Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases - Electronic

1. 111 Introduction to Eye Infections - p. 1493 2. 112 Microbial Conjunctivitis - p. 1497 3. 113 Microbial Keratitis - p. 1508 4. 114 Endophthalmitis - p. 1523 5. 115 Infectious Causes of Uveitis - p. 1531 6. 116 Periocular Infections - p. 1541 7. N Hepatitis - p. 1547.e2 8. 117 Viral Hepatitis - p. 1548 9. Acute Viral Hepatitis - p. 1550 10. Chronic Viral Hepatitis - p. 1555 11. References - p. 1582.e1 12. O Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - p. 1582.e9 13. 118 Global Perspectives on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - p. 1583 14. 119 Epidemiology and Prevention of AIDS and HIV Infection, Including Preexposure Prophylaxis and HIV Vaccine Development - p. 1599 15. HIV and AIDS Surveillance in the United States - p. 1599 16. HIV Infection and AIDS in Adults - p. 1600 17. HIV/AIDS in Children - p. 1606 18. Modes of Transmission - p. 1606 19. HIV Infection and AIDS Outside the United States - p. 1610 20. HIV-2 - p. 1610 21. Prevention of HIV Infection - p. 1611 22. Counseling and HIV Antigen/Antibody Testing - p. 1613 23. Vaccines for HIV Type 1 Infection - p. 1614 24. References - p. 1618.e1 25. 120 Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1619 26. Background/Perspective - p. 1620 27. Terminology and Performance Characteristics - p. 1624 28. Specific Laboratory Methods for Detection of HIV Infection - p. 1626 29. Serologic Techniques to Screen for HIV Antigens - p. 1630 30. Fourth-Generation HIV Antigen-Antibody Assays - p. 1630 31. False-Positive and False-Negative Results in Screening Tests for HIV Antibody - p. 1630 32. Nonserologic Techniques to Screen for HIV - p. 1631 33. HIV Supplemental and Confirmatory Assays - p. 1632 34. Western Blotting - p. 1632 35. Immunofluorescence - p. 1632 36. Virologic Techniques to Detect HIV Infection - p. 1633 37. Diagnostic Algorithms and Practical Application of HIV Detection Assays - p. 1633 38. Specific Circumstances and Special Populations - p. 1634 39. Regulatory Issues - p. 1640 40. Conclusion - p. 1640 41. Acknowledgments - p. 1640 42. References - p. 1641.e1 43. 121 The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1642 44. 122 General Clinical Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (Including Acute Retroviral Syndrome and Oral, Cutaneous, Renal, Ocular, Metabolic, and Cardiac Diseases) - p. 1658 45. 123 Pulmonary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1675 46. 124 Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, and Pancreatic Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1684 47. 125 Neurologic Diseases Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Opportunistic Infections - p. 1690 48. 126 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Women - p. 1707 49. Epidemiology - p. 1707 50. Transmission and Acquisition in Women and Preventive Strategies - p. 1709 51. Reproductive Care of Women Living With HIV - p. 1713 52. HIV and Pregnancy - p. 1717 53. Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection in Women - p. 1726 54. Sex Differences in HIV Infection and Treatment Responses - p. 1729 55. Inclusion of Women in Clinical Research - p. 1730 56. References - p. 1731.e1 57. 127 Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1732 58. 128 Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1739 59. Antiretroviral Agents - p. 1739 60. Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy - p. 1754 61. Laboratory Testing During Antiretroviral Therapy - p. 1756 62. Changing Therapy - p. 1758 63. Special Circumstances - p. 1758 64. Conclusions and Future Directions - p. 1759 65. References - p. 1760.e1 66. 129 Management of Opportunistic Infections Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 1761 67. Immunologic Monitoring - p. 1762 68. Spectrum of Opportunistic Pathogens - p. 1762 69. Infections Due to Pathogens That Are Not Opportunistic - p. 1763 70. Management of Antiretroviral Therapy for Patients With Acute Opportunistic Infection - p. 1763 71. Drug Interactions - p. 1763 72. Prevention of Opportunistic Infections - p. 1763 73. Management of Specific Opportunistic Infections - p. 1773 74. References - p. 1786.e1 75. P Miscellaneous Syndromes - p. 1786.e6 76. 130 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease) - p. 1787 77. III Infectious Diseases and Their Etiologic Agents - p. 1794.e3 78. A Viral Diseases - p. 1794.e3 79. 131 Biology of Viruses and Viral Diseases - p. 1795 80. i DNA Viruses - p. 1808.e5 81. a Poxviridae - p. 1808.e5 82. 132 Orthopoxviruses - p. 1809 83. 133 Other Poxviruses That Infect Humans - p. 1818 84. b Herpesviridae - p. 1821.e1 85. 134 Introduction to Herpesviridae - p. 1822 86. 135 Herpes Simplex Virus - p. 1828 87. Description of Virus - p. 1828 88. Epidemiology - p. 1830 89. Transmission - p. 1831 90. Pathogenesis - p. 1832 91. Spectrum of Diseases Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus - p. 1834 92. Orofacial Herpes Simplex Virus Infection - p. 1834 93. Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection - p. 1835 94. Recurrent Mucocutaneous Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - p. 1837 95. Frequency of Reactivation and Recurrence - p. 1837 96. Herpetic Whitlow - p. 1838 97. Herpes Gladiatorum - p. 1838 98. Eye Infections - p. 1838 99. Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis - p. 1839 100. Visceral and Pulmonary Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - p. 1839 101. Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in HIV-Infected Patients - p. 1839 102. Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts Not Infected With HIV - p. 1840 103. Neonatal Herpes - p. 1841 104. Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Pregnancy - p. 1842 105. Diagnosis of Active Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - p. 1843 106. Diagnosis of Established Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - p. 1843 107. Overview of Therapies for Herpes Simplex Virus Infections - p. 1843 108. Counseling and Prevention - p. 1846 109. References - p. 1848.e1 110. 136 Chickenpox and Herpes Zoster (Varicella-Zoster Virus) - p. 1849 111. 137 Cytomegalovirus - p. 1857 112. Microbiology - p. 1858 113. Clinical Manifestations - p. 1861 114. Diagnosis of HCMV Infections - p. 1866 115. Therapy of HCMV Infections (see also Chapter 46) - p. 1868 116. References - p. 1871.e1 117. 138 Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Malignant Diseases, and Other Diseases) - p. 1872 118. History - p. 1872 119. Description of Epstein-barr Virus - p. 1873 120. Epidemiology - p. 1875 121. Pathogenesis - p. 1875 122. Clinical Manifestations - p. 1876 123. Laboratory Diagnosis - p. 1883 124. Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis - p. 1886 125. Therapy - p. 1888 126. Prevention - p. 1889 127. References - p. 1890.e1 128. 139 Human Herpesvirus Types 6 and 7 (Exanthem Subitum) - p. 1891 129. 140 Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8) - p. 1897 130. 141 Herpes B Virus - p. 1904 131. c Adenoviridae - p. 1907.e1 132. 142 Adenoviruses - p. 1908 133. d Papillomaviridae - p. 1915.e3 134. 143 Papillomaviruses - p. 1916 135. 144 JC, BK, and Other Polyomaviruses - p. 1931 136. e Hepadnaviridae - p. 1939.e4 137. 145 Hepatitis B Virus - p. 1940 138. Overview - p. 1940 139. Natural History and Pathogenesis of Disease - p. 1944 140. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B - p. 1947 141. Routes of Transmission - p. 1947 142. Clinical Manifestations and Prognosis - p. 1948 143. Clinical Manifestations and Natural History in Special Hosts - p. 1951 144. Screening and Diagnosis of HBV Infection - p. 1952 145. Management of Hepatitis B - p. 1954 146. Management in Special Populations - p. 1958 147. Other Management Issues in Chronic Hepatitis B - p. 1959 148. Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection - p. 1960 149. Acknowledgments - p. 1962 150. References - p. 1963.e1 151. 146 Hepatitis Delta Virus - p. 1964 152. f Parvoviridae - p. 1967.e1 153. 147 Human Parvoviruses, Including Parvovirus B19V and Human Bocaparvoviruses - p. 1968 154. ii RNA Viruses - p. 1975.e3 155. a Reoviridae - p. 1975.e3 156. 148 Orthoreoviruses and Orbiviruses - p. 1976 157. 149 Coltiviruses (Colorado Tick Fever Virus) and Seadornaviruses - p. 1980 158. 150 Rotaviruses - p. 1983 159. b Togaviridae - p. 1996.e4 160. 151 Alphaviruses (Chikungunya, Eastern Equine Encephalitis) - p. 1997 161. 152 Rubella Virus (German Measles) - p. 2007 162. c Flaviviridae - p. 2012.e2 163. 153 Flaviviruses (Dengue, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, Usutu Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest Disease, Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever, Zika) - p. 2013 164. History - p. 2014 165. Pathogens - p. 2017 166. Epidemiology - p. 2017 167. Pathogenesis - p. 2024 168. Clinical Manifestations - p. 2027 169. Laboratory Diagnosis - p. 2032 170. Prevention and Therapy - p. 2033 171. Other Flavivirus Infections - p. 2037 172. Acknowledgments - p. 2038 173. References - p. 2039.e1 174. 154 Hepatitis C - p. 2040 175. Non-a, Non-B Viral Hepatitis and Hepatitis C - p. 2041 176. Hepatitis C Virus - p. 2041 177. Natural History and Pathogenesis - p. 2047 178. Clinical Manifestations of Hepatitis C Virus Infection - p. 2052 179. Diagnosis Laboratory Assessment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection - p. 2054 180. Epidemiology of Hepatitis C - p. 2057 181. Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C - p. 2059 182. Prevention - p. 2069 183. Hepatitis C Virus Elimination - p. 2069 184. Acknowledgments - p. 2070 185. References - p. 2071.e1 186. d Coronaviridae - p. 2071.e13 187. 155 Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) - p. 2072 188. e Paramyxoviridae - p. 2080.e3 189. 156 Parainfluenza Viruses - p. 2081 190. 157 Mumps Virus - p. 2087 191. 158 Respiratory Syncytial Virus - p. 2093 192. 159 Human Metapneumovirus - p. 2104 193. 160 Measles Virus (Rubeola) - p. 2110 194. 161 Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses - p. 2117 195. f Rhabdoviridae - p. 2123.e2 196. 162 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Related Vesiculoviruses (Chandipura Virus) - p. 2124 197. 163 Rabies (Rhabdoviruses) - p. 2127 198. g Filoviridae - p. 2137.e3 199. 164 Marburg and Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fevers - p. 2138 200. h Orthomyxoviridae - p. 2142.e2 201. 165 Influenza Viruses, Including Avian Influenza and Swine Influenza - p. 2143 202. History - p. 2144 203. The Viruses - p. 2144 204. Epidemiology and Disease Impact - p. 2146 205. Antigenic Variation - p. 2149 206. Clinical Findings - p. 2152 207. Pathogenesis - p. 2153 208. Diagnosis - p. 2157 209. Prevention - p. 2158 210. Antiviral Agents (Also See Chapter 45) - p. 2164 211. Update - p. 2167.e1 212. References - p. 2167.e1 213. References - p. 2168.e1 214. i Bunyaviridae - p. 2168.e7 215. 166 California Encephalitis, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Hantavirus Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome, and Bunyavirus Hemorrhagic Fevers - p. 2169 216. j Arenaviridae - p. 2176.e2 217. 167 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, Lassa Virus, and the South American Hemorrhagic Fevers (Arenaviruses) - p. 2177 218. k Retroviridae - p. 2184.e2 219. 168 Human T-Cell Leukemia Viruses (HTLV-1, HTLV-2) - p. 2185 220. 169 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses - p. 2202 221. l Picornaviridae - p. 2212.e3 222. 170 Introduction to the Human Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses - p. 2213 223. 171 Poliovirus - p. 2220 224. 172 Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, and Numbered Enteroviruses (EV-A71, EVD-68, EVD-70) - p. 2227 225. 173 Parechoviruses - p. 2238 226. 174 Hepatitis A Virus - p. 2243 227. History - p. 2243 228. Classification and Physicochemical and Biologic Properties of Hepatitis a Virus - p. 2244 229. Epidemiology - p. 2248 230. Pathogenesis - p. 2253 231. Manifestations - p. 2253 232. Therapy and General Management - p. 2254 233. Laboratory Diagnosis - p. 2255 234. Immunity - p. 2255 235. Prevention - p. 2255 236. Recommendations for Prevention - p. 2258 237. Directions for the Future - p. 2260 238. Acknowledgment - p. 2260 239. References - p. 2261.e1 240. 175 Rhinovirus - p. 2262 241. iii Caliciviridae and Other Gastrointestinal - p. 2268.e2 242. 176 Noroviruses and Sapoviruses (Caliciviruses) - p. 2269 243. 177 Astroviruses and Picobirnaviruses - p. 2277 244. iv Unclassified Viruses - p. 2279.e2 245. 178 Hepatitis E Virus - p. 2280 246. B Prion Diseases - p. 2287.e2 247. 179 Prions and Prion Disease of the Central Nervous System (Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases) - p. 2288 248. C Chlamydial Diseases - p. 2300.e3 249. 180 Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma and Urogenital Infections) - p. 2301 250. Chlamydial Biology - p. 2302 251. Antigenic and Genetic Diversity - p. 2304 252. Pathogenesis - p. 2304 253. Immunity - p. 2305 254. Laboratory Diagnosis - p. 2306 255. Clinical Manifestations - p. 2308 256. Prevention Strategies - p. 2318 257. References - p. 2319.e1 258. 181 Psittacosis (Due to Chlamydia psittaci) - p. 2320 259. 182 Chlamydia pneumoniae - p. 2323 260. D Mycoplasma Diseases - p. 2331.e2 261. 183 Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonia - p. 2332 262. 184 Genital Mycoplasmas - p. 2340 263. E Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmoses - p. 2343.e2 264. 185 Introduction to Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmoses - p. 2344 265. 186 Rickettsia rickettsii and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fevers) - p. 2349 266. 187 Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox) - p. 2358 267. 188 Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) - p. 2360 268. 189 Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic or Louse-Borne Typhus) - p. 2368 269. 190 Rickettsia typhi (Murine Typhus) - p. 2372 270. 191 Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub Typhus) - p. 2377 271. 192 Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Human Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis), and Other Anaplasmataceae - p. 2382 272. F Bacterial Diseases - p. 2389.e4 273. 193 Introduction to Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases - p. 2390 274. i Gram-Positive Cocci - p. 2392.e1 275. 194 Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome) - p. 2393 276. The Microorganism - p. 2394 277. Molecular Diagnosis - p. 2396 278. Pathogenesis - p. 2397 279. Antibiotic Resistance - p. 2411 280. Clinical Aspects and Epidemiology - p. 2419 281. Clinical Syndromes - p. 2421 282. Acknowledgment - p. 2430 283. References - p. 2431.e1 284. 195 Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci - p. 2432 285. 196 Classification of Streptococci - p. 2444 286. 197 Streptococcus pyogenes - p. 2446 287. 198 Nonsuppurative Poststreptococcal Sequelae - p. 2462 288. 199 Streptococcus pneumoniae - p. 2473 289. 200 Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus gallolyticus Group, and Leuconostoc Species - p. 2492 290. 201 Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococci) - p. 2505 291. 202 Viridans Streptococci, Nutritionally Variant Streptococci, and Groups C and G Streptococci - p. 2513 292. 203 Streptococcus anginosus Group - p. 2521 293. ii Gram-Positive Bacilli - p. 2525.e2 294. 204 Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria) - p. 2526 295. 205 Other Coryneform Bacteria, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and Rhodococci - p. 2532 296. 206 Listeria monocytogenes - p. 2543 297. 207 Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) - p. 2550 298. 208 Bacillus Species and Related Genera Other Than Bacillus anthracis - p. 2570 299. 209 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae - p. 2575 300. 210 Whipple Disease - p. 2578 301. iii Gram-Negative Cocci - p. 2584.e1 302. 211 Neisseria meningitidis - p. 2585 303. Definition and History - p. 2586 304. Microbiology - p. 2586 305. Biology and Pathogenesis - p. 2586 306. Epidemiology - p. 2590 307. Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology - p. 2593 308. Complement Deficiency and Meningococcal Disease (See also Chapter 9) - p. 2596 309. Diagnosis - p. 2598 310. Treatment - p. 2598 311. Prevention - p. 2601 312. References - p. 2605.e1 313. References - p. 2607.e1 314. 212 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea) - p. 2608 315. 213 Moraxella catarrhalis, Kingella, and Other Gram-Negative Cocci - p. 2628 316. iv Gram-Negative Bacilli - p. 2635.e3 317. 214 Vibrio cholerae - p. 2636 318. 215 Other Pathogenic Vibrios - p. 2645 319. 216 Campylobacter jejuni and Related Species - p. 2650 320. 217 Helicobacter pylori and Other Gastric Helicobacter Species - p. 2660 321. 218 Enterobacteriaceae - p. 2669 322. General Properties - p. 2669 323. Specific Organisms - p. 2673 324. Acknowledgment - p. 2684 325. References - p. 2685.e1 326. 219 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Other Pseudomonas Species - p. 2686 327. 220 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia Complex - p. 2700 328. 221 Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei - p. 2706 329. 222 Acinetobacter Species - p. 2718 330. 223 Salmonella Species - p. 2725 331. 224 Bacillary Dysentery - p. 2737 332. 225 Haemophilus Species, Including H. influenzae and H. ducreyi (Chancroid) - p. 2743 333. 226 Brucellosis (Brucella Species) - p. 2753 334. 227 Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) - p. 2759 335. 228 Pasteurella Species - p. 2774 336. 229A Plague (Yersinia pestis) - p. 2779 337. 229B Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis - p. 2788 338. 230 Bordetella pertussis - p. 2793 339. 231 Rat-Bite Fever - p. 2803 340. 232 Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever - p. 2807 341. 233 Capnocytophaga - p. 2818 342. 234 Bartonella, Including Cat-Scratch Disease - p. 2824 343. 235 Klebsiella granulomatis (Donovanosis, Granuloma Inguinale) - p. 2844 344. 236 Other Gram-Negative and Gram-Variable Bacilli - p. 2847 345. Glucose Fermenters - p. 2847 346. Glucose Nonfermenters or Weak Fermenters - p. 2855 347. References - p. 2864.e1 348. v Spirochetes - p. 2864.e5 349. 237 Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) - p. 2865 350. History - p. 2866 351. Etiology - p. 2867 352. Epidemiology - p. 2868 353. Pathogenesis - p. 2870 354. Pathologic Features - p. 2871 355. Natural Course of Untreated Syphilis - p. 2873 356. Clinical Manifestations - p. 2874 357. Laboratory Diagnosis - p. 2880 358. Therapy - p. 2884 359. Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction - p. 2887 360. Immunity - p. 2890 361. Acknowledgments - p. 2891 362. References - p. 2892.e1 363. 238 Endemic Treponematoses - p. 2893 364. 239 Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis) - p. 2898 365. 240 Relapsing Fever Caused by Borrelia Species - p. 2906 366. 241 Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis) Due to Borrelia burgdorferi - p. 2911 367. vi Anaerobic Bacteria - p. 2922.e2 368. 242 Anaerobic Infections - p. 2923 369. 243 Clostridioides difficile (Formerly Clostridium difficile) Infection - p. 2933 370. 244 Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) - p. 2948 371. 245 Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) - p. 2954 372. 246 Diseases Caused by Clostridium - p. 2960 373. 247 Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium Species (and Other Medically Important Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli) - p. 2969 374. 248 Anaerobic Cocci and Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli - p. 2977 375. vii Mycobacterial Diseases - p. 2984.e3 376. 249 Mycobacterium tuberculosis - p. 2985 377. History - p. 2986 378. Microbiology - p. 2986 379. Epidemiology - p. 2990 380. Immunology - p. 2993 381. Tuberculin Skin Test - p. 2994 382. Dosage - p. 2994 383. Pathogenesis - p. 2996 384. Chronic Pulmonary Tuberculosis - p. 2996 385. Pulmonary Tuberculosis - p. 2998 386. Therapy - p. 3001 387. Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis - p. 3010 388. Update - p. 3018 389. Reference - p. 3018 390. References - p. 3021.e1 391. 250 Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) - p. 3022 392. 251 Mycobacterium avium Complex - p. 3035 393. 252 Infections Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Other Than Mycobacterium avium Complex - p. 3049 394. viii Higher Bacterial Diseases - p. 3058.e2 395. 253 Nocardia Species - p. 3059 396. 254 Agents of Actinomycosis - p. 3071 397. G Mycoses - p. 3081.e3 398. 255 Introduction to Mycoses - p. 3082 399. 256 Candida Species - p. 3087 400. 257 Aspergillus Species - p. 3103 401. 258 Agents of Mucormycosis and Entomophthoramycosis - p. 3117 402. 259 Sporothrix schenckii - p. 3131 403. 260 Agents of Chromoblastomycosis - p. 3137 404. 261 Agents of Mycetoma - p. 3141 405. 262 Cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii) - p. 3146 406. 263 Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis) - p. 3162 407. 264 Blastomycosis - p. 3177 408. 265 Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species) - p. 3190 409. 266 Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) and Other Superficial Mycoses - p. 3201 410. 267 Paracoccidioidomycosis - p. 3211 411. 268 Uncommon Fungi and Related Species - p. 3222 412. 269 Pneumocystis Species - p. 3238 413. 270 Microsporidiosis - p. 3255 414. H Protozoal Diseases - p. 3269.e6 415. 271 Introduction to Protozoal Diseases - p. 3270 416. 272 Entamoeba Species, Including Amebic Colitis and Liver Abscess - p. 3273 417. 273 Free-Living Amebae - p. 3287 418. 274 Malaria (Plasmodium Species) - p. 3299 419. The Malaria Problem - p. 3299 420. Plasmodium and Its Life Cycle - p. 3300 421. Pathophysiology - p. 3301 422. Genetic Resistance to Malaria - p. 3305 423. Acquired Immunity and Antigenic Variation - p. 3306 424. Epidemiology of Malaria - p. 3306 425. Distribution of Drug Resistance - p. 3308 426. Antimalarial Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance - p. 3308 427. Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Malaria - p. 3310 428. Distinguishing Malaria From Other Illnesses With Similar Clinical Presentations - p. 3312 429. Therapy (see also Chapter 41) - p. 3313 430. Prevention - p. 3318 431. References - p. 3320.e1 432. 275 Leishmania Species - p. 3321 433. Overview and General Principles - p. 3321 434. Visceral Leishmaniasis - p. 3326 435. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - p. 3331 436. Mucosal Leishmaniasis - p. 3337 437. Prevention - p. 3338 438. References - p. 3339.e1 439. 276 Trypanosoma Species (American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas Disease) - p. 3340 440. 277 Agents of African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) - p. 3349 441. 278 Toxoplasma gondii - p. 3355 442. Etiology - p. 3356 443. Organism Stages - p. 3356 444. Transmission and Epidemiology - p. 3358 445. Pathogenesis and Immunity - p. 3360 446. Genetic Susceptibility - p. 3362 447. Pathology - p. 3362 448. Clinical Manifestations - p. 3364 449. Diagnosis - p. 3371 450. Therapy - p. 3381 451. Prevention and Prophylaxis - p. 3385 452. Acknowledgments - p. 3387 453. References - p. 3387.e1 454. 279 Giardia lamblia - p. 3388 455. 280 Trichomonas vaginalis - p. 3396 456. 281 Babesia Species - p. 3400 457. 282 Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium Species) - p. 3410 458. 283 Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cystoisospora belli, Sarcocystis Species, Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis Species - p. 3421 459. I Diseases Due to Toxic Algae - p. 3428.e2 460. 284 Human Illness Associated With Harmful Algal Blooms - p. 3429 461. J Diseases Due to Helminths - p. 3432 462. 285 Introduction to Helminth Infections - p. 3433 463. 286 Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms) - p. 3436 464. 287 Tissue Nematodes, Including Trichinellosis, Dracunculiasis, Filariasis, Loiasis, and Onchocerciasis - p. 3443 465. 288 Trematodes (Schistosomes and Liver, Intestinal, and Lung Flukes) - p. 3451 466. 289 Tapeworms (Cestodes) - p. 3463 467. 290 Visceral Larva Migrans and Other Uncommon Helminth Infections - p. 3473 468. K Ectoparasitic Diseases - p. 3478.e1 469. 291 Introduction to Ectoparasitic Diseases - p. 3479 470. 292 Lice (Pediculosis) - p. 3482 471. 293 Scabies - p. 3487 472. 294 Myiasis and Tungiasis - p. 3492 473. 295 Mites, Including Chiggers - p. 3497 474. 296 Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis - p. 3505 475. L Diseases of Unknown Etiology - p. 3526.e2 476. 297 Kawasaki Disease - p. 3527 477. IV Special Problems - p. 3532.e2 478. A Nosocomial Infections - p. 3532.e2 479. 298 Infection Prevention and Control in the Health Care Setting - p. 3533 480. 299 Disinfection, Sterilization, and Control of Hospital Waste - p. 3543 481. 300 Infections Caused by Percutaneous Intravascular Devices - p. 3560 482. Pathogenesis - p. 3560 483. Epidemiology - p. 3562 484. Microbiology - p. 3563 485. Diagnosis - p. 3564 486. Device-Specific Issues - p. 3566 487. Prevention of Device-Associated Bacteremia - p. 3571 488. References - p. 3575.e1 489. 301 Nosocomial Pneumonia - p. 3576 490. 302 Health Care–Associated Urinary Tract Infections - p. 3585 491. 303 Health Care–Acquired Hepatitis - p. 3599 492. 304 Transfusion- and Transplantation-Transmitted Infections - p. 3606 493. B Infections in Special Hosts - p. 3616.e3 494. 305 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host - p. 3617 495. 306 Prophylaxis and Empirical Therapy of Infection in Cancer Patients - p. 3628 496. 307 Infections in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants - p. 3654 497. Basic Transplantation Techniques - p. 3655 498. Clinical Syndromes Unique to the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipient - p. 3657 499. Patterns of Immunosuppression at Different Times After Myeloablative HSCT - p. 3659 500. Immunodeficiency After Nonmyeloablative HSCT - p. 3662 501. Measures to Reduce Risks for Infection - p. 3662 502. Natural History of Individual Infections After HSCT - p. 3662 503. Methods of Immune System Reconstitution After HSCT - p. 3669 504. References - p. 3671.e1 505. 308 Infections in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients - p. 3672 506. Fundamentals of Immunosuppressive Therapy - p. 3672 507. Pretransplant Evaluation for Infections - p. 3675 508. Time of Occurrence of Infections After Transplantation - p. 3675 509. Unique Characteristics of Infections in Different Types of Transplants - p. 3677 510. Specific Sites and Types of Infection - p. 3681 511. Specific Problems of Viral Infections - p. 3685 512. Donor-Transmitted Infections (See Chapter 304) - p. 3694 513. Approach to Fever in the Transplant Recipient - p. 3695 514. Vaccination in Organ Transplant Candidates and Recipients - p. 3695 515. Acknowledgment - p. 3696 516. References - p. 3697.e1 517. 309 Infections in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury - p. 3698 518. 310 Infections in Older Adults - p. 3704 519. 311 Infections in Asplenic Patients - p. 3713 520. 312 Infections in Injection Drug Users - p. 3723 521. Host Defenses - p. 3726 522. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections - p. 3726 523. Bone and Joint Infections - p. 3730 524. Bacteremia and Infective Endocarditis - p. 3731 525. Noncardiac Vascular Infections - p. 3734 526. Pulmonary Infections - p. 3735 527. Hepatitis - p. 3737 528. Splenic Abscess - p. 3738 529. Central Nervous System Infections - p. 3738 530. Ocular Infections - p. 3740 531. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - p. 3740 532. Sexually Transmitted Diseases - p. 3741 533. References - p. 3742.e1 534. 313 Surgical Site Infections and Antimicrobial Prophylaxis - p. 3743 535. C Surgical- and Trauma-Related Infections - p. 3756.e3 536. 314 Burns - p. 3757 537. 315 Bites - p. 3765 538. D Immunization - p. 3770.e2 539. 316 Immunization - p. 3771 540. Immunologic Basis of Vaccination - p. 3772 541. Components of the Immune Response - p. 3772 542. Mobilization of the Adaptive Immune Response - p. 3773 543. Unanticipated Responses - p. 3773 544. Temporal Course of the Immune Response - p. 3773 545. Measurement of the Immune Response - p. 3774 546. Vaccine Development - p. 3774 547. Currently Available Immunizing Agents - p. 3776 548. Use of Vaccines - p. 3804 549. References - p. 3812.e1 550. E Zoonoses - p. 3812.e5 551. 317 Zoonoses - p. 3813 552. F Protection of Travelers - p. 3817 553. 318 Protection of Travelers - p. 3818 554. 319 Infections in Returning Travelers - p. 3828 555. Index - p. I-1