Kumar & Clark's Clinical Medicine

1. Kumar & Clark's Clinical Medicine - p. i 2. Cover image - p. i 3. Title page - p. ii 4. Table of Contents - p. iii 5. Copyright - p. iv 6. Foreword to the Eleventh Edition - p. ix 7. Preface to the Eleventh Edition - p. xi 8. List of Contributors - p. xiii 9. International Advisory Board - p. xix 10. Acknowledgments for the Eleventh Edition - p. xxi 11. Multimedia Resources - p. xxi.evi 12. Learning Resources - p. xxi.evi 13. Self-Assessments - p. xxi.evi 14. Part 1. The Practice of Medicine - p. xxi.evi 15. 1. The art of being a doctor - p. 1 16. 2. Clinical communication - p. 14 17. 3. Medical ethics - p. 25 18. 4. Evidence-based practice - p. 35 19. 5. Human genetics - p. 52 20. 6. Immunity - p. 79 21. 7. Therapeutics and prescribing - p. 107 22. 8. Radiology - p. 117 23. Part 2. Medicine and the World - p. 152 24. 9. Public health - p. 153 25. 10. Global and planetary health - p. 167 26. Part 3. Acute and Emergency Medicine - p. 174 27. 11. Acute medicine - p. 175 28. Background - p. 175 29. Patient flow through AIM - p. 176 30. The role of the AIM clinician - p. 178 31. Clinical skills - p. 179 32. Risk assessments for common acute medical conditions - p. 180 33. Communicating decisions and referrals - p. 180 34. Discharge planning - p. 182 35. Liaison with acute care MDT - p. 182 36. Core clinical presentations in AIM - p. 192 37. Anaphylaxis - p. 198 38. Chest pain - p. 198 39. Palpitations - p. 201 40. Breathlessness - p. 204 41. Haemoptysis - p. 218 42. Nausea and vomiting - p. 220 43. Diarrhoea - p. 220 44. Haematemesis and melaena - p. 223 45. Abdominal swelling - p. 226 46. Abnormal blood results - p. 227 47. Acute kidney injury - p. 228 48. Hyperkalaemia - p. 231 49. Follow-up - p. 232 50. The unconscious patient - p. 232 51. Dizziness and blackouts - p. 236 52. Headache - p. 239 53. Clinical assessment - p. 239 54. Investigations - p. 242 55. Migraine - p. 242 56. Tension-type headache - p. 242 57. Intracranial bleeds - p. 243 58. Subdural and extradural bleeding - p. 245 59. Cortical venous thrombosis and dural venous sinus thrombosis - p. 245 60. Meningitis - p. 246 61. Viral encephalitis - p. 249 62. Seizures - p. 249 63. Delirium - p. 250 64. Functional neurological disorder - p. 253 65. Polysymptomatology - p. 254 66. Swollen joint - p. 254 67. The unwell diabetic patient - p. 257 68. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism - p. 264 69. The unwell cancer patient - p. 272 70. Rash - p. 274 71. 12. Sepsis and the treatment of bacterial infection - p. 278 72. 13. Critical care medicine - p. 297 73. 14. Anaesthesia and perioperative medicine - p. 334 74. 15. Toxicology - p. 353 75. 16. Environmental medicine - p. 371 76. Part 4. Medical Specialties - p. 383 77. 17. Cardiology - p. 384 78. Clinical skills - p. 385 79. Examination - p. 387 80. ECG interpretation - p. 387 81. Anatomy, physiology, and embryology of the heart - p. 388 82. Clinical approach to the patient with heart disease - p. 393 83. Palpitations - p. 394 84. Syncope - p. 394 85. Fatigue - p. 394 86. Peripheral oedema - p. 394 87. Examination of the cardiovascular system - p. 394 88. Cardiac investigations - p. 397 89. Therapeutic procedures - p. 409 90. Cardiac arrhythmias - p. 411 91. Tachycardias - p. 418 92. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias - p. 423 93. Long QT syndrome - p. 424 94. Clinical features - p. 424 95. Management - p. 424 96. Short QT syndrome - p. 425 97. Normal heart ventricular tachycardia - p. 425 98. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia - p. 425 99. Ventricular premature beats (ectopics) - p. 425 100. Long-term management of cardiac tachyarrhythmias - p. 426 101. Heart failure - p. 429 102. Coronary artery disease - p. 437 103. Diagnosis - p. 439 104. Angina - p. 440 105. Acute coronary syndromes - p. 444 106. Valvular heart disease - p. 452 107. Tricuspid valve - p. 462 108. Pulmonary valve - p. 463 109. Prosthetic valves - p. 464 110. Infective endocarditis - p. 465 111. Congenital heart disease - p. 469 112. Pulmonary heart disease - p. 477 113. Myocardial and endocardial disease - p. 480 114. 18. Hypertension - p. 496 115. 19. Lipid and metabolic disorders - p. 510 116. 20. Respiratory medicine - p. 521 117. CLINICAL SKILLS - p. 521 118. Function of the respiratory system - p. 523 119. Clinical approach to the patient with respiratory disease - p. 529 120. Examination of the respiratory system - p. 530 121. Investigation of respiratory disease - p. 532 122. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract - p. 537 123. Obstructive respiratory disease - p. 540 124. Smoking - p. 551 125. Respiratory infection - p. 552 126. Pneumonia - p. 552 127. Tuberculosis - p. 553 128. Pathogenesis - p. 553 129. Clinical features and diagnosis - p. 553 130. Pulmonary TB - p. 553 131. Lymph node TB - p. 554 132. Miliary TB - p. 554 133. Microbiological diagnosis - p. 554 134. Management - p. 554 135. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection - p. 557 136. Pleural disease - p. 557 137. Pleural effusion - p. 557 138. Diagnosis - p. 557 139. Management - p. 559 140. Empyema - p. 559 141. Malignant pleural effusion - p. 559 142. Chylothorax - p. 559 143. Tumours of the respiratory tract - p. 559 144. Benign tumours - p. 563 145. Prognosis - p. 566 146. Cystic fibrosis - p. 566 147. Pathogenesis - p. 566 148. Clinical features and complications - p. 566 149. Diagnosis - p. 566 150. Management - p. 567 151. Interstitial lung diseases - p. 568 152. Sarcoidosis - p. 568 153. Lung and heart–lung transplantation - p. 577 154. Indications and donor selection - p. 577 155. Complications and their treatment - p. 577 156. Prognosis - p. 577 157. Occupational lung disease - p. 577 158. Coal-worker’s pneumoconiosis - p. 577 159. Silicosis - p. 578 160. Diseases caused by asbestos - p. 578 161. Byssinosis - p. 578 162. Berylliosis - p. 578 163. Miscellaneous respiratory disorders - p. 578 164. Lung cysts - p. 578 165. Trauma - p. 579 166. Kyphoscoliosis - p. 579 167. Ankylosing spondylitis - p. 579 168. Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum - p. 579 169. Pleurisy - p. 580 170. Disorders of the diaphragm - p. 580 171. Diaphragmatic fatigue - p. 580 172. Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis - p. 580 173. Bilateral diaphragmatic weakness or paralysis - p. 580 174. Complete eventration of the diaphragm - p. 580 175. Diaphragmatic hernia - p. 580 176. Hiccups - p. 580 177. Mediastinal lesions - p. 580 178. 21. Ear, nose, and throat - p. 582 179. 22. Gastroenterology - p. 601 180. Clinical skills - p. 602 181. Background - p. 604 182. Anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract - p. 604 183. Clinical features of gastrointestinal disease - p. 612 184. Constipation - p. 615 185. Pathophysiology and brain–gut interactions - p. 620 186. Mouth - p. 620 187. Salivary glands - p. 621 188. Pharynx and oesophagus - p. 621 189. Complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease - p. 625 190. Motility disorders - p. 625 191. Other oesophageal disorders - p. 628 192. Oesophageal tumours - p. 630 193. Functional oesophageal disorders - p. 632 194. Stomach and duodenum - p. 632 195. Gastritis and gastropathy - p. 632 196. Helicobacter pylori infection - p. 632 197. Gastric tumours - p. 637 198. Adenocarcinoma - p. 637 199. Epidemiology and pathogenesis - p. 637 200. Screening - p. 638 201. Pathology - p. 638 202. Clinical features - p. 638 203. Diagnosis - p. 639 204. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours - p. 639 205. Management - p. 639 206. Primary gastric lymphoma - p. 639 207. Aetiology - p. 639 208. Clinical features - p. 640 209. Management - p. 640 210. Gastric polyps - p. 640 211. Acute and chronic gastrointestinal bleeding - p. 640 212. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding - p. 640 213. Endoscopic management of acute gastrointestinal bleeds - p. 640 214. Prognosis - p. 641 215. Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding - p. 641 216. Management - p. 641 217. Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding - p. 641 218. Diagnosis - p. 641 219. Management - p. 642 220. Small intestine - p. 642 221. Malabsorption - p. 644 222. Miscellaneous intestinal diseases - p. 650 223. Tumours of the small intestine - p. 651 224. Colon and rectum - p. 665 225. Miscellaneous colonic conditions - p. 665 226. Diverticular disease - p. 666 227. Anorectal disorders - p. 667 228. Colonic tumours - p. 669 229. Colon polyps and polyposis syndromes - p. 669 230. Classification of colorectal polyps - p. 669 231. Sporadic adenomas - p. 669 232. Sessile serrated adenomas - p. 669 233. Inherited polyposis syndromes - p. 670 234. Colorectal carcinoma - p. 671 235. Genetics - p. 672 236. Pathology - p. 673 237. Clinical features - p. 673 238. Screening for CRC - p. 673 239. Investigations - p. 673 240. Management - p. 674 241. The acute abdomen - p. 674 242. Diagnosis - p. 674 243. Investigations - p. 675 244. Acute appendicitis - p. 675 245. Clinical features - p. 675 246. Differential diagnosis - p. 676 247. Management - p. 676 248. Gynaecological causes of an acute abdomen - p. 676 249. Acute peritonitis - p. 676 250. Clinical features - p. 676 251. Investigations - p. 676 252. Management - p. 676 253. Complications - p. 676 254. Intestinal obstruction - p. 677 255. Clinical features - p. 677 256. Management - p. 677 257. Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction - p. 677 258. Peritoneum - p. 677 259. Disorders affecting the peritoneum - p. 677 260. 23. Hepatology - p. 679 261. CLINICAL SKILLS - p. 680 262. Background - p. 682 263. Anatomy of the liver and biliary system - p. 682 264. Functions of the liver - p. 683 265. Investigations in the patient with liver disease - p. 686 266. Jaundice - p. 690 267. Hepatitis - p. 692 268. Viral hepatitis - p. 694 269. Acute hepatitis due to other infectious agents - p. 703 270. Acute hepatic failure - p. 704 271. Autoimmune hepatitis - p. 705 272. Drug-induced chronic hepatitis - p. 706 273. Chronic hepatitis of unknown cause - p. 706 274. Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease - p. 707 275. Cirrhosis - p. 708 276. Liver transplantation - p. 711 277. Complications and effects of cirrhosis - p. 712 278. Types of cirrhosis - p. 718 279. Alcohol and alcoholic liver disease - p. 722 280. Budd–Chiari syndrome - p. 726 281. Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome - p. 726 282. Fibropolycystic diseases - p. 726 283. Liver abscess - p. 727 284. Other infections of the liver - p. 728 285. Liver disease in pregnancy - p. 728 286. Liver tumours - p. 728 287. Miscellaneous conditions of the liver - p. 730 288. Drugs and the liver - p. 732 289. 24. Biliary tract and pancreatic disease - p. 735 290. 25. Nutrition - p. 762 291. 26. Kidney and urinary tract disease - p. 789 292. Clinical skills - p. 790 293. Background - p. 792 294. Anatomy and physiology - p. 792 295. Investigation of kidney and urinary tract disease - p. 797 296. The glomerulus and glomerular disease - p. 800 297. Nephrotic syndrome - p. 802 298. Non-nephrotic range proteinuria - p. 803 299. Causes of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome - p. 803 300. Glomerulonephritis - p. 808 301. Mixed nephritic and nephrotic syndrome - p. 813 302. Other glomerular disorders - p. 816 303. Kidney involvement in other diseases - p. 817 304. Hypertension and the kidney - p. 819 305. Kidney calculi and nephrocalcinosis - p. 821 306. Urinary tract obstruction - p. 825 307. Drugs and the kidney - p. 828 308. Urinary tract infection - p. 829 309. Tubolointerstitial nephritis - p. 833 310. Acute kidney injury - p. 835 311. Chronic kidney disease - p. 837 312. Cystic kidney disease - p. 849 313. Tumours of the kidney and genitourinary tract - p. 851 314. Diseases of the prostate gland - p. 852 315. The urinary tract in the elderly - p. 852 316. 27. Water balance, fluids, and electrolytes - p. 853 317. 28. Neurology - p. 885 318. Clinical Skills - p. 886 319. Background - p. 888 320. Functional neuroanatomy - p. 888 321. Patterns of Neurological Disease - p. 889 322. Disorders of motor control systems - p. 902 323. Dysarthria - p. 906 324. Lower motor neuron lesions - p. 906 325. Disorders of sensory pathways and pain - p. 908 326. Bladder control and sexual dysfunction - p. 911 327. Investigation of neurological disease - p. 913 328. Neurological Conditions - p. 915 329. Secondary headache disorders - p. 919 330. Facial pain - p. 920 331. Epilepsy and loss of consciousness - p. 921 332. Movement disorders - p. 929 333. Neuroinflammatory disorders - p. 934 334. Nervous system infection - p. 941 335. Brain tumours - p. 944 336. Hydrocephalus - p. 946 337. Brain injury - p. 947 338. Spinal cord disease - p. 950 339. Syringomyelia and syringobulbia - p. 952 340. Dementia - p. 952 341. Epidemiology - p. 952 342. Clinical assessment - p. 952 343. Investigations - p. 953 344. Mild cognitive impairment - p. 954 345. Causes and risk factors - p. 954 346. Dementia syndromes - p. 954 347. Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia - p. 957 348. Vascular dementia - p. 957 349. Frontotemporal dementia - p. 957 350. Prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease - p. 957 351. Other dementias - p. 958 352. Management of dementia - p. 958 353. Motor neuron disease - p. 959 354. Congenital disorders - p. 960 355. Neurogenetic disorders - p. 961 356. Paraneoplastic syndromes - p. 962 357. Peripheral nerve disease - p. 962 358. Plexus and nerve root lesions - p. 969 359. Muscle diseases - p. 970 360. 29. Stroke medicine - p. 977 361. 30. General hospital psychiatry - p. 1001 362. Clinical skills - p. 1002 363. Treatment approaches in psychiatry - p. 1006 364. Prescribing in psychiatry - p. 1007 365. Background - p. 1009 366. Liaison psychiatry - p. 1009 367. Ethical and legal issues in psychiatry - p. 1010 368. Aetiology of mental disorders - p. 1012 369. Common psychiatric emergencies - p. 1013 370. Common psychiatric disorders - p. 1017 371. Opioid addiction - p. 1032 372. Novel psychoactive substances - p. 1033 373. Personality disorder - p. 1033 374. Management - p. 1036 375. Eating and feeding disorders - p. 1036 376. Epidemiology - p. 1036 377. Anorexia nervosa - p. 1036 378. Bulimia nervosa - p. 1039 379. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder - p. 1039 380. Additional considerations in selected patient groups - p. 1039 381. Diagnoses of exclusion: factitious disorder and factitious disorder induced by another - p. 1041 382. Management of factitious disorder - p. 1041 383. Prevention of mental illness: public mental health - p. 1042 384. 31. Ophthalmology - p. 1044 385. 32. Rheumatology - p. 1061 386. Clinical skills - p. 1062 387. Anatomy and physiology of the normal joint - p. 1064 388. Investigation of rheumatic disease - p. 1065 389. Clinical conditions in rheumatology - p. 1067 390. Common regional musculoskeletal problems - p. 1067 391. Pain in the shin, calf, and ankle - p. 1077 392. Pain in the foot - p. 1077 393. Pain under the heel - p. 1078 394. Pain in the chest - p. 1078 395. Pain associated with sport and the performing arts - p. 1079 396. Chronic pain syndromes - p. 1079 397. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs for musculoskeletal problems - p. 1081 398. Disorders of collagen - p. 1082 399. Osteoarthritis - p. 1083 400. Inflammatory arthritis - p. 1087 401. Rheumatoid arthritis - p. 1088 402. Spondyloarthritis - p. 1099 403. Infection of joints - p. 1106 404. Autoimmune rheumatic diseases - p. 1107 405. Systemic inflammatory vasculitis - p. 1114 406. Arthritis in children - p. 1118 407. Rheumatological problems seen in other diseases - p. 1118 408. Miscellaneous arthropathies - p. 1119 409. 33. Bone disease - p. 1121 410. 34. Endocrinology - p. 1137 411. Clinical skills - p. 1138 412. Background - p. 1140 413. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus - p. 1145 414. Hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis - p. 1151 415. The adrenal medulla - p. 1161 416. The thyroid axis - p. 1163 417. Hyperthyroidism - p. 1167 418. Graves’ orbitopathy (ophthalmopathy) - p. 1171 419. Goitre (thyroid enlargement) - p. 1173 420. Thyroid cancer - p. 1174 421. Hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis - p. 1175 422. Anatomy and physiology - p. 1175 423. Disorders in the male - p. 1178 424. Disorders in the female - p. 1180 425. Disorders of sex development - p. 1185 426. The thirst axis - p. 1190 427. Disorders of calcium metabolism - p. 1193 428. Hypoglycaemia in the non-diabetic patient - p. 1196 429. Other endocrine disorders - p. 1198 430. 35. Diabetes mellitus - p. 1200 431. Clinical skills - p. 1200 432. Physiology of insulin secretion and action - p. 1203 433. Classification of diabetes - p. 1204 434. Clinical approach to the person with diabetes - p. 1211 435. Prevention of type 2 diabetes - p. 1212 436. Management of diabetes - p. 1212 437. Medication for diabetes - p. 1214 438. Insulin - p. 1214 439. Non-insulin antidiabetes treatments - p. 1219 440. Which drug and when? - p. 1221 441. Pancreatic islet and whole-pancreas transplantation - p. 1222 442. Monitoring glucose levels in people with diabetes - p. 1222 443. Diabetes-related metabolic emergencies - p. 1224 444. Complications of diabetes - p. 1224 445. Diabetes in special situations - p. 1235 446. Organization of diabetes care - p. 1238 447. 36. Metabolic disease - p. 1240 448. 37. Obesity - p. 1248 449. 38. Haematology - p. 1270 450. Clinical skills - p. 1271 451. Anaemia - p. 1277 452. Microcytic anaemia - p. 1279 453. Normocytic anaemia - p. 1283 454. Macrocytic anaemias - p. 1283 455. Macrocytosis without megaloblastic changes - p. 1286 456. Anaemia caused by marrow failure (aplastic anaemia) - p. 1287 457. Haemolytic anaemias - p. 1288 458. Inherited haemolytic anaemia - p. 1289 459. Haemoglobin abnormalities - p. 1291 460. The thalassaemias - p. 1292 461. Sickle syndromes - p. 1295 462. Metabolic disorders of the red blood cell - p. 1299 463. Acquired haemolytic anaemia - p. 1301 464. Polycythaemia - p. 1306 465. The spleen - p. 1306 466. Blood transfusion - p. 1307 467. Blood groups - p. 1308 468. Procedure for blood transfusion in hospitals - p. 1308 469. Complications of blood transfusion - p. 1309 470. Prevention of wrong blood transfusions - p. 1310 471. Immunological complications - p. 1310 472. Non-immunological complications - p. 1312 473. Strategies for the avoidance of unnecessary transfusion - p. 1312 474. Blood, blood components, and blood products - p. 1313 475. White blood cells - p. 1314 476. Haemostasis - p. 1316 477. Vascular disorders - p. 1321 478. Platelet disorders - p. 1321 479. Inherited coagulation disorders - p. 1324 480. Acquired coagulation disorders - p. 1325 481. 39. Haematological oncology - p. 1328 482. 40. Venous thromboembolic disease - p. 1363 483. 41. Malignant disease - p. 1375 484. Clinical skills - p. 1376 485. Examination - p. 1377 486. Background - p. 1378 487. Principles of oncology - p. 1378 488. Aetiology and epidemiology - p. 1380 489. Screening and investigations - p. 1382 490. Principles of cancer treatment - p. 1386 491. Principles of endocrine therapy - p. 1392 492. Principles of biological and targeted therapy - p. 1392 493. Principles of radiation therapy - p. 1394 494. Common solid tumour treatment - p. 1396 495. Lung cancer - p. 1396 496. Breast cancer - p. 1399 497. Upper gastrointestinal cancers - p. 1402 498. Lower gastrointestinal cancers - p. 1403 499. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers - p. 1405 500. Urological cancers - p. 1406 501. Gynaecological cancers - p. 1409 502. Brain tumours - p. 1412 503. Head and neck cancer - p. 1413 504. Malignant melanoma - p. 1414 505. Metastatic cancer of unknown primary origin - p. 1414 506. 42. Infectious disease - p. 1417 507. Clinical skills - p. 1418 508. Background - p. 1421 509. Clinical approach to the patient with a suspected infection - p. 1421 510. Epidemiology and prevention of infections - p. 1433 511. Principles and mechanisms of infection - p. 1441 512. Viral infections - p. 1444 513. Virus infections of the skin and mucous membranes - p. 1444 514. Virus infections of the respiratory tract - p. 1451 515. Upper respiratory tract infections - p. 1451 516. Lower respiratory tract infections - p. 1451 517. Systemic viral infections - p. 1454 518. Virus infections of the nervous system - p. 1458 519. Virus infections of the gastrointestinal tract - p. 1461 520. Viral hepatitis - p. 1462 521. Viruses and malignant disease - p. 1462 522. Viral haemorrhagic fevers - p. 1463 523. Antiviral drugs - p. 1465 524. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases) - p. 1468 525. Bacterial infections - p. 1468 526. Bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissues - p. 1469 527. Bacterial infections of the respiratory tract - p. 1470 528. Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract - p. 1472 529. Bacterial infections of the cardiovascular system - p. 1478 530. Bacterial infections of the nervous system - p. 1478 531. Bacterial bone and joint infections - p. 1481 532. Bacterial infections of the urinary tract - p. 1481 533. Systemic and multisystem bacterial infections - p. 1481 534. Bacterial infections seen in low- and middle-income countries - p. 1483 535. Antibiotic therapies - p. 1493 536. Fungal infections - p. 1493 537. Systemic fungal infections - p. 1493 538. Subcutaneous fungal infections - p. 1495 539. Superficial fungal infections - p. 1496 540. Antifungal drugs - p. 1496 541. Protozoal infections - p. 1497 542. Blood and tissue protozoa - p. 1497 543. Gastrointestinal protozoa - p. 1506 544. Helminth infections - p. 1508 545. Nematodes - p. 1509 546. Trematodes - p. 1513 547. Cestodes - p. 1516 548. Arthropod ectoparasites - p. 1517 549. 43. Sexually transmitted infections - p. 1519 550. 44. Human immunodeficiency virus - p. 1537 551. 45. Dermatology - p. 1564 552. Clinical skills - p. 1565 553. Background - p. 1566 554. Skin’s structure and function - p. 1570 555. Investigation of skin disease - p. 1572 556. Principles of dermatological therapy - p. 1572 557. Dermatological emergencies - p. 1574 558. Common rashes - p. 1574 559. Other rarer causes of facial rashes - p. 1577 560. Psoriasis - p. 1584 561. Skin infections - p. 1589 562. Human immunodeficiency virus and the skin - p. 1600 563. Skin signs of systemic disease - p. 1602 564. Systemic malignant disease - p. 1610 565. Genetic disease - p. 1610 566. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum - p. 1611 567. Photosensitivity disorders - p. 1611 568. Blistering and bullous skin disease - p. 1611 569. Skin tumours - p. 1614 570. Management - p. 1622 571. Photoprotection and vitamin D deficiency - p. 1623 572. Cutaneous lymphomas: primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) - p. 1623 573. Treatment - p. 1623 574. Kaposi sarcoma - p. 1624 575. Clinical features - p. 1624 576. Treatment - p. 1624 577. Other rare skin tumours - p. 1624 578. Disorders of pigmentation - p. 1625 579. Nail disorders - p. 1626 580. Hair disorders - p. 1627 581. Increased hair growth - p. 1628 582. Birth marks and neonatal rashes - p. 1628 583. Drug eruptions - p. 1629 584. Psychodermatology - p. 1629 585. Part 5. Medicine Throughout Life - p. 1630 586. 46. Young adult medicine - p. 1631 587. 47. Sex and gender in medicine - p. 1639 588. Breast disease - p. 1640 589. Breast cancer - p. 1640 590. Congenital abnormalities of the breast - p. 1641 591. Aberrations of development and involution - p. 1641 592. Duct ectasia - p. 1642 593. Sclerosing lesions - p. 1642 594. Benign neoplasms and proliferations - p. 1642 595. Other benign conditions of the breast - p. 1643 596. Mastalgia - p. 1643 597. Nipple discharge - p. 1644 598. Breast infection - p. 1644 599. Granulomatous lobular mastitis - p. 1645 600. Mammary duct fistula - p. 1645 601. Skin-associated infection - p. 1645 602. Hidradenitis suppurativa - p. 1645 603. Post-surgical infection - p. 1645 604. Female health - p. 1646 605. The life course approach - p. 1649 606. Female adolescence - p. 1649 607. Heavy menstrual bleeding - p. 1649 608. Pre-pregnancy counselling - p. 1650 609. Miscarriage and stillbirth - p. 1651 610. Pregnancy - p. 1652 611. The postnatal visit - p. 1652 612. Contraception - p. 1653 613. Termination of pregnancy - p. 1653 614. Menopause - p. 1655 615. Female urinary incontinence - p. 1657 616. Uterine fibroids (leiomyomata) - p. 1657 617. Gynaecological malignancy - p. 1658 618. Domestic abuse and violence - p. 1659 619. Female genital mutilation - p. 1660 620. Male health - p. 1660 621. Benign conditions of the prostate - p. 1662 622. Prostate cancer - p. 1664 623. Diseases of the penis - p. 1666 624. Testicular and spermatic cord disease - p. 1667 625. Loss of libido and erectile dysfunction - p. 1669 626. The ageing male - p. 1669 627. Transgender health - p. 1670 628. 48. Obstetric medicine - p. 1680 629. 49. Medicine of the older adult - p. 1694 630. 50. Palliative care and symptom control - p. 1720 631. Index - p. 1735 632. Reference Intervals - p. 1758