Managed Pressure Drilling Fundamentals, Methods and Applications, First Edition provides the basic infrastructure and extended support necessary for drilling engineers to apply managed pressure drilling to their operations. Enhanced with multiple new chapters and contributions from both academic and corporate authors, this reference provides engineers with the basic processes and equipment behind MPD. Other sections explain the latest technology and real-world case studies, such as how to optimize the managed pressure drilling system, how to choose the best well candidate for MPD, and how to lower costs for land-based operations. Packed with a glossary, list of standards, and a well classification system, this book is a flagship reference for drilling engineers on how to understand basics and advances in this fast-paced area of oil and gas technology.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. Fundamentals and Essential Background - p. 27 3. 2.1 Introduction - p. 27 4. 2.2 Hydraulics - p. 27 5. 2.2.1 Hydraulics Introduction - p. 27 6. 2.2.2 Hydrostatics - p. 27 7. 2.2.2.1 Definitions - p. 27 8. 2.2.2.2 Density—Ideal and Non-Ideal Mixing - p. 29 9. 2.2.2.3 Incompressible Fluids - p. 30 10. 2.2.2.4 Compressible Fluids - p. 34 11. 2.2.2.5 Effect of Hole Cleaning and Barite Sag on Density - p. 44 12. 2.2.2.6 Multiple Fluid Gradients and Unbalanced U-Tube Effects - p. 45 13. 2.2.3 Hydrodynamics - p. 47 14. 2.2.3.1 Pump Pressure, Frictional Pressure Loss and ECD - p. 47 15. 2.2.3.2 Hydraulics Models - p. 53 16. 2.2.3.3 Hydraulic Modeling: Calculating Frictional Pressure Losses during Circulation - p. 56 17. 2.2.3.4 Transient Effects: Surge and Swab - p. 62 18. 2.2.3.5 Transient Effects: Mud Gelation and Pump Startups - p. 66 19. 2.2.3.6 Hole Cleaning - p. 67 20. 2.2.3.7 Bit Pressure Drop - p. 75 21. 2.2.3.8 Other Hydraulic Pressure Losses - p. 75 22. 2.2.3.9 Uncertainty in Hydraulic Modeling - p. 77 23. 2.3 Rock Mechanics and the Drilling Margin - p. 78 24. 2.3.1 Drilling Margin Introduction - p. 78 25. 2.3.2 Pore Pressure - p. 79 26. 2.3.3 Fracture Gradient - p. 91 27. 2.3.4 Effect of Depletion on Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient - p. 107 28. 2.3.5 Borehole Stability - p. 113 29. 2.3.5.1 Borehole Stability Introduction - p. 113 30. 2.3.5.2 Stress Tensor and Subsurface Stress Regimes - p. 115 31. 2.3.5.3 Subsurface Stress and Rock Failure - p. 119 32. 2.3.5.4 Near-Wellbore Stresses and Failure Orientation - p. 121 33. 2.3.5.5 Mud Weight for Borehole Stability—Avoiding Shear Failure - p. 126 34. 2.3.5.6 Mud Weight to Prevent Tensile Failure and Induced Fracturing - p. 131 35. 2.3.5.7 Wellbore Trajectory and the Drilling Margin - p. 132 36. 2.3.5.8 Obtaining Borehole Stability Modeling Input Variables - p. 135 37. 2.3.5.9 Borehole Stability Modeling Recommendations - p. 135 38. 2.3.6 Extending the Drilling Margin: Artificial Wellbore Strengthening - p. 138 39. 2.4 Well Control - p. 147 40. 2.4.1 Well Control Introduction - p. 147 41. 2.4.2 Definitions - p. 147 42. 2.4.3 Conventional Kick Detection - p. 148 43. 2.4.4 Wellbore Breathing Detection and Flowback Fingerprinting - p. 151 44. 2.4.5 Conventional Well Shut-In, SIDPP & SICP - p. 153 45. 2.4.6 MAASP/MASP and MAWP - p. 156 46. 2.4.7 Kick Intensity (KI) and Kick Tolerance (KT) - p. 158 47. 2.4.8 Casing Point Selection - p. 162 48. 2.4.9 Phase Behavior of Gases - p. 166 49. 2.4.10 Gas Solubility - p. 169 50. 2.4.11 Conventional Well Control Methods - p. 174 51. 2.4.12 Mud Gas Separator (MGS) Sizing - p. 184 52. 2.5 Speed of Sound - p. 188 53. 2.6 Temperature Effects - p. 189 54. 2.7 Pipe Light Conditions - p. 200 55. Chapter 3. MPD Benefits and Risks - p. 221 56. 3.1 Introduction—How MPD Changes the Game and Adds Value - p. 221 57. 3.2 Improved Safety - p. 222 58. 3.3 Well Design Optimization - p. 234 59. 3.4 NPT Avoidance - p. 237 60. 3.5 Invisible Lost Time (ILT) Avoidance and ROP Enhancement - p. 248 61. 3.6 Reduced Reservoir Damage and Production Optimization - p. 252 62. 3.7 Reduced Carbon Footprint of Well Construction Operations - p. 255 63. 3.8 AFE Assurance and Meeting Well Objectives: MPD as a Risk Reduction Tool - p. 257 64. 3.9 Risks and Drawbacks of MPD - p. 258 65. 3.10 Techno-economical Justification of MPD - p. 260 66. Chapter 4. MPD Equipment, Software, and Operational Implementation - p. 275 67. 4.1 Introduction - p. 275 68. 4.2 MPD Equipment - p. 276 69. 4.3 MPD Operational Implementation - p. 318 70. 4.4 MPD Software and Data-Acquisition - p. 341 71. Chapter 5. Continuous Circulation (CC) - p. 355 72. Chapter 6. Surface Back Pressure (SBP) - p. 383 73. 6.1 Introduction - p. 383 74. 6.2 Drilling Margin Management - p. 385 75. 6.3 Pressure Control and Influx Management - p. 413 76. 6.3.1 Introduction - p. 413 77. 6.3.2 Early Kick and Loss Detection (EKLD) - p. 413 78. 6.3.3 Influx Management - p. 419 79. 6.3.4 SMAASP and DMAASP - p. 438 80. 6.3.5 Mud Weight and SBP Selection using SMAASP and DMAASP - p. 440 81. 6.3.6 Kick Tolerance and Well Design/Casing Point Optimization - p. 443 82. 6.3.7 Riser Gas Handling (RGH) to Prevent Riser Gas Unloading (RGU) Events - p. 451 83. 6.4 Methods and Systems - p. 467 84. 6.5 SBP-MPD for Challenging Wells - p. 480 85. 6.6 Case Histories - p. 483 86. Chapter 7. Dual Gradient Drilling (DGD) - p. 513 87. 7.1 General Introduction - p. 513 88. 7.2 Riserless Drilling (RD)-Weighted Mud Discharge at the Seafloor - p. 518 89. 7.3 Riserless Mud Recovery (RMR) - p. 529 90. 7.4 Controlled (Annular) Mud Level (CML/CAML) - p. 541 91. 7.5 Inactive Systems - p. 571 92. Chapter 8. Mud Cap Drilling (MCD) - p. 591 93. 8.1 Introduction - p. 591 94. 8.2 MCD Subvariants - p. 594 95. 8.3 Gas Migration in MCD Operations - p. 610 96. 8.4 Planning and Executing PMCD Operations - p. 617 97. 8.5 PMCD Wireline and Coring Operations - p. 629 98. 8.6 Case Histories - p. 633 99. Chapter 9. Managed Pressure Cementing (MPC), Managed Pressure Completions (MPComp), Managed Pressure Casing/Liner/Completion Running - p. 649 100. 9.1 General Introduction - p. 649 101. 9.2 Managed Pressure Cementing (MPC) - p. 651 102. 9.3 Managed Pressure Completions (MPComp) - p. 681 103. 9.4 Downhole Measurements During MPC and MP Completions - p. 696 104. Chapter 10. Miscellaneous Methods: RMD, Multi-Phase MPD, Reelwell - p. 703 105. Chapter 11. MPD Event Detection, Automation and Control - p. 743 106. 11.1 General Introduction - p. 743 107. 11.2 Introduction to Drilling and MPD Automation - p. 744 108. 11.3 Event Detection - p. 759 109. 11.4 Automated MPD Control - p. 775 110. 11.4.1 Closed-Loop vs. Open-Loop Control - p. 775 111. 11.4.2 Process and Control Variables, Disturbances - p. 779 112. 11.4.3 Manual and Automated Control - p. 780 113. 11.4.4 Models for Estimation and Control - p. 789 114. 11.4.4.1 Introduction - p. 789 115. 11.4.4.2 Simple ODE Control Approach - p. 790 116. 11.4.4.3 RDFM Control Approach - p. 793 117. 11.4.4.4 Control Switching: Pressure, Flow and Solubility Control - p. 795 118. 11.4.5 Automated Tripping Advisory and Control - p. 796 119. 11.4.6 Automated Heave Control - p. 798 120. 11.4.7 Automated Fluid Property Monitoring - p. 800 121. 11.4.8 Automated Well Control - p. 802 122. 11.5 Digital Twinning and Hybrid Modeling - p. 806 123. Chapter 12. MPD Planning, Implementation and Risk Management - p. 831 124. 12.1 Well Construction Process (WCP) - p. 831 125. 12.2 MPD Project Management - p. 854 126. 12.3 MPD Risk Assessment - p. 867 127. 12.4 Training and Competency Assessment - p. 894 128. 12.5 Regulatory Approval - p. 901 129. 12.6 Summary: Key Documents, Events and Success Measures - p. 910 130. Chapter 13. Future Outlook - p. 919 131. Appendix A. Drift Flux Model and Reduced Drift Flux Model - p. 931 132. Appendix B. Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning Addendum - p. 941 133. Appendix C. Rock Mechanics Addendum - p. 951 134. Appendix D–Kick Tolerance Calculations - p. 957 135. Appendix E. Gas Solubility Example - p. 965 136. References - p. 969 137. Nomenclature - p. 1045 138. Index - p. 1049
Managed Pressure Drilling Fundamentals, Methods and Applications, First Edition provides the basic infrastructure and extended support necessary for drilling engineers to apply managed pressure drilling to their operations. Enhanced with multiple new chapters and contributions from both academic and corporate authors, this reference provides engineers with the basic processes and equipment behind MPD. Other sections explain the latest technology and real-world case studies, such as how to optimize the managed pressure drilling system, how to choose the best well candidate for MPD, and how to lower costs for land-based operations. Packed with a glossary, list of standards, and a well classification system, this book is a flagship reference for drilling engineers on how to understand basics and advances in this fast-paced area of oil and gas technology.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. Fundamentals and Essential Background - p. 27 3. 2.1 Introduction - p. 27 4. 2.2 Hydraulics - p. 27 5. 2.2.1 Hydraulics Introduction - p. 27 6. 2.2.2 Hydrostatics - p. 27 7. 2.2.2.1 Definitions - p. 27 8. 2.2.2.2 Density—Ideal and Non-Ideal Mixing - p. 29 9. 2.2.2.3 Incompressible Fluids - p. 30 10. 2.2.2.4 Compressible Fluids - p. 34 11. 2.2.2.5 Effect of Hole Cleaning and Barite Sag on Density - p. 44 12. 2.2.2.6 Multiple Fluid Gradients and Unbalanced U-Tube Effects - p. 45 13. 2.2.3 Hydrodynamics - p. 47 14. 2.2.3.1 Pump Pressure, Frictional Pressure Loss and ECD - p. 47 15. 2.2.3.2 Hydraulics Models - p. 53 16. 2.2.3.3 Hydraulic Modeling: Calculating Frictional Pressure Losses during Circulation - p. 56 17. 2.2.3.4 Transient Effects: Surge and Swab - p. 62 18. 2.2.3.5 Transient Effects: Mud Gelation and Pump Startups - p. 66 19. 2.2.3.6 Hole Cleaning - p. 67 20. 2.2.3.7 Bit Pressure Drop - p. 75 21. 2.2.3.8 Other Hydraulic Pressure Losses - p. 75 22. 2.2.3.9 Uncertainty in Hydraulic Modeling - p. 77 23. 2.3 Rock Mechanics and the Drilling Margin - p. 78 24. 2.3.1 Drilling Margin Introduction - p. 78 25. 2.3.2 Pore Pressure - p. 79 26. 2.3.3 Fracture Gradient - p. 91 27. 2.3.4 Effect of Depletion on Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient - p. 107 28. 2.3.5 Borehole Stability - p. 113 29. 2.3.5.1 Borehole Stability Introduction - p. 113 30. 2.3.5.2 Stress Tensor and Subsurface Stress Regimes - p. 115 31. 2.3.5.3 Subsurface Stress and Rock Failure - p. 119 32. 2.3.5.4 Near-Wellbore Stresses and Failure Orientation - p. 121 33. 2.3.5.5 Mud Weight for Borehole Stability—Avoiding Shear Failure - p. 126 34. 2.3.5.6 Mud Weight to Prevent Tensile Failure and Induced Fracturing - p. 131 35. 2.3.5.7 Wellbore Trajectory and the Drilling Margin - p. 132 36. 2.3.5.8 Obtaining Borehole Stability Modeling Input Variables - p. 135 37. 2.3.5.9 Borehole Stability Modeling Recommendations - p. 135 38. 2.3.6 Extending the Drilling Margin: Artificial Wellbore Strengthening - p. 138 39. 2.4 Well Control - p. 147 40. 2.4.1 Well Control Introduction - p. 147 41. 2.4.2 Definitions - p. 147 42. 2.4.3 Conventional Kick Detection - p. 148 43. 2.4.4 Wellbore Breathing Detection and Flowback Fingerprinting - p. 151 44. 2.4.5 Conventional Well Shut-In, SIDPP & SICP - p. 153 45. 2.4.6 MAASP/MASP and MAWP - p. 156 46. 2.4.7 Kick Intensity (KI) and Kick Tolerance (KT) - p. 158 47. 2.4.8 Casing Point Selection - p. 162 48. 2.4.9 Phase Behavior of Gases - p. 166 49. 2.4.10 Gas Solubility - p. 169 50. 2.4.11 Conventional Well Control Methods - p. 174 51. 2.4.12 Mud Gas Separator (MGS) Sizing - p. 184 52. 2.5 Speed of Sound - p. 188 53. 2.6 Temperature Effects - p. 189 54. 2.7 Pipe Light Conditions - p. 200 55. Chapter 3. MPD Benefits and Risks - p. 221 56. 3.1 Introduction—How MPD Changes the Game and Adds Value - p. 221 57. 3.2 Improved Safety - p. 222 58. 3.3 Well Design Optimization - p. 234 59. 3.4 NPT Avoidance - p. 237 60. 3.5 Invisible Lost Time (ILT) Avoidance and ROP Enhancement - p. 248 61. 3.6 Reduced Reservoir Damage and Production Optimization - p. 252 62. 3.7 Reduced Carbon Footprint of Well Construction Operations - p. 255 63. 3.8 AFE Assurance and Meeting Well Objectives: MPD as a Risk Reduction Tool - p. 257 64. 3.9 Risks and Drawbacks of MPD - p. 258 65. 3.10 Techno-economical Justification of MPD - p. 260 66. Chapter 4. MPD Equipment, Software, and Operational Implementation - p. 275 67. 4.1 Introduction - p. 275 68. 4.2 MPD Equipment - p. 276 69. 4.3 MPD Operational Implementation - p. 318 70. 4.4 MPD Software and Data-Acquisition - p. 341 71. Chapter 5. Continuous Circulation (CC) - p. 355 72. Chapter 6. Surface Back Pressure (SBP) - p. 383 73. 6.1 Introduction - p. 383 74. 6.2 Drilling Margin Management - p. 385 75. 6.3 Pressure Control and Influx Management - p. 413 76. 6.3.1 Introduction - p. 413 77. 6.3.2 Early Kick and Loss Detection (EKLD) - p. 413 78. 6.3.3 Influx Management - p. 419 79. 6.3.4 SMAASP and DMAASP - p. 438 80. 6.3.5 Mud Weight and SBP Selection using SMAASP and DMAASP - p. 440 81. 6.3.6 Kick Tolerance and Well Design/Casing Point Optimization - p. 443 82. 6.3.7 Riser Gas Handling (RGH) to Prevent Riser Gas Unloading (RGU) Events - p. 451 83. 6.4 Methods and Systems - p. 467 84. 6.5 SBP-MPD for Challenging Wells - p. 480 85. 6.6 Case Histories - p. 483 86. Chapter 7. Dual Gradient Drilling (DGD) - p. 513 87. 7.1 General Introduction - p. 513 88. 7.2 Riserless Drilling (RD)-Weighted Mud Discharge at the Seafloor - p. 518 89. 7.3 Riserless Mud Recovery (RMR) - p. 529 90. 7.4 Controlled (Annular) Mud Level (CML/CAML) - p. 541 91. 7.5 Inactive Systems - p. 571 92. Chapter 8. Mud Cap Drilling (MCD) - p. 591 93. 8.1 Introduction - p. 591 94. 8.2 MCD Subvariants - p. 594 95. 8.3 Gas Migration in MCD Operations - p. 610 96. 8.4 Planning and Executing PMCD Operations - p. 617 97. 8.5 PMCD Wireline and Coring Operations - p. 629 98. 8.6 Case Histories - p. 633 99. Chapter 9. Managed Pressure Cementing (MPC), Managed Pressure Completions (MPComp), Managed Pressure Casing/Liner/Completion Running - p. 649 100. 9.1 General Introduction - p. 649 101. 9.2 Managed Pressure Cementing (MPC) - p. 651 102. 9.3 Managed Pressure Completions (MPComp) - p. 681 103. 9.4 Downhole Measurements During MPC and MP Completions - p. 696 104. Chapter 10. Miscellaneous Methods: RMD, Multi-Phase MPD, Reelwell - p. 703 105. Chapter 11. MPD Event Detection, Automation and Control - p. 743 106. 11.1 General Introduction - p. 743 107. 11.2 Introduction to Drilling and MPD Automation - p. 744 108. 11.3 Event Detection - p. 759 109. 11.4 Automated MPD Control - p. 775 110. 11.4.1 Closed-Loop vs. Open-Loop Control - p. 775 111. 11.4.2 Process and Control Variables, Disturbances - p. 779 112. 11.4.3 Manual and Automated Control - p. 780 113. 11.4.4 Models for Estimation and Control - p. 789 114. 11.4.4.1 Introduction - p. 789 115. 11.4.4.2 Simple ODE Control Approach - p. 790 116. 11.4.4.3 RDFM Control Approach - p. 793 117. 11.4.4.4 Control Switching: Pressure, Flow and Solubility Control - p. 795 118. 11.4.5 Automated Tripping Advisory and Control - p. 796 119. 11.4.6 Automated Heave Control - p. 798 120. 11.4.7 Automated Fluid Property Monitoring - p. 800 121. 11.4.8 Automated Well Control - p. 802 122. 11.5 Digital Twinning and Hybrid Modeling - p. 806 123. Chapter 12. MPD Planning, Implementation and Risk Management - p. 831 124. 12.1 Well Construction Process (WCP) - p. 831 125. 12.2 MPD Project Management - p. 854 126. 12.3 MPD Risk Assessment - p. 867 127. 12.4 Training and Competency Assessment - p. 894 128. 12.5 Regulatory Approval - p. 901 129. 12.6 Summary: Key Documents, Events and Success Measures - p. 910 130. Chapter 13. Future Outlook - p. 919 131. Appendix A. Drift Flux Model and Reduced Drift Flux Model - p. 931 132. Appendix B. Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning Addendum - p. 941 133. Appendix C. Rock Mechanics Addendum - p. 951 134. Appendix D–Kick Tolerance Calculations - p. 957 135. Appendix E. Gas Solubility Example - p. 965 136. References - p. 969 137. Nomenclature - p. 1045 138. Index - p. 1049
