Kaplan's Cardiac Anesthesia

1. Introduction - p. 31 2. Catheterization Laboratory Facilities - p. 31 3. Patient Selection for Catheterization - p. 32 4. Cardiac Catheterization Procedures - p. 35 5. Valvular Pathology - p. 40 6. Angiography - p. 44 7. Interventional Cardiology: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention - p. 48 8. Specific Interventional Devices - p. 62 9. Other Catheter-Based Percutaneous Therapies - p. 68 10. The Catheterization Laboratory and the Anesthesiologist - p. 68 11. 3. Cardiac Implantable Electronic DevicesPeter M. Schulman, MDEric C. Stecker, MD, MPH - p. 75 12. 4. The Cardiorespiratory Effects of COVID-19 - p. 90 13. Section 2. Cardiac Physiology and Pharmacology - p. 117 14. 5. Cardiac Physiology - p. 119 15. Functional Implications of Cardiac Anatomy - p. 120 16. Cardiac Myocyte Anatomy and Function - p. 123 17. Laplace’s Law - p. 125 18. The Cardiac Cycle - p. 126 19. Determinants of Pump Performance - p. 131 20. Myocardial Contractility - p. 135 21. Coupling, Energetics, and Efficiency - p. 139 22. Evaluation of Diastolic Function - p. 140 23. Isovolumic Relaxation - p. 140 24. Left Ventricular Filling - p. 141 25. Passive Mechanical Behavior - p. 142 26. Pericardial Restraint - p. 142 27. Determinants of Atrial Function - p. 144 28. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - p. 144 29. HFrEF Versus HFpEF: Differences in Presentation - p. 144 30. Modulators of Nitric Oxide Metabolism - p. 150 31. Other Medications - p. 150 32. Lifestyle Modifications, Control of Comorbidities, and Other Interventions - p. 150 33. Conflicts of Interest - p. 151 34. 6. Coronary Physiology - p. 154 35. 7. Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Anesthetics - p. 179 36. Volatile Anesthetics - p. 180 37. Nitrous Oxide - p. 198 38. Propofol - p. 200 39. Midazolam - p. 203 40. Etomidate - p. 206 41. Ketamine - p. 209 42. Dexmedetomidine - p. 212 43. Synthetic Opioids - p. 216 44. Summary - p. 219 45. Conflict of Interest - p. 219 46. 8. Cardiovascular Pharmacology - p. 222 47. Antiischemic Drug Therapy - p. 223 48. Current Therapeutic Approaches to Systemic Hypertension - p. 236 49. Pharmacotherapy for Pulmonary Hypertension - p. 244 50. Pharmacotherapy for Acute and Chronic Heart Failure - p. 249 51. Pharmacotherapy for Cardiac Arrhythmias - p. 264 52. Section 3. Monitoring - p. 281 53. 9. Monitoring of the Heart and Vascular System - p. 283 54. Electrocardiography - p. 283 55. Appendix 9.1. Electrocardiogram Atlas: A Summary of Important Changes on the Electrocardiogram - p. 314 56. 10. Basic Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography - p. 331 57. Introduction - p. 331 58. Basic Concepts - p. 331 59. Imaging Techniques - p. 333 60. Echocardiographic Scanners - p. 335 61. Equipment - p. 336 62. Image Creation and Storage - p. 337 63. Complications and Safety - p. 338 64. Credentialing - p. 338 65. Technique of Probe Passage - p. 339 66. Comprehensive Intraoperative Multiplane Transesophageal Echocardiographic Examination - p. 339 67. Anatomic Variants and Artifacts - p. 352 68. Clinical Applications - p. 357 69. Hemodynamic Assessment - p. 371 70. Cardiac Output - p. 372 71. Contrast Applications - p. 374 72. Myocardial Ischemia Monitoring - p. 391 73. Chapter 11. Transesophageal Echocardiography: Advanced Echocardiography Concepts - p. 395 74. The Development of a Perioperative Echocardiography Service - p. 395 75. Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography - p. 396 76. Perioperative Echocardiographic Evaluation of Valves - p. 398 77. Aortic Valve - p. 417 78. Transesophageal Echocardiography for Interventional Procedures - p. 442 79. Transesophageal Echocardiography for Mechanical Circulatory Support - p. 457 80. Transesophageal Echocardiography for Transplantation - p. 469 81. Strain, Strain Rate, and Doppler Tissue Imaging - p. 470 82. Myocardial Disease - p. 491 83. Aortic Evaluation - p. 497 84. Pericardial Disease - p. 507 85. Evaluation of Cardiac Masses - p. 515 86. 12. Central Nervous System Monitoring - p. 521 87. 13. Coagulation Monitoring - p. 543 88. Section 4. Anesthesia for Cardiac Surgery/Procedures - p. 571 89. 14. Anesthesia for Myocardial Revascularization - p. 573 90. Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Disease - p. 573 91. Risk Assessment in Patients Scheduled for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - p. 573 92. Anesthesia for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting - p. 577 93. Surgical Considerations - p. 589 94. Conclusions - p. 598 95. 15. Valvular Heart Disease: Repair and Replacement - p. 603 96. Pathophysiology - p. 603 97. Aortic Stenosis - p. 608 98. Aortic Regurgitation - p. 618 99. Mitral Stenosis - p. 622 100. Mitral Regurgitation - p. 626 101. Tricuspid Regurgitation - p. 633 102. 16. Adult Congenital Heart Disease - p. 638 103. 17. Thoracic Aorta - p. 661 104. Anatomy of the Aorta - p. 661 105. General Considerations for the Perioperative Care of Aortic Surgical Patients - p. 662 106. Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms - p. 665 107. Ascending Aorta and Arch Aneurysms - p. 666 108. Aortic Dissection - p. 683 109. Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer - p. 690 110. Traumatic Aortic Injury - p. 690 111. Aortic Atheromatous Disease - p. 691 112. Takayasu Arteritis - p. 691 113. Aortic Coarctation - p. 693 114. Summary - p. 694 115. 18. Uncommon Cardiac Diseases - p. 698 116. Cardiac Tumors - p. 700 117. Selected Tumors With Cardiac Manifestations - p. 710 118. Cardiomyopathy - p. 717 119. Selected Unclassified Cardiomyopathies - p. 744 120. Pericardial Heart Disease - p. 747 121. Coronary Arteriovenous Fistula - p. 754 122. 19. Cardiac Transplantation - p. 760 123. 20. Lung Transplantation - p. 777 124. 21. Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension - p. 796 125. 22. Durable Mechanical Circulatory Assist Devices for Heart Failure - p. 823 126. 23. Structural Heart Disease Procedures - p. 842 127. 24. Electrophysiology Procedures - p. 866 128. Section 5. Extracorporeal Circulation - p. 893 129. 25. Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Pathophysiology and Management - p. 895 130. Pathophysiology of Cardiopulmonary Bypass - p. 896 131. Management of Cardiopulmonary Bypass - p. 905 132. Special Patient Populations for Cardiopulmonary Bypass - p. 916 133. Complications of Cardiopulmonary Bypass - p. 920 134. The Extracorporeal Circuit - p. 924 135. Summary - p. 924 136. 26. Discontinuing Cardiopulmonary Bypass - p. 929 137. 27. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - p. 949 138. 28. Coagulation and Transfusion Management - p. 964 139. Overview of Hemostasis - p. 964 140. Heparin for Anticoagulation in Cardiopulmonary Bypass - p. 967 141. Alternative Parenteral Anticoagulants to Heparin - p. 973 142. Bleeding in Cardiac Surgery - p. 974 143. Transfusion Medicine: Blood and Components - p. 980 144. Perioperative Blood Conservation Strategies - p. 985 145. Transfusion Reactions - p. 986 146. Section 6. Postoperative Care/Critical Care Medicine - p. 993 147. 29. Enhanced Recovery Programs in Cardiac Surgery - p. 995 148. 30. Pain Management for the Cardiac Patient - p. 1007 149. 31. Central Nervous System Dysfunction After Cardiac Surgery - p. 1035 150. 32. Critical Care Ultrasound - p. 1059 151. 33. Postoperative Respiratory Care - p. 1085 152. 34. Postoperative Cardiovascular Management - p. 1094 153. Oxygen Transport - p. 1094 154. Temperature - p. 1096 155. Assessment of the Circulation - p. 1096 156. Postoperative Myocardial Dysfunction - p. 1097 157. Postoperative Myocardial Ischemia - p. 1098 158. Therapeutic Interventions - p. 1099 159. Postoperative Hypertension - p. 1102 160. Postoperative Vasodilation - p. 1102 161. Coronary Artery Spasm - p. 1103 162. Decreased Contractility - p. 1103 163. Right Heart Failure - p. 1107 164. Cardiac Tamponade - p. 1110 165. Transplanted Heart - p. 1111 166. Advances in Cardiovascular Procedures and Postoperative Management - p. 1111 167. 35. Intensive Care Unit Management of Patients on Mechanical Circulatory Support - p. 1124 168. 36. Postoperative Care of the Heart and Lung Transplant Patient - p. 1141 169. 37. General Critical Care - p. 1150 170. Index - p. 1157