraganglioma - p. 288 117. INTRAMEDULLARY - p. 289 118. Chapter 166: Astrocytoma - p. 289 119. Chapter 167: Cellular Ependymoma - p. 291 120. Chapter 168: Myxopapillary Ependymoma - p. 293 121. Chapter 169: Hemangioblastoma - p. 294 122. Chapter 170: Spinal Cord Metastases - p. 295 123. Chapter 171: Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma - p. 296 124. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 297 125. CYSTS - p. 297 126. Chapter 172: CSF Flow Artifact - p. 297 127. Chapter 173: Meningeal Cyst - p. 299 128. Chapter 174: Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst - p. 300 129. Chapter 175: Syringomyelia - p. 301 130. TUMOR MIMICS - p. 302 131. Chapter 176: Fibrous Dysplasia - p. 302 132. Chapter 177: Kümmell Disease - p. 303 133. Chapter 178: Hirayama Disease - p. 305 134. Chapter 179: Paget Disease - p. 307 135. Chapter 180: Bone Infarction - p. 308 136. Chapter 181: Extramedullary Hematopoiesis - p. 309 137. Chapter 182: Tumoral Calcinosis - p. 310 138. SECTION 9: VASCULAR DISORDERS - p. 311 139. Chapter 183: Vascular Anatomy - p. 311 140. Chapter 184: Approach to Vascular Conditions - p. 319 141. Chapter 185: Type 1 Vascular Malformation (Dural Arteriovenous Fistula) - p. 323 142. Chapter 186: Type 2 Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 327 143. Chapter 187: Type 3 Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 328 144. Chapter 188: Type 4 Vascular Malformation (Arteriovenous Fistula) - p. 329 145. Chapter 189: Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula With Intraspinal Drainage - p. 330 146. Chapter 190: Cavernous Malformation - p. 331 147. Chapter 191: Spinal Artery Aneurysm - p. 332 148. Chapter 192: Spinal Cord Infarction - p. 333 149. Chapter 193: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 334 150. Chapter 194: Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma - p. 335 151. Chapter 195: Subdural Hematoma - p. 336 152. Chapter 196: Bow Hunter Syndrome - p. 337 153. Chapter 197: Vertebral Dissection - p. 338 154. Chapter 198: Carotid Dissection - p. 339 155. Chapter 199: Fibromuscular Dysplasia - p. 340 156. SECTION 10: COMPLICATIONS - p. 341 157. Chapter 200: Complications Overview - p. 341 158. Chapter 201: Myelography Complications - p. 345 159. Chapter 202: Vertebroplasty Complications - p. 346 160. Chapter 203: Failed Back Surgery Syndrome - p. 347 161. Chapter 204: Epidural Abscess, Postop - p. 348 162. Chapter 205: Disc Space Infection - p. 349 163. Chapter 206: Meningitis - p. 350 164. Chapter 207: CSF Leakage Syndrome - p. 351 165. Chapter 208: Pseudomeningocele - p. 352 166. Chapter 209: Direct Cord Trauma - p. 353 167. Chapter 210: Vascular Injury - p. 354 168. Chapter 211: Epidural Hematoma, Spine - p. 355 169. Chapter 212: Instrumentation Failure - p. 356 170. Chapter 213: Bone Graft Complications - p. 357 171. Chapter 214: rhBMP-2 Complications - p. 358 172. Chapter 215: Heterotopic Bone Formation - p. 359 173. Chapter 216: Recurrent Disc Herniation - p. 360 174. Chapter 217: Peridural Fibrosis - p. 361 175. Chapter 218: Arachnoiditis/Adhesions - p. 362 176. Chapter 219: Arachnoiditis Ossificans - p. 363 177. Chapter 220: Accelerated Degeneration - p. 364 178. Chapter 221: Postsurgical Deformity - p. 365 179. Chapter 222: Radiation Myelopathy - p. 366 180. SECTION 11: REMOTE COMPLICATIONS - p. 367 181. Chapter 223: Remote Complications Overview - p. 367 182. Chapter 224: Donor Site Complications - p. 371 183. Chapter 225: Deep Venous Thrombosis - p. 372 184. Chapter 226: Pulmonary Embolism - p. 373 185. Chapter 227: Aspiration Pneumonia - p. 374 186. Chapter 228: Acute Myocardial Infarction - p. 375 187. Chapter 229: Cerebral Infarction - p. 376 188. Chapter 230: Cerebellar Hemorrhage - p. 377 189. Chapter 231: Intracranial Hypotension - p. 378 190. Chapter 232: Extraaxial Hematoma, Brain - p. 379 191. Chapter 233: Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage - p. 380 192. Chapter 234: Retroperitoneal Lymphocele - p. 381 193. Chapter 235: Ophthalmic Complications - p. 382 194. Chapter 236: Esophageal Perforation - p. 383 195. Chapter 237: Acute Pancreatitis - p. 384 196. Chapter 238: Pseudomembranous Colitis (*Clostridium difficile*) - p. 385 197. Chapter 239: Rhabdomyolysis - p. 386 198. Chapter 240: Bowel Perforation - p. 387 199. Chapter 241: Ureteral Trauma - p. 388 200. SECTION 12: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 389 201. Chapter 242: Basilar Invagination - p. 389 202. Chapter 243: Basilar Impression - p. 395 203. Chapter 244: Cranial Settling - p. 399 204. Chapter 245: Platybasia - p. 401 205. Chapter 246: Intrinsic Skull Base Lesion - p. 403 206. Chapter 247: Foramen Magnum Mass - p. 407 207. SECTION 13: PERIPHERAL NERVE AND PLEXUS - p. 411 208. Chapter 248: Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy - p. 411 209. Chapter 249: Superior Sulcus Tumor - p. 417 210. Chapter 250: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 418 211. Chapter 251: Muscle Denervation - p. 419 212. Chapter 252: Brachial Plexus Traction Injury - p. 420 213. Chapter 253: Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis - p. 421 214. Chapter 254: Traumatic Neuroma - p. 422 215. Chapter 255: Radiation Plexopathy - p. 423 216. Chapter 256: Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor - p. 424 217. Chapter 257: Peripheral Neurolymphomatosis - p. 425 218. Chapter 258: Hypertrophic Neuropathy - p. 426 219. Chapter 259: Femoral Neuropathy - p. 427 220. Chapter 260: Ulnar Neuropathy - p. 428 221. Chapter 261: Suprascapular Neuropathy - p. 429 222. Chapter 262: Median Neuropathy - p. 430 223. Chapter 263: Common Peroneal Neuropathy - p. 431 224. Chapter 264: Tibial Neuropathy - p. 432 225. SECTION 14: IMAGE-GUIDED PROCEDURES - p. 433 226. CERVICAL SPINE - p. 433 227. Chapter 265: Medial Branch Block, Cervical Spine - p. 433 228. Chapter 266: Facet Joint Injection, Cervical Spine - p. 437 229. Chapter 267: Selective Nerve Root Block, Cervical Spine - p. 439 230. Chapter 268: Epidural Steroid Injection, Cervical Spine - p. 441 231. THORACIC SPINE - p. 443 232. Chapter 269: Medial Branch Block, Thoracic Spine - p. 443 233. Chapter 270: Facet Joint Injection, Thoracic Spine - p. 445 234. Chapter 271: Selective Nerve Root Block, Thoracic Spine - p. 447 235. Chapter 272: Epidural Steroid Injection, Thoracic Spine - p. 449 236. LUMBAR SPINE - p. 451 237. Chapter 273: Medial Branch Block, Lumbar Spine - p. 451 238. Chapter 274: Facet Joint Injection, Lumbar Spine - p. 453 239. Chapter 275: Selective Nerve Root Block, Lumbar Spine - p. 455 240. Chapter 276: Epidural Steroid Injection, Lumbar Spine - p. 457 241. VERTEBRAL BODY - p. 459 242. Chapter 277: Vertebroplasty - p. 459 243. Chapter 278: Kyphoplasty - p. 461 244. Chapter 279: Sacroplasty - p. 463 245. Chapter 280: Vertebral Biopsy - p. 465 246. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC - p. 467 247. Chapter 281: Percutaneous Discectomy - p. 467 248. Chapter 282: Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy - p. 469 249. Chapter 283: Nucleoplasty - p. 470 250. Chapter 284: Disc Aspiration/Biopsy - p. 471 251. PELVIS - p. 473 252. Chapter 285: Pelvis Anatomy - p. 473 253. Chapter 286: Sacroiliac Joint Injection - p. 475 254. Chapter 287: Sacral Nerve Root Block - p. 477 255. Chapter 288: Piriformis Steroid Injection - p. 479 256. INDEX - p. 481
