1. Introduction - p. 130 2. Early recovery after cardiac surgery - p. 130 3. Pulmonary subsystem - p. 147 4. Renal subsystem - p. 154 5. Neuropsychological subsystem - p. 157 6. Gastrointestinal subsystem - p. 160 7. Endocrine subsystem - p. 163 8. Hematologic subsystem - p. 164 9. Special considerations after cardiac surgery - p. 165 10. Cardiac tamponade - p. 166 11. Infection - p. 166 12. Chylothorax - p. 168 13. Interdisciplinary approaches to care - p. 169 14. Section IV: Special considerations in the postoperative care of neonates and infants - p. 170 15. General comments - p. 171 16. Pulmonary hypertensive crises - p. 171 17. Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) - p. 172 18. Optimal recovery following infant pediatric cardiac surgery - p. 172 19. Protocol for Reducing Arterial Blood Pressure and Afterload - p. 173 20. Standard Infusion Rates of Inotropic and Vasopressor Agents - p. 175 21. Protocol for Managing Aspects of Ventricular Electrical Instability - p. 176 22. Protocols for Acute Management of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation - p. 177 23. Protocol for Rapid Atrial Pacing with Atrial Wires - p. 178 24. Protocol for Initial Mechanical Ventilation Management and Early Extubation - p. 179 25. Protocol for Acute Kidney Injury Risk Assessment and Prevention - p. 181 26. Example of an ERAS Implementation Checklist - p. 183 27. References - p. 185.e1 28. 5. Cardiac reoperations: Considerations and techniques - p. 186 29. 6. Cardiac imaging - p. 200 30. 7. Generating knowledge from information, data, and analyses - p. 235 31. Section I: Generating knowledge from information, data, and analyses - p. 237 32. Section II: Information - p. 252 33. Section III: Data - p. 261 34. Section IV: Analyses - p. 271 35. Historical note - p. 272 36. Overview - p. 274 37. Uncertainty - p. 274 38. Multivariable analysis - p. 278 39. Early events - p. 294 40. Time-related events - p. 297 41. Longitudinal outcomes - p. 314 42. Section V: Generating knowledge to facilitate clinical decisions - p. 319 43. Section VI: Disseminating knowledge - p. 336 44. Section VII: Special methods and controversies - p. 341 45. Appendices - p. 349 46. References - p. 352.e1 47. 8. Quality assurance - p. 353 48. Section I: Quality assurance in adult cardiac surgery - p. 354 49. Section II: Quality assurance in pediatric cardiac surgery - p. 369 50. Section III: Controversies in quality assurance - p. 378 51. 8A. Case Study: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Composite Measure - p. 383.e1 52. Development of the participant-level composite measure - p. 383.e1 53. Final methodology - p. 383.e7 54. 8B. Advanced analytics for quality assurance - p. 383.e10 55. Machine learning: Promises, perils, and progress - p. 383.e10 56. Visualization: A picture is worth a thousand words - p. 383.e11 57. References - p. 383.e15 58. PART II. Ischemic Heart Disease - p. 383.e30 59. 9. Stenotic arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease - p. 384 60. Definition - p. 385 61. Historical note - p. 385 62. Morphology - p. 386 63. Clinical features and diagnostic criteria - p. 387 64. Natural history - p. 395 65. Technique of operation - p. 407 66. Special features of postoperative care - p. 430 67. Results - p. 432 68. Indications for operation - p. 454 69. Special situations and controversies - p. 457 70. References - p. 463.e1 71. 10. Acute and chronic compl ications of myocardial infarction - p. 464 72. PART III. Acquired Valvar Heart Disease - p. 499.e9 73. 11. Mitral valve disease - p. 500 74. Section I: Mitral valve disease - p. 501 75. Section II: Mitral valve surgery with coexisting tricuspid valve disease - p. 547 76. Section III: Mitral valve surgery with coexisting ischemic heart disease - p. 550 77. References - p. 551.e1 78. 12. Aortic valve - p. 552 79. Definition - p. 553 80. Historical note - p. 553 81. Morphology - p. 554 82. Clinical features and diagnostic criteria - p. 560 83. Natural history - p. 562 84. Technique of operation - p. 565 85. Special features of postoperative care - p. 597 86. Results - p. 598 87. Indications for operation, selection of technique, and choice of device - p. 619 88. Special situations and controversies - p. 627 89. References - p. 636 90. 13. Tricuspid valve disease - p. 637 91. 14. Infective endocarditis - p. 649 92. PART IV. Other Cardiac Conditions - p. 684.e8 93. 15. Cardiac rhythm disturbances - p. 685 94. 16. Cardiac trauma - p. 724 95. 17. Cardiac tumor - p. 732 96. 18. Pericardial disease - p. 748 97. 19. Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - p. 763 98. PART V. Advanced Heart Failure - p. 786.e8 99. 20. Mechanical circulatory support - p. 787 100. 21. Cardiac transplantation - p. 829 101. Section I: Cardiac transplantation in adults without congenital heart disease - p. 830 102. Section II: Cardiac transplantation for congenital heart disease and pediatric patients - p. 877 103. Section III: Heart-lung transplantation - p. 894 104. References - p. 897 105. PART VI. Diseases of the Thoracic Arteries and Veins - p. 897.e11 106. 22. Acute aortic dissection - p. 898 107. 23. Chronic thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic disease - p. 927 108. 24. Acute traumatic aortic disruption - p. 971 109. 25. Diseases of the pulmonary arteries and systemic veins - p. 986 110. VOLUME 2 - p. 1012.e7 111. PART VII. Congenital Heart Disease - p. 1012.e7 112. 26. Anatomic considerations in congenital heart disease - p. 1013 113. 27. Nomenclature for congenital heart disease - p. 1024 114. Introduction - p. 1024 115. Historical considerations - p. 1024 116. Principles of nomenclature - p. 1025 117. The international pediatric and congenital cardiac code (IPCCC) - p. 1026 118. Eleventh revision of the international classification of diseases (ICD-11) - p. 1027 119. Definitions - p. 1029.e115 120. Virtual atlas - p. 1029.e115 121. II. E-Tables - p. 1029.e115 122. E-Table 27.1. IPCCC ICD-11 diagnostic hierarchy - p. 1029.e115 123. E-Table 27.2. IPCCC ICD-11 definitions - p. 1029.e115 124. E-Table 27.3. IPCCC ICD-11 codes - p. 1029.e115 125. References - p. 1029.e115 126. 28. Patent ductus arteriosus - p. 1030 127. 29. Atrial septal defect, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, unroofed coronary sinus - p. 1044 128. 30. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection - p. 1079 129. 31. Cor triatriatum - p. 1105 130. 32. Atrioventricular septal defect - p. 1114 131. 33. Ventricular septal defect - p. 1164 132. 34. Ventricular septal defect with pulmonary stenosis - p. 1212 133. Section I: Tetralogy of fallot with pulmonary stenosis - p. 1214 134. Definition - p. 1214 135. Historical note - p. 1214 136. Morphology - p. 1214 137. Clinical features and diagnostic criteria - p. 1226 138. Natural history - p. 1232 139. Technique of operation - p. 1232 140. Special features of postoperative care - p. 1259 141. Results - p. 1262 142. Indications for operation - p. 1271 143. Special situations and controversies - p. 1272 144. Section II: Tetralogy of fallot with absent pulmonary valve - p. 1278 145. Section III: Tetralogy of fallot with restrictive (flap valve) ventricular septal defect - p. 1281 146. Section IV: Double-chambered right ventricle (low-lying infundibular pulmonary stenosis with or without ventricular septal defect) - p. 1282 147. Section V: Other forms of infundibular or valvar pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect - p. 1286 148. Appendix - p. 1286 149. References - p. 1287.e1 150. 35. Ventricular septal defect with pulmonary atresia - p. 1288 151. 36. Pulmonary stenosis or atresia with intact ventricular septum - p. 1318 152. 37. Congenital sinus of valsalva aneurysm and aortico ventricular tunnel - p. 1347 153. 38. Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries - p. 1363 154. 39. Vascular rings and pulmonary artery sling - p. 1397 155. 40. Coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch - p. 1415 156. Section I: Coarctation of the aorta - p. 1416 157. Section II: Interrupted aortic arch - p. 1453 158. Definition - p. 1453 159. Historical note - p. 1453 160. Morphology and morphogenesis - p. 1453 161. Clinical features and diagnostic criteria - p. 1455 162. Natural history - p. 1456 163. Technique of operation - p. 1456 164. Special features of postoperative care - p. 1461 165. Results - p. 1463 166. Indications for operation - p. 1466 167. Special situations and controversies - p. 1466 168. References - p. 1467 169. 41. Aortopulmonary window - p. 1468 170. 42. Origin of the right or left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta - p. 1476 171. 43. Truncus arteriosus - p. 1483 172. 44. Transposition of the great arteries - p. 1509 173. Definition - p. 1510 174. Historical note - p. 1510 175. Morphology and morphogenesis - p. 1512 176. Clinical features and physiology - p. 1524 177. Natural history - p. 1527 178. Technique of operation - p. 1531 179. Special features of postoperative care - p. 1548 180. Results - p. 1548 181. Indications for operation - p. 1556 182. Special situations and controversies - p. 1557 183. References - p. 1561 184. 45. Double outlet right ventricle - p. 1562 185. 46. Double outlet left ventricle - p. 1587 186. 47. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, other forms of atrioventricular discordant connection, and anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries - p. 1596 187. 48. Ebstein anomaly - p. 1635 188. 49. Congenital and pediatric mitral valve disease - p. 1666 189. 50. Congenital aortic stenosis - p. 1685 190. 51. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome - p. 1723 191. 52. Functional single ventricle - p. 1756 192. Section I: Functional single ventricle: General concepts - p. 1758 193. Section II: Tricuspid atresia - p. 1760 194. Section III: Double inlet ventricle, atretic atrioventricular valve - p. 1767 195. Section IV: First-stage neonatal palliation for functional single ventricle - p. 1788 196. Section V: Second-stage palliation - p. 1800 197. Section VI: Third-stage palliation (Fontan operation) - p. 1807 198. References - p. 1832.e1 199. 53. Heterotaxy - p. 1833 200. 54. Congenital heart disease in the adult - p. 1846 201. Section I: Overview - p. 1848 202. Section II: Atrial septal defect - p. 1870 203. Section III: Patent foramen ovale - p. 1874 204. Section IV: Ventricular septal defect - p. 1876 205. Section V: Atrioventricular septal defect - p. 1877 206. Section VI: Patent ductus arteriosus - p. 1879 207. Section VII: Bicuspid aortic valve - p. 1880 208. Section VIII: Subaortic stenosis - p. 1887 209. Section IX: Supravalvar aortic stenosis - p. 1889 210. Section X: Aortic arch obstructive problems - p. 1891 211. Section XI: Tetralogy of fallot and other conotruncal anomalies with ventricular septal defect - p. 1897 212. Tetralogy of fallot - p. 1897 213. Morphology - p. 1897 214. Clinical features and diagnostic criteria - p. 1898 215. Natural history - p. 1899 216. Technique of operation - p. 1900 217. Results - p. 1901 218. Indications for operation - p. 1902 219. Special situations and controversies - p. 1903 220. Section XII: Transposition of the great arteries - p. 1907 221. Section XIII: Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries - p. 1914 222. Section XIV: Ebstein anomaly - p. 1916 223. Section XV: Coronary artery problems related to congenital heart disease - p. 1921 224. Section XVI: Functional univentricular heart - p. 1927 225. Section XVII: Other anomalies rarely requiring surgery in the adult - p. 1934 226. References - p. 1940 227. 55. Congenital heart surgery in low-resource settings - p. 1941 228. Index - p. I-1
1. Introduction - p. 130 2. Early recovery after cardiac surgery - p. 130 3. Pulmonary subsystem - p. 147 4. Renal subsystem - p. 154 5. Neuropsychological subsystem - p. 157 6. Gastrointestinal subsystem - p. 160 7. Endocrine subsystem - p. 163 8. Hematologic subsystem - p. 164 9. Special considerations after cardiac surgery - p. 165 10. Cardiac tamponade - p. 166 11. Infection - p. 166 12. Chylothorax - p. 168 13. Interdisciplinary approaches to care - p. 169 14. Section IV: Special considerations in the postoperative care of neonates and infants - p. 170 15. General comments - p. 171 16. Pulmonary hypertensive crises - p. 171 17. Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) - p. 172 18. Optimal recovery following infant pediatric cardiac surgery - p. 172 19. Protocol for Reducing Arterial Blood Pressure and Afterload - p. 173 20. Standard Infusion Rates of Inotropic and Vasopressor Agents - p. 175 21. Protocol for Managing Aspects of Ventricular Electrical Instability - p. 176 22. Protocols for Acute Management of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation - p. 177 23. Protocol for Rapid Atrial Pacing with Atrial Wires - p. 178 24. Protocol for Initial Mechanical Ventilation Management and Early Extubation - p. 179 25. Protocol for Acute Kidney Injury Risk Assessment and Prevention - p. 181 26. Example of an ERAS Implementation Checklist - p. 183 27. References - p. 185.e1 28. 5. Cardiac reoperations: Considerations and techniques - p. 186 29. 6. Cardiac imaging - p. 200 30. 7. Generating knowledge from information, data, and analyses - p. 235 31. Section I: Generating knowledge from information, data, and analyses - p. 237 32. Section II: Information - p. 252 33. Section III: Data - p. 261 34. Section IV: Analyses - p. 271 35. Historical note - p. 272 36. Overview - p. 274 37. Uncertainty - p. 274 38. Multivariable analysis - p. 278 39. Early events - p. 294 40. Time-related events - p. 297 41. Longitudinal outcomes - p. 314 42. Section V: Generating knowledge to facilitate clinical decisions - p. 319 43. Section VI: Disseminating knowledge - p. 336 44. Section VII: Special methods and controversies - p. 341 45. Appendices - p. 349 46. References - p. 352.e1 47. 8. Quality assurance - p. 353 48. Section I: Quality assurance in adult cardiac surgery - p. 354 49. Section II: Quality assurance in pediatric cardiac surgery - p. 369 50. Section III: Controversies in quality assurance - p. 378 51. 8A. Case Study: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Composite Measure - p. 383.e1 52. Development of the participant-level composite measure - p. 383.e1 53. Final methodology - p. 383.e7 54. 8B. Advanced analytics for quality assurance - p. 383.e10 55. Machine learning: Promises, perils, and progress - p. 383.e10 56. Visualization: A picture is worth a thousand words - p. 383.e11 57. References - p. 383.e15 58. PART II. Ischemic Heart Disease - p. 383.e30 59. 9. Stenotic arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease - p. 384 60. Definition - p. 385 61. Historical note - p. 385 62. Morphology - p. 386 63. Clinical features and diagnostic criteria - p. 387 64. Natural history - p. 395 65. Technique of operation - p. 407 66. Special features of postoperative care - p. 430 67. Results - p. 432 68. Indications for operation - p. 454 69. Special situations and controversies - p. 457 70. References - p. 463.e1 71. 10. Acute and chronic compl ications of myocardial infarction - p. 464 72. PART III. Acquired Valvar Heart Disease - p. 499.e9 73. 11. Mitral valve disease - p. 500 74. Section I: Mitral valve disease - p. 501 75. Section II: Mitral valve surgery with coexisting tricuspid valve disease - p. 547 76. Section III: Mitral valve surgery with coexisting ischemic heart disease - p. 550 77. References - p. 551.e1 78. 12. Aortic valve - p. 552 79. Definition - p. 553 80. Historical note - p. 553 81. Morphology - p. 554 82. Clinical features and diagnostic criteria - p. 560 83. Natural history - p. 562 84. Technique of operation - p. 565 85. Special features of postoperative care - p. 597 86. Results - p. 598 87. Indications for operation, selection of technique, and choice of device - p. 619 88. Special situations and controversies - p. 627 89. References - p. 636 90. 13. Tricuspid valve disease - p. 637 91. 14. Infective endocarditis - p. 649 92. PART IV. Other Cardiac Conditions - p. 684.e8 93. 15. Cardiac rhythm disturbances - p. 685 94. 16. Cardiac trauma - p. 724 95. 17. Cardiac tumor - p. 732 96. 18. Pericardial disease - p. 748 97. 19. Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - p. 763 98. PART V. Advanced Heart Failure - p. 786.e8 99. 20. Mechanical circulatory support - p. 787 100. 21. Cardiac transplantation - p. 829 101. Section I: Cardiac transplantation in adults without congenital heart disease - p. 830 102. Section II: Cardiac transplantation for congenital heart disease and pediatric patients - p. 877 103. Section III: Heart-lung transplantation - p. 894 104. References - p. 897 105. PART VI. Diseases of the Thoracic Arteries and Veins - p. 897.e11 106. 22. Acute aortic dissection - p. 898 107. 23. Chronic thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic disease - p. 927 108. 24. Acute traumatic aortic disruption - p. 971 109. 25. Diseases of the pulmonary arteries and systemic veins - p. 986 110. VOLUME 2 - p. 1012.e7 111. PART VII. Congenital Heart Disease - p. 1012.e7 112. 26. Anatomic considerations in congenital heart disease - p. 1013 113. 27. Nomenclature for congenital heart disease - p. 1024 114. Introduction - p. 1024 115. Historical considerations - p. 1024 116. Principles of nomenclature - p. 1025 117. The international pediatric and congenital cardiac code (IPCCC) - p. 1026 118. Eleventh revision of the international classification of diseases (ICD-11) - p. 1027 119. Definitions - p. 1029.e115 120. Virtual atlas - p. 1029.e115 121. II. E-Tables - p. 1029.e115 122. E-Table 27.1. IPCCC ICD-11 diagnostic hierarchy - p. 1029.e115 123. E-Table 27.2. IPCCC ICD-11 definitions - p. 1029.e115 124. E-Table 27.3. IPCCC ICD-11 codes - p. 1029.e115 125. References - p. 1029.e115 126. 28. Patent ductus arteriosus - p. 1030 127. 29. Atrial septal defect, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, unroofed coronary sinus - p. 1044 128. 30. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection - p. 1079 129. 31. Cor triatriatum - p. 1105 130. 32. Atrioventricular septal defect - p. 1114 131. 33. Ventricular septal defect - p. 1164 132. 34. Ventricular septal defect with pulmonary stenosis - p. 1212 133. Section I: Tetralogy of fallot with pulmonary stenosis - p. 1214 134. Definition - p. 1214 135. Historical note - p. 1214 136. Morphology - p. 1214 137. Clinical features and diagnostic criteria - p. 1226 138. Natural history - p. 1232 139. Technique of operation - p. 1232 140. Special features of postoperative care - p. 1259 141. Results - p. 1262 142. Indications for operation - p. 1271 143. Special situations and controversies - p. 1272 144. Section II: Tetralogy of fallot with absent pulmonary valve - p. 1278 145. Section III: Tetralogy of fallot with restrictive (flap valve) ventricular septal defect - p. 1281 146. Section IV: Double-chambered right ventricle (low-lying infundibular pulmonary stenosis with or without ventricular septal defect) - p. 1282 147. Section V: Other forms of infundibular or valvar pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect - p. 1286 148. Appendix - p. 1286 149. References - p. 1287.e1 150. 35. Ventricular septal defect with pulmonary atresia - p. 1288 151. 36. Pulmonary stenosis or atresia with intact ventricular septum - p. 1318 152. 37. Congenital sinus of valsalva aneurysm and aortico ventricular tunnel - p. 1347 153. 38. Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries - p. 1363 154. 39. Vascular rings and pulmonary artery sling - p. 1397 155. 40. Coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch - p. 1415 156. Section I: Coarctation of the aorta - p. 1416 157. Section II: Interrupted aortic arch - p. 1453 158. Definition - p. 1453 159. Historical note - p. 1453 160. Morphology and morphogenesis - p. 1453 161. Clinical features and diagnostic criteria - p. 1455 162. Natural history - p. 1456 163. Technique of operation - p. 1456 164. Special features of postoperative care - p. 1461 165. Results - p. 1463 166. Indications for operation - p. 1466 167. Special situations and controversies - p. 1466 168. References - p. 1467 169. 41. Aortopulmonary window - p. 1468 170. 42. Origin of the right or left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta - p. 1476 171. 43. Truncus arteriosus - p. 1483 172. 44. Transposition of the great arteries - p. 1509 173. Definition - p. 1510 174. Historical note - p. 1510 175. Morphology and morphogenesis - p. 1512 176. Clinical features and physiology - p. 1524 177. Natural history - p. 1527 178. Technique of operation - p. 1531 179. Special features of postoperative care - p. 1548 180. Results - p. 1548 181. Indications for operation - p. 1556 182. Special situations and controversies - p. 1557 183. References - p. 1561 184. 45. Double outlet right ventricle - p. 1562 185. 46. Double outlet left ventricle - p. 1587 186. 47. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, other forms of atrioventricular discordant connection, and anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries - p. 1596 187. 48. Ebstein anomaly - p. 1635 188. 49. Congenital and pediatric mitral valve disease - p. 1666 189. 50. Congenital aortic stenosis - p. 1685 190. 51. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome - p. 1723 191. 52. Functional single ventricle - p. 1756 192. Section I: Functional single ventricle: General concepts - p. 1758 193. Section II: Tricuspid atresia - p. 1760 194. Section III: Double inlet ventricle, atretic atrioventricular valve - p. 1767 195. Section IV: First-stage neonatal palliation for functional single ventricle - p. 1788 196. Section V: Second-stage palliation - p. 1800 197. Section VI: Third-stage palliation (Fontan operation) - p. 1807 198. References - p. 1832.e1 199. 53. Heterotaxy - p. 1833 200. 54. Congenital heart disease in the adult - p. 1846 201. Section I: Overview - p. 1848 202. Section II: Atrial septal defect - p. 1870 203. Section III: Patent foramen ovale - p. 1874 204. Section IV: Ventricular septal defect - p. 1876 205. Section V: Atrioventricular septal defect - p. 1877 206. Section VI: Patent ductus arteriosus - p. 1879 207. Section VII: Bicuspid aortic valve - p. 1880 208. Section VIII: Subaortic stenosis - p. 1887 209. Section IX: Supravalvar aortic stenosis - p. 1889 210. Section X: Aortic arch obstructive problems - p. 1891 211. Section XI: Tetralogy of fallot and other conotruncal anomalies with ventricular septal defect - p. 1897 212. Tetralogy of fallot - p. 1897 213. Morphology - p. 1897 214. Clinical features and diagnostic criteria - p. 1898 215. Natural history - p. 1899 216. Technique of operation - p. 1900 217. Results - p. 1901 218. Indications for operation - p. 1902 219. Special situations and controversies - p. 1903 220. Section XII: Transposition of the great arteries - p. 1907 221. Section XIII: Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries - p. 1914 222. Section XIV: Ebstein anomaly - p. 1916 223. Section XV: Coronary artery problems related to congenital heart disease - p. 1921 224. Section XVI: Functional univentricular heart - p. 1927 225. Section XVII: Other anomalies rarely requiring surgery in the adult - p. 1934 226. References - p. 1940 227. 55. Congenital heart surgery in low-resource settings - p. 1941 228. Index - p. I-1
