Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

1. 113. Introduction to Eye Infections - p. 1428 2. 114. Microbial Conjunctivitis - p. 1432 3. 115. Microbial Keratitis - p. 1443 4. 116. Endophthalmitis - p. 1458 5. 117. Infectious Causes of Uveitis - p. 1467 6. 118. Periocular Infections - p. 1477 7. N. Hepatitis - p. 1483.e2 8. 119. Viral Hepatitis - p. 1484 9. O. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - p. 1488.e2 10. 120. Human Immunodeficiency Viruses - p. 1489 11. 121. Global Perspectives on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - p. 1501 12. 122. Epidemiology and Prevention of AIDS and HIV Infection, Including Preexposure Prophylaxis and HIV Vaccine Development - p. 1516 13. HIV and AIDS Surveillance in the United States - p. 1516 14. HIV Infection and Aids in Adults - p. 1517 15. HIV/AIDS in Children - p. 1523 16. Modes of Transmission - p. 1523 17. HIV Infection and AIDS Outside the United States - p. 1527 18. HIV-2 - p. 1527 19. Prevention of HIV Infection - p. 1528 20. Counseling and HIV Antigen/Antibody Testing - p. 1532 21. Vaccines for HIV Type 1 Infection - p. 1532 22. Summary - p. 1535 23. 123. Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1537 24. Background and Perspective - p. 1538 25. Terminology and Performance Characteristics - p. 1544 26. Specific Laboratory Methods for Detection of HIV Infection - p. 1545 27. Techniques to Detect HIV Antigens - p. 1546 28. Combination Assays: Fourth-Generation HIV Antigen-Antibody Assays - p. 1546 29. False-Positive and False-Negative Results in Serologic Screening Tests for HIV - p. 1548 30. Nonserologic Techniques to Screen for HIV - p. 1550 31. HIV Supplemental and Confirmatory Assays - p. 1551 32. Western Blotting - p. 1551 33. Immunofluorescence - p. 1551 34. Virologic Techniques to Detect HIV Infection - p. 1551 35. Diagnostic Algorithms and Practical Application of HIV Detection Assays - p. 1552 36. Practical Guide to HIV Diagnosis - p. 1555 37. Specific Circumstances and Special Populations - p. 1555 38. Regulatory Issues - p. 1560 39. Conclusion - p. 1561 40. Acknowledgments - p. 1561 41. 124. The Immunology of HIV-1 Infection, Mechanisms of Viral Persistence, and Prospects for Cure - p. 1562 42. HIV-1–Specific Immune Responses - p. 1562 43. Virologic Factors in Disease Progression - p. 1566 44. Vaccines - p. 1566 45. Prospect for a Cure - p. 1566 46. Summary - p. 1576 47. 125. General Clinical Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (Including Acute Retroviral Syndrome and Oral, Cutaneous, Renal, Ocular, Metabolic, and Cardiac Diseases) - p. 1578 48. History - p. 1578 49. Natural History of HIV Infection - p. 1579 50. Classification of HIV Infection - p. 1581 51. Clinical Manifestations - p. 1581 52. 126. Pulmonary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1595 53. 127. Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, and Pancreatic Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1604 54. 128. Neurologic Diseases Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Opportunistic Infections - p. 1610 55. Principal Neurologic Manifestations of HIV Type 1 Infection - p. 1610 56. Cognitive and Motor Syndromes - p. 1612 57. Central Nervous System Mass Lesions - p. 1614 58. Spinal Syndrome - p. 1620 59. Peripheral Nervous System Syndromes - p. 1621 60. Musculoskeletal Syndromes - p. 1624 61. Seizures - p. 1624 62. Temporal Trends and Aging in Neurologic Manifestations of HIV Infection - p. 1625 63. 129. Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1628 64. 130. Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1637 65. Antiretroviral Agents - p. 1637 66. Fostemsavir - p. 1654 67. Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy - p. 1654 68. Laboratory Testing During Antiretroviral Therapy - p. 1656 69. Changing Therapy - p. 1657 70. Special Circumstances - p. 1658 71. Conclusions and Future Directions - p. 1658 72. 131. Management of Opportunistic Infections Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1659 73. Immunologic Monitoring - p. 1660 74. Spectrum of Opportunistic Pathogens - p. 1660 75. Infections Due to Pathogens that are not Opportunistic - p. 1661 76. Management of Antiretroviral Therapy for Patients with Acute Opportunistic Infection - p. 1661 77. Drug-Drug Interactions - p. 1661 78. Prevention of Opportunistic Infections - p. 1662 79. Management of Specific Opportunistic Infections - p. 1662 80. Mycobacterium Species Infection - p. 1679 81. P. COVID-19 - p. 1683.e6 82. 132. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Virology - p. 1684 83. 133. Global Perspective and Epidemiology of COVID-19 - p. 1695 84. 134. Immunology and Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 - p. 1707 85. 135. Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 in Adults and Children - p. 1723 86. Scope of Symptoms From COVID-19 in Adults - p. 1723 87. The Asymptomatic Fraction - p. 1724 88. COVID-19 Illness Course - p. 1724 89. Persistent Sars-COV-2 Infection - p. 1724 90. COVID-19 Severity Spectrum and Infection Fatality Rate - p. 1725 91. Respiratory Manifestations of COVID-19 - p. 1726 92. Cardiac Manifestations of COVID-19 - p. 1727 93. Neurologic and Psychiatric Manifestations of COVID-19 - p. 1729 94. Renal Manifestations of COVID-19 - p. 1730 95. Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Manifestations of COVID-19 - p. 1731 96. Hematologic Manifestations of COVID-19 - p. 1731 97. Dermatologic and Rheumatologic Manifestations of COVID-19 - p. 1731 98. Co-occurring Infections in People with COVID-19 - p. 1732 99. Post-Acute COVID Syndrome - p. 1733 100. Special Populations: Pregnancy - p. 1734 101. Special Populations: People with HIV - p. 1734 102. Special Populations: Organ Transplant Recipients - p. 1734 103. Special Populations: Infants and Children - p. 1734 104. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) - p. 1736 105. 136. Treatment and Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) - p. 1740 106. Vaccines - p. 1740 107. Passive Immunotherapy - p. 1748 108. Antivirals - p. 1749 109. Immune Modulators - p. 1752 110. Anticoagulants - p. 1754 111. Q. Miscellaneous Syndromes - p. 1755.e5 112. 137. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - p. 1756 113. Definition and Clinical Manifestations - p. 1756 114. History - p. 1756 115. Specific Infectious Agents Linked to ME/CFS - p. 1757 116. Epidemiology - p. 1758 117. Pathogenesis - p. 1759 118. Diagnosis - p. 1761 119. Comorbid Conditions - p. 1761 120. Treatment - p. 1761 121. Prognosis - p. 1763 122. Prevention - p. 1763 123. Summary - p. 1763 124. VOLUME 2 - p. 1764.e9 125. Infectious Diseases and Their Etiologic Agents - p. 1764.e9 126. A. Viral Diseases - p. 1764.e9 127. 138. Biology of Viruses and Viral Diseases - p. 1765 128. History - p. 1765 129. Virus Structure and Classification - p. 1766 130. Virus-Cell Interactions - p. 1767 131. Antiviral Drugs (also see Chapters 47–51Chapter 47Chapter 48Chapter 49Chapter 51) - p. 1770 132. Virus-Host Interactions - p. 1771 133. Viral Virulence Determinants - p. 1774 134. Host Responses to Infection - p. 1774 135. Acknowledgments - p. 1776 136. 139. Orthopoxviruses: Vaccinia (Smallpox Vaccine), Variola (Smallpox), Mpox, and Cowpox - p. 1778 137. 140. Other Poxviruses That Infect Humans: Parapoxviruses (Including Orf Virus), Molluscum Contagiosum, and Yatapoxviruses - p. 1789 138. 141. Introduction to Herpesviridae - p. 1793 139. 142. Herpes Simplex Virus - p. 1799 140. Description of the Virus - p. 1799 141. Epidemiology - p. 1801 142. Transmission - p. 1802 143. Pathogenesis - p. 1803 144. Spectrum of Diseases Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus - p. 1805 145. Orofacial Herpes Simplex Virus Infection - p. 1805 146. Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection - p. 1806 147. Recurrent Mucocutaneous Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - p. 1808 148. Frequency of Reactivation and Recurrence - p. 1809 149. Herpetic Whitlow - p. 1809 150. Herpes Gladiatorum - p. 1809 151. Eye Infections - p. 1809 152. Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis - p. 1809 153. Visceral and Pulmonary Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - p. 1810 154. Herpes Simplex Virus Lymphadenitis - p. 1810 155. Genital HSV Infection in People Living With HIV Infection - p. 1810 156. HSV Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts Not Infected With HIV - p. 1811 157. Neonatal Herpes - p. 1812 158. Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Pregnancy - p. 1812 159. Diagnosis of Active Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - p. 1814 160. Diagnosis of Established Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - p. 1814 161. Overview of Therapies for Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - p. 1814 162. Counseling and Prevention - p. 1817 163. 143. Chickenpox and Herpes Zoster (Varicella-Zoster Virus) - p. 1820 164. 144. Cytomegalovirus - p. 1828 165. Clinical Manifestations - p. 1831 166. Diagnosis of HCMV Infections - p. 1836 167. Therapy of HCMV Infections (see also Chapter 49) - p. 1838 168. 145. Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Malignant Diseases, and Other Diseases) - p. 1844 169. History - p. 1844 170. Description of Epstein-Barr Virus - p. 1845 171. Epidemiology - p. 1846 172. Pathogenesis - p. 1847 173. Clinical Manifestations - p. 1848 174. Laboratory Diagnosis - p. 1856 175. Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis - p. 1858 176. Therapy - p. 1859 177. Prevention - p. 1860 178. 146. Human Herpesvirus Types 6 and 7 (Exanthem Subitum) - p. 1862 179. 147. Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8) - p. 1868 180. 148. Herpes B Virus - p. 1875 181. 149. Adenoviruses - p. 1879 182. 150. Papillomaviruses - p. 1887 183. Virology - p. 1887 184. Epidemiology - p. 1888 185. Pathogenesis - p. 1890 186. Clinical Manifestations - p. 1892 187. Diagnosis - p. 1894 188. Therapy - p. 1895 189. Prevention and Vaccination - p. 1898 190. 151. JC, BK, and Other Polyomaviruses: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, BK Nephropathy, and Merkel Cell Carcinoma - p. 1902 191. 152. Hepatitis B Virus - p. 1913 192. Overview - p. 1913 193. Natural History and Pathogenesis of Disease - p. 1917 194. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B - p. 1920 195. Routes of Transmission - p. 1921 196. Clinical Manifestations and Prognosis - p. 1921 197. Clinical Manifestations and Natural History in Special Hosts - p. 1925 198. Screening and Diagnosis of HBV Infection - p. 1926 199. Management of Hepatitis B - p. 1927 200. Management in Special Populations - p. 1931 201. Other Management Issues in Chronic Hepatitis B - p. 1932 202. Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection - p. 1933 203. Hepatitis B Virus Cure - p. 1936 204. 153. Hepatitis D Virus - p. 1938 205. 154. Human Parvoviruses, Including Parvovirus B19, Human Bocaviruses, and Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAVs) - p. 1943 206. 155. Orthoreoviruses and Orbiviruses - p. 1951 207. 156. Coltiviruses (Colorado Tick Fever Virus) and Seadornaviruses - p. 1955 208. 157. Rotaviruses - p. 1958 209. History and Overview - p. 1958 210. Viral Structure and Replication - p. 1958 211. Clinical Manifestations - p. 1961 212. Pathogenesis - p. 1962 213. Serology and Classification - p. 1963 214. Epidemiology - p. 1964 215. Immunity - p. 1965 216. Diagnosis - p. 1966 217. Therapy - p. 1967 218. Immunization - p. 1968 219. Acknowledgments - p. 1970 220. 158. Alphaviruses - p. 1972 221. 159. Rubella Virus (German Measles) - p. 1983 222. 160. Flaviviruses: (Dengue, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, Usutu Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Powassan Encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest Disease, Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever, Zika) - p. 1991 223. History - p. 1992 224. Pathogens - p. 1994 225. Epidemiology - p. 1995 226. Pathogenesis - p. 2001 227. Clinical Manifestations - p. 2004 228. Laboratory Diagnosis - p. 2009 229. Prevention and Therapy - p. 2010 230. Other Flavivirus Infections - p. 2014 231. Acknowledgments - p. 2015 232. 161. Hepatitis C - p. 2017 233. Non-A, Non-B Viral Hepatitis and Hepatitis C - p. 2018 234. Hepatitis C Virus - p. 2018 235. Natural History and Pathogenesis - p. 2024 236. Clinical Manifestations of Hepatitis C Virus Infection - p. 2030 237. Diagnosis Laboratory Assessment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection - p. 2032 238. Epidemiology of Hepatitis C - p. 2035 239. Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C - p. 2037 240. Prevention - p. 2046 241. Hepatitis C Virus Elimination - p. 2047 242. Acknowledgments - p. 2049 243. 162. Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) - p. 2051 244. 163. Parainfluenza Viruses - p. 2061 245. 164. Mumps Virus - p. 2067 246. 165. Respiratory Syncytial Virus - p. 2074 247. History - p. 2074 248. Viral Structure and Characteristics - p. 2074 249. Laboratory Properties and Animal Models - p. 2075 250. Epidemiology - p. 2075 251. Prevalence and Incidence - p. 2076 252. Pathogenesis - p. 2077 253. Immunity and Pathogenesis of Disease - p. 2077 254. Maternally Derived Immunity - p. 2078 255. Innate Immunity - p. 2078 256. Adaptive Immunity - p. 2078 257. Clinical Manifestations - p. 2079 258. Acute Complications - p. 2079 259. 166. Human Metapneumovirus - p. 2085 260. 167. Measles Virus (Rubeola) - p. 2092 261. 168. Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Nipah, Hendra, and Pararubulaviruses - p. 2098 262. 169. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Related Vesiculoviruses (Chandipura Virus) - p. 2106 263. 170. Rabies (Rhabdoviruses) - p. 2109 264. 171. Marburg and Ebola Virus Diseases - p. 2120 265. 172. Influenza Viruses, Including Avian Influenza and Swine Influenza - p. 2126 266. History - p. 2126 267. The Viruses - p. 2126 268. Epidemiology and Disease Effects - p. 2128 269. Antigenic Variation - p. 2131 270. Clinical Findings - p. 2134 271. Pathogenesis - p. 2135 272. Host Response - p. 2137 273. Diagnosis - p. 2139 274. Vaccines - p. 2140 275. 173. Bunyavirus Infections: Hantavirus Syndromes, La Crosse Encephalitis, Rift Valley Fever, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, and Others - p. 2152 276. 174. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, Lassa Virus, Lujo Virus, and the South American Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses (Arenaviruses) - p. 2161 277. 175. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus - p. 2169 278. Structure and Molecular Organization - p. 2170 279. gag, pro, pol, and env - p. 2170 280. Tax - p. 2170 281. HBZ and APH - p. 2170 282. Rex - p. 2170 283. Other Proteins Encoded by the pX Region - p. 2170 284. Biology - p. 2170 285. Virus Isolation - p. 2171 286. Serologic Assays and Antigen Detection - p. 2171 287. Nucleic Acid Detection - p. 2172 288. Immunology of HTLV Infection - p. 2172 289. Humoral Immune Responses - p. 2172 290. Cellular Immunity - p. 2173 291. Serologic Epidemiology - p. 2173 292. Molecular Epidemiology - p. 2175 293. Routes of Transmission - p. 2177 294. Clinical Manifestations of HTLV Infections - p. 2179 295. Prevention - p. 2183 296. Conclusion - p. 2183 297. Acknowledgments - p. 2184 298. 176. Introduction to the Human Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses - p. 2185 299. 177. Poliovirus - p. 2192 300. 178. Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, and Numbered Enteroviruses (EV-D68, EV-D70, EV-A71) - p. 2199 301. 179. The Human Parechoviruses - p. 2210 302. 180. Hepatitis A Virus - p. 2215 303. History - p. 2215 304. Classification and Physicochemical and Biologic Properties of Hepatitis A Virus - p. 2216 305. Epidemiology - p. 2219 306. Pathogenesis - p. 2225 307. Manifestations - p. 2225 308. Therapy and General Management - p. 2226 309. Laboratory Diagnosis - p. 2226 310. Immunity - p. 2227 311. Prevention - p. 2227 312. Recommendations for Prevention - p. 2229 313. Acknowledgments - p. 2232 314. 181. Rhinovirus - p. 2233 315. 182. Noroviruses and Sapoviruses (Caliciviruses) - p. 2239 316. 183. Astroviruses and Picobirnaviruses - p. 2246 317. 184. Hepatitis E Virus - p. 2250 318. B. Prion Diseases - p. 2256.e2 319. 185. Prions and Prion Diseases of the Central Nervous System (Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases) - p. 2257 320. C. Chlamydial Diseases - p. 2269.e3 321. 186. Chlamydia trachomatis (Urogenital Infections and Trachoma) - p. 2270 322. Epidemiology - p. 2271 323. Chlamydial Taxonomy And Biology - p. 2271 324. Antigenic and Genetic Diversity - p. 2274 325. Pathogenesis - p. 2275 326. Immunity and Vaccines - p. 2276 327. Laboratory Diagnosis - p. 2277 328. Clinical Manifestations and Treatment - p. 2279 329. Prevention Strategies - p. 2289 330. Acknowledgment - p. 2291 331. 187. Psittacosis (Due to Chlamydia psittaci) - p. 2293 332. 188. Chlamydia pneumoniae - p. 2296 333. D. Mycoplasma Diseases - p. 2304.e2 334. 189. Mycoplasmoides (Mycoplasma) pneumoniae - p. 2305 335. 190. Genital Mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma Species - p. 2313 336. E. Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmoses - p. 2316.e2 337. 191. Introduction to Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmoses - p. 2317 338. 192. Rickettsia rickettsii and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fevers)a[AU4] - p. 2322 339. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - p. 2322 340. Other Tick-Borne Spotted Fever Group Rickettisoses - p. 2328 341. Other Tickborne Spotted Fevers (Moderate Severity) - p. 2328 342. Other Tickborne Spotted Fevers (Mild Severity) - p. 2329 343. Mite-Borne Spotted Fever (Rickettsialpox) - p. 2330 344. Flea-Borne Spotted Fever - p. 2331 345. Diagnosis of Other Spotted Fevers - p. 2331 346. Treatment of Other Spotted Fevers - p. 2331 347. 193. Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) - p. 2333 348. 194. Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic or Louse-Borne Typhus) - p. 2343 349. 195. Rickettsia typhi (Murine Typhus) - p. 2348 350. 196. Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub Typhus) - p. 2353 351. 197. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Other Anaplasmataceae - p. 2358 352. F. Bacterial Diseases - p. 2366.e4 353. 198. Introduction to Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases - p. 2367 354. i. Infections Due to Gram-Positive Bacteria - p. 2370.e1 355. 199. Staphylococcus aureus - p. 2371 356. The Microorganism - p. 2373 357. Pathogenesis - p. 2380 358. Antibiotic Resistance - p. 2388 359. Alternative Treatments - p. 2395 360. Clinical Aspects and Epidemiology - p. 2397 361. Clinical Syndromes - p. 2399 362. Superantigens and Toxinic Diseases - p. 2399 363. Pyogenic Infections - p. 2401 364. Acknowledgment - p. 2411 365. 200. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - p. 2413 366. Microbiology - p. 2413 367. Laboratory Identification - p. 2413 368. Ecology and Symbiosis with the Human Host - p. 2414 369. Antibiotic Resistance - p. 2415 370. Population Biology - p. 2415 371. Pathogenesis - p. 2415 372. Epidemiology and Clinical Syndromes - p. 2417 373. Patient Populations at Increased Risk of Infection with Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - p. 2422 374. Non–Staphylococcus Epidermidis Species of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - p. 2423 375. Other Species of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - p. 2424 376. Novel Therapeutic Options for Infections Due to Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - p. 2424 377. 201. Classification of Streptococci - p. 2425 378. 202. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) - p. 2428 379. History - p. 2428 380. Description of the Pathogen - p. 2429 381. Streptococcal Pharyngitis - p. 2431 382. Streptococcal Pyoderma - p. 2436 383. Invasive Streptococcal Infections of Skin and Soft Tissues - p. 2437 384. Bacteremia - p. 2444 385. Other Streptococcal Infections - p. 2444 386. 203. Nonsuppurative Poststreptococcal Sequelae: Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis - p. 2446 387. 204. Streptococcus pneumoniae - p. 2457 388. History - p. 2457 389. Microbiology - p. 2458 390. Epidemiology - p. 2459 391. Pathogenetic Mechanisms - p. 2460 392. Factors That Predispose to Pneumococcal Infection - p. 2463 393. Treatment of Pneumococcal Infection - p. 2467 394. Prevalence of Resistance - p. 2468 395. Therapy - p. 2468 396. Prevention - p. 2469 397. 205. Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus gallolyticus Group, and Leuconostoc Species - p. 2474 398. 206. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococci) - p. 2487 399. 207. Viridans Streptococci, Nutritionally Variant Streptococci, and Groups C and G Streptococci - p. 2495 400. 208. Streptococcus anginosus Group - p. 2503 401. 209. Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria) - p. 2508 402. 210. Other Coryneform Bacteria and Rhodococci - p. 2515 403. Coryneform Bacteria Other than Corynebacterium Diphtheriae - p. 2515 404. Rhodococci - p. 2522 405. 211. Listeria monocytogenes - p. 2527 406. 212. Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) - p. 2534 407. Epidemiology - p. 2535 408. Microbiology - p. 2536 409. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis - p. 2538 410. Therapy of all Forms of Anthrax - p. 2544 411. Prevention - p. 2548 412. Anthrax as an Agent of Bioterrorism - p. 2548 413. Anthrax Countermeasures - p. 2552 414. 213. Bacillus Species and Related Genera Other Than Bacillus anthracis - p. 2557 415. 214. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae - p. 2562 416. 215. Whipple Disease - p. 2565 417. ii. Infections Due to Gram-Negative Bacteria - p. 2571.e1 418. 216. Neisseria meningitidis - p. 2572 419. Definition and History - p. 2573 420. Microbiology - p. 2573 421. Biology and Pathogenesis - p. 2573 422. Epidemiology - p. 2578 423. Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology - p. 2581 424. Complement Deficiency and Meningococcal Disease (See Chapter 9) - p. 2583 425. Diagnosis - p. 2586 426. Treatment - p. 2586 427. Prevention - p. 2589 428. 217. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea) - p. 2596 429. 218. Moraxella catarrhalis, Kingella, and Other Gram-Negative Cocci - p. 2616 430. 219. Vibrio cholerae - p. 2625 431. 220. Other Pathogenic Vibrios - p. 2634 432. 221. Campylobacter jejuni and Related Species - p. 2639 433. 222. Helicobacter pylori and Other Gastric Helicobacter Species - p. 2649 434. 223. Enterobacterales (Enterobacteriaceae) - p. 2658 435. General Properties - p. 2658 436. Specific Organisms - p. 2662 437. Escherichia - p. 2662 438. Klebsiella - p. 2669 439. Enterobacter Species, Pantoea Agglomerans, and Cronobacter sakazakii - p. 2671 440. Serratia Species - p. 2672 441. Citrobacter Species - p. 2673 442. Hafnia alvei - p. 2673 443. Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella - p. 2673 444. Less Common Genera - p. 2675 445. Acknowledgments - p. 2675 446. 224. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Other Pseudomonas Species - p. 2677 447. 225. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia Complex - p. 2692 448. 226. Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei: Melioidosis and Glanders - p. 2698 449. 227. Acinetobacter Species - p. 2710 450. 228. Salmonella Species - p. 2717 451. 229. Bacillary Dysentery: Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli - p. 2729 452. 230. Haemophilus Species, Including H. influenzae and H. ducreyi (Chancroid) - p. 2735 453. 231. Brucellosis (Brucella Species) - p. 2744 454. 232. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) - p. 2750 455. History - p. 2750 456. Microbiology - p. 2751 457. Epidemiology - p. 2752 458. Pathogenesis - p. 2754 459. Clinical Manifestations - p. 2755 460. Complications and Outcome - p. 2758 461. Diagnosis - p. 2758 462. Therapy - p. 2759 463. Prevention - p. 2761 464. Acknowledgments - p. 2762 465. Disclaimer - p. 2762 466. 233. Pasteurella Species - p. 2764 467. 234. Plague (Yersinia pestis) - p. 2770 468. 235. Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis - p. 2779 469. 236. Bordetella pertussis - p. 2784 470. 237. Rat-Bite Fever: Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus - p. 2795 471. 238. Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever - p. 2799 472. Introduction and History - p. 2799 473. The Etiologic Agent - p. 2799 474. 239. Capnocytophaga Species - p. 2812 475. 240. Bartonella, Including Cat-Scratch Disease - p. 2819 476. Background and Classification of Bartonella Species - p. 2820 477. Epidemiology of the Common Human-Pathogenic Bartonella Species - p. 2820 478. Clinical Manifestations of the Common Human Pathogenic Bartonella Species in the Immune Competent Host: B. Henselae, B. Quintana, and B. Bacilliformis (See Table 240.2) - p. 2823 479. Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Associated with Bartonella Infections - p. 2833 480. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bartonella Infections - p. 2834 481. Treatment and Prevention of Bartonella Infections - p. 2837 482. 241. Klebsiella granulomatis (Donovanosis, Granuloma Inguinale) - p. 2840 483. 242. Other Gram-Negative and Gram-Variable Bacilli - p. 2843 484. Glucose Fermenters - p. 2843 485. Glucose Nonfermenters or Weak Fermenters - p. 2852 486. Acknowledgments - p. 2859 487. iii. Infections Due to Spirochetal Bacteria - p. 2860.e5 488. 243. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) - p. 2861 489. History - p. 2862 490. Etiology - p. 2863 491. Epidemiology - p. 2865 492. Pathogenesis - p. 2867 493. Pathologic Features - p. 2868 494. Natural Course of Untreated Syphilis - p. 2870 495. Clinical Manifestations - p. 2871 496. Laboratory Diagnosis - p. 2877 497. Therapy and Response - p. 2883 498. Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction - p. 2886 499. Immunity and Vaccine Development - p. 2891 500. Acknowledgments - p. 2891 501. 244. Endemic Treponematoses - p. 2893 502. 245. Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis) - p. 2898 503. 246. Relapsing Fever Caused by Borrelia Species - p. 2905 504. 247. Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis) Due to Borrelia burgdorferi - p. 2913 505. iv. Infections Due to Anaerobic Bacteria - p. 2924.e2 506. 248. Anaerobic Infections: General Concepts - p. 2925 507. 249. Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Infection - p. 2938 508. Historical Overview - p. 2938 509. Pathogenesis - p. 2939 510. Epidemiology - p. 2941 511. Clinical and Pathologic Manifestations - p. 2945 512. Diagnosis - p. 2945 513. Treatment - p. 2947 514. Conclusions - p. 2952 515. 250. Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) - p. 2954 516. 251. Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) - p. 2961 517. Chapter 252. Diseases Caused by Clostridium - p. 2967 518. 253. Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium Species (and Other Medically Important Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli) - p. 2973 519. 254. Anaerobic Cocci and Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli - p. 2981 520. v. Infections Due to Acid-Fast Organisms - p. 2988.e3 521. 255. Mycobacterium tuberculosis - p. 2989 522. History - p. 2990 523. Microbiology - p. 2990 524. Epidemiology - p. 2994 525. Immunology - p. 2997 526. Testing for Latent Tuberculosis Infection - p. 2998 527. Pathogenesis - p. 3000 528. Pulmonary Tuberculosis - p. 3002 529. Therapy - p. 3005 530. Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis - p. 3014 531. Post-Tuberculosis Complications - p. 3022 532. 256. Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) - p. 3026 533. 257. Mycobacterium avium Complex - p. 3039 534. Epidemiology - p. 3039 535. Pathogen: Classification and Microbiology - p. 3041 536. Clinical Manifestations - p. 3042 537. Diagnosis - p. 3044 538. Treatment and Prevention - p. 3045 539. Acknowledgments - p. 3050 540. 258. Infections Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Other Than Mycobacterium avium Complex - p. 3053 541. 259. Nocardia Species - p. 3061 542. 260. Agents of Actinomycosis - p. 3073 543. G. Mycoses - p. 3083.e4 544. 261. Introduction to Mycoses - p. 3084 545. 262. Candida Species - p. 3089 546. 263. Aspergillus Species - p. 3105 547. Mycology - p. 3105 548. Epidemiology - p. 3108 549. Pathogenicity and Host Defenses - p. 3108 550. Clinical Presentation - p. 3110 551. Diagnosis and Antifungal Resistance - p. 3113 552. Therapy (Table 263.4) - p. 3115 553. Prevention and Prophylaxis - p. 3117 554. 264. Agents of Mucormycosis and Entomophthoramycosis - p. 3119 555. 265. Sporothrix schenckii - p. 3133 556. 266. Chromoblastomycosis - p. 3139 557. 267. Mycetoma - p. 3143 558. 268. Cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii) - p. 3148 559. History - p. 3148 560. Mycology - p. 3149 561. Ecology - p. 3151 562. Epidemiology - p. 3151 563. Pathogenicity - p. 3153 564. Host Responses - p. 3154 565. Pathogenesis - p. 3155 566. Clinical Manifestations - p. 3155 567. Laboratory Diagnosis - p. 3159 568. Management - p. 3161 569. Prognosis - p. 3163 570. Prevention (Preemptive and Prophylaxis Strategies) - p. 3164 571. 269. Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis) - p. 3166 572. 270. Blastomycosis - p. 3181 573. 271. Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species) - p. 3195 574. 272. Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) and Other Superficial Mycoses - p. 3207 575. 273. Paracoccidioidomycosis - p. 3217 576. 274. Uncommon Fungi and Related Species - p. 3230 577. Scedosporium Apiospermum Species Complex - p. 3231 578. Lomentospora (Formerly Scedosporium) Prolificans - p. 3232 579. Dark-Walled Fungi (Phaeohyphomycosis) - p. 3232 580. Fusarium Species - p. 3235 581. Other Opportunistic Molds - p. 3236 582. Talaromyces (Formerly Penicillium) Marneffei - p. 3236 583. Emergomyces Species - p. 3237 584. Agents of Adiaspiromycosis (Emmonsia Species) - p. 3237 585. Paracoccidiodes (Lacazia) Loboi - p. 3237 586. Trichosporon Species - p. 3238 587. Malassezia Furfur - p. 3238 588. Other Uncommon Yeasts - p. 3239 589. Prototheca Species - p. 3239 590. Pythium Species - p. 3239 591. Rhinosporidium Seeberi - p. 3240 592. Summary - p. 3240 593. 275. Pneumocystis Species - p. 3245 594. Pathogen - p. 3245 595. Epidemiology - p. 3247 596. Immunopathogenesis and Pathology - p. 3250 597. Clinical Manifestations - p. 3253 598. Diagnosis - p. 3253 599. Granulomatous Pneumocystosis - p. 3256 600. Course and Prognosis - p. 3256 601. Treatment - p. 3257 602. Prevention - p. 3259 603. 276. Microsporidiosis - p. 3263 604. Genomics and Phylogeny of The Microsporidia - p. 3264 605. Cell Characteristics and Biology - p. 3265 606. Epidemiology - p. 3266 607. Pathology and Pathogenesis - p. 3267 608. Immunology - p. 3270 609. Clinical Manifestations - p. 3270 610. Diagnosis - p. 3272 611. Therapy - p. 3273 612. Ocular Disease - p. 3275 613. Prevention - p. 3275 614. H. Protozoal Diseases - p. 3277.e6 615. 277. Introduction to Protozoal Diseases - p. 3278 616. 278. Entamoeba Species, Including Amebic Colitis and Liver Abscess - p. 3281 617. 279. Free-Living Amebae - p. 3295 618. 280. Malaria (Plasmodium Species) - p. 3308 619. Malaria History and Current Challenges - p. 3308 620. Plasmodium Species and Their Life Cycles - p. 3308 621. Epidemiology of Malaria - p. 3310 622. Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis - p. 3313 623. The Spectrum of Malaria Infection - p. 3314 624. Host Genetic Susceptibility to Malaria - p. 3318 625. Naturally Acquired Immunity - p. 3319 626. Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria - p. 3319 627. Distinguishing Malaria From Other Illnesses with Similar Clinical Presentations - p. 3321 628. Clinical Management - p. 3322 629. Antimalarial Drugs: Regimens, Mechanisms of Action, and Resistance (See Also Chapter 44) - p. 3327 630. Global Distribution of Drug Resistance - p. 3330 631. Prevention of Malaria - p. 3331 632. Malaria Control, Elimination and Eradication - p. 3333 633. 281. Leishmania Species: Visceral, Cutaneous, and Mucosal Leishmaniasis - p. 3335 634. Overview and General Principles - p. 3335 635. Visceral Leishmaniasis - p. 3338 636. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - p. 3345 637. Mucosal Leishmaniasis - p. 3352 638. Prevention - p. 3353 639. Acknowledgment - p. 3354 640. 282. Trypanosoma Species (American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas Disease): Biology of Trypanosomes - p. 3355 641. 283. Agents of African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) - p. 3364 642. 284. Toxoplasma gondii - p. 3370 643. Etiology - p. 3370 644. Organism Stages - p. 3371 645. Transmission and Epidemiology - p. 3373 646. Pathogenesis and Immunity - p. 3375 647. Sequelae of Chronic Toxoplasmosis: Link to Behavioral Changes, Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, and Other Chronic Disease - p. 3377 648. Genetic Susceptibility - p. 3377 649. Pathology - p. 3377 650. Clinical Manifestations - p. 3379 651. Diagnosis - p. 3386 652. Therapy - p. 3394 653. Prevention and Prophylaxis - p. 3400 654. Acknowledgments - p. 3401 655. 285. Giardia lamblia - p. 3403 656. 286. Trichomonas vaginalis - p. 3411 657. 287. Babesia Species - p. 3415 658. 288. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium Species) - p. 3426 659. The Parasites - p. 3426 660. Epidemiology - p. 3427 661. Pathology and Pathogenesis - p. 3429 662. Host Response and Immunity - p. 3430 663. Clinical Manifestations - p. 3431 664. Immunocompetent Individuals in High-Income Countries - p. 3431 665. Diagnosis - p. 3432 666. Management - p. 3433 667. Prevention - p. 3435 668. 289. Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cystoisospora belli, Sarcocystis Species, Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis Species - p. 3437 669. I. Diseases Due to Toxic Algae - p. 3444.e2 670. 290. Human Illness Associated With Cyanobacteria and Harmful Algal Blooms, Including Fish and Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes - p. 3445 671. J. Diseases Due to Helminths - p. 3448.e1 672. 291. Introduction to Helminth Infections - p. 3449 673. 292. Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms) - p. 3453 674. 293. Tissue Nematodes, Including Trichinellosis, Dracunculiasis, and the Filariases - p. 3461 675. 294. Trematodes (Schistosomes and Liver, Intestinal, and Lung Flukes) - p. 3470 676. 295. Tapeworms (Cestodes) - p. 3483 677. 296. Visceral Larva Migrans and Other Uncommon Helminth Infections - p. 3496 678. K. Ectoparasitic Diseases - p. 3501.e2 679. 297. Introduction to Ectoparasitic Diseases - p. 3502 680. 298. Lice (Pediculosis) - p. 3506 681. 299. Scabies - p. 3513 682. 300. Myiasis and Tungiasis - p. 3518 683. 301. Mites, Including Chiggers - p. 3524 684. L. Diseases of Unknown Etiology - p. 3532 685. 302. Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis - p. 3533 686. 303. Kawasaki Disease - p. 3555 687. Special Problems - p. 3560.e2 688. A. Nosocomial Infections - p. 3560.e2 689. 304. Infection Prevention and Control in the Health Care Setting - p. 3561 690. 305. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Hospital Waste - p. 3571 691. 306. Infections Caused by Percutaneous Intravascular Devices - p. 3584 692. Pathogenesis - p. 3585 693. Epidemiology - p. 3586 694. Microbiology - p. 3587 695. Diagnosis - p. 3587 696. Device-Specific Issues - p. 3589 697. Prevention of Device-Associated Bacteremia - p. 3595 698. 307. Nosocomial Pneumonia - p. 3600 699. 308. Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) and Catheter-Associated Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (CA-ASB) - p. 3610 700. 309. Transfusion- and Transplant-Transmitted Infections - p. 3625 701. B. Infections in Special Hosts - p. 3634.e4 702. 310. Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: General Principles - p. 3635 703. 311. Prophylaxis and Empirical Therapy of Infection in Cancer Patients - p. 3645 704. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Infections in Cancer Patients - p. 3646 705. Etiology - p. 3652 706. Prevention of Infections in Cancer Patients - p. 3655 707. Treatment of Complications in Neutropenic Cancer Patients - p. 3662 708. Conclusions - p. 3668 709. Acknowledgement - p. 3668 710. 312. Infections in Recipients of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies - p. 3672 711. Basic Transplantation Techniques - p. 3673 712. Clinical Syndromes Unique to Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy - p. 3675 713. Patterns of Immunosuppression at Different Times after HCT - p. 3677 714. Natural History of Individual Infections After HCT - p. 3681 715. Methods of Immune System Reconstitution After HCT - p. 3690 716. 313. Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients - p. 3695 717. Fundamentals of Immunosuppressive Therapy - p. 3696 718. Pretransplant Evaluation For Infections - p. 3698 719. Timing of occurrence of Infections After Transplantation - p. 3699 720. Unique Characteristics of Infections In Different Types of Transplants - p. 3700 721. Specific Sites and Types of Infection - p. 3704 722. Specific Viral Infections - p. 3707 723. COVID-19 - p. 3714 724. Donor-Transmitted Infections - p. 3717 725. Approach To Fever In The Transplant Recipient - p. 3717 726. Vaccination in organ Transplant Candidates and Recipients - p. 3718 727. Acknowledgments - p. 3720 728. 314. Infections in Older Adults - p. 3722 729. 315. Infections in Asplenic Patients - p. 3731 730. 316. Infections in Persons Who Inject Drugs - p. 3741 731. Harm Reduction - p. 3743 732. Host Defenses - p. 3743 733. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections - p. 3744 734. Bone and Joint Infections - p. 3747 735. Bacteremia and Infective Endocarditis - p. 3747 736. Noncardiac Vascular Infections - p. 3751 737. Pulmonary Infections - p. 3753 738. Hepatitis - p. 3754 739. Splenic Abscess - p. 3755 740. Central Nervous System Infections - p. 3755 741. Ocular Infections - p. 3757 742. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 3758 743. Sexually Transmitted Infections - p. 3758 744. C. Surgical- and Trauma-Related Infections - p. 3759.e9 745. 317. Surgical Site Infections and Antimicrobial Prophylaxis - p. 3760 746. 318. Burns - p. 3774 747. 319. Infections Following Trauma Injuries - p. 3782 748. Overview of Traumatic Injuries - p. 3782 749. Major Trauma and Host Response - p. 3783 750. Trauma-Related Infection Epidemiology - p. 3785 751. Trauma-Related Infection Prevention - p. 3790 752. Trauma-Related Infection Syndromes: Management Considerations - p. 3794 753. Acknowledgments - p. 3798 754. 320. Bites - p. 3800 755. D. Immunization - p. 3804.e2 756. 321. Principles of Immunization for Public Health - p. 3805 757. 322. Immunizations for Specific Infections - p. 3813 758. Immunologic Basis of Vaccination - p. 3814 759. Components of the Immune Response - p. 3814 760. Mobilization of the Adaptive Immune Response - p. 3815 761. Unanticipated Responses - p. 3815 762. Temporal Course of the Immune Response - p. 3816 763. Measurement of the Immune Response - p. 3816 764. Vaccine Development - p. 3816 765. General Principles of Immunization: Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness - p. 3817 766. General Best Practices For Immunization - p. 3818 767. Currently Available Immunizing Agents - p. 3818 768. Vaccines - p. 3818 769. COVID-19 Vaccine - p. 3835 770. Dengue Vaccine - p. 3835 771. Ebola Vaccine - p. 3836 772. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine - p. 3844 773. Immunoglobulin Preparations - p. 3850 774. Monoclonal Antibodies - p. 3852 775. Use of Vaccines - p. 3853 776. E. Protection of Travelers - p. 3861.e6 777. 323. Protection of Travelers - p. 3862 778. 324. Infections in Returning Travelers - p. 3872 779. F. Emerging Issues in Infectious Diseases - p. 3883.e2 780. 325. Zoonoses - p. 3884 781. 326. Communicating About Infectious Diseases to the Public - p. 3890 782. 327. Basic Principles in Climate Change and Infectious Diseases - p. 3902 783. Index - p. I-1