In a world increasingly challenged by the need to integrate and understand highly specialized knowledge in a multidisciplinary way, this book is innovative and perhaps unique in addressing this challenge. It focuses on ideas, strategies, techniques and practices spanning many disciplines at the interface of agriculture with: forestry, horticulture, plant physiology, genetics, ecology, soil science, food science, economics, and the social and environmental sciences as delivered by intensified and enriched agroforestry. Multifunctional Agriculture addresses this complexity, using case studies and insights from the needs of African farmers whose livelihoods are constrained by complex interactions between social, environmental and economic factors and problems underlying agricultural sustainability in Africa. This book, therefore, provides an important resource for those trying to understand the role of agriculture in the achievement of the new Sustainable Development Goals by providing easily implementable, practical and effective methodologies and practices.
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. iii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Biography - p. ix 6. Preface - p. xi 7. Part I: The Basics - p. xii 8. Section 1: Agroecology and the Role of Trees - p. xii 9. Section 1. Agroecology and the Role of Trees - p. 3 10. Chapter 1. Definition of Agroforestry Revisited: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 1996. Agroforestry Today, 8 (1), 5–7, with permission of World Agroforestry Center - p. 5 11. Chapter 2. The Role of Trees in Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. Annual Review of Phytopathology 52, 113–133, with permission of Annual Reviews - p. 7 12. Chapter 3. Trees: A Keystone Role in Agroecosystem Function: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 19 13. Section 2: Agroforestry Practices and Systems - p. 20 14. Section 2. Agroforestry Practices and Systems - p. 21 15. Chapter 4. Agroforestry and the Mitigation of Land Degradation in the Humid and Sub-Humid Tropics of Africa: This chapter was previously published in Cooper, P.J.M., Leakey, R.R.B., Rao, M.R., Reynolds, L., 1996. Experimental Agriculture, 32, 235–290, with permission of Cambridge University Press - p. 23 16. Chapter 5. The Domestication and Commercialization of Indigenous Trees in Agroforestry for the Alleviation of Poverty: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Simons, A.J., 1998. Agroforestry Systems, 38, 165–176, with permission of Springer - p. 57 17. Chapter 6. Trees: Delivering Enhanced Crop Production and Income: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 65 18. Section 3: Importance of Tree Products - p. 67 19. Section 3. Importance of Tree Products - p. 69 20. Chapter 7. Potential for Novel Food Products From Agroforestry Trees: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 1999. Food Chemistry, 64, 1–14, with permission of Elsevier - p. 71 21. Chapter 8. Evidence that Subsistence Farmers have Domesticated Indigenous Fruits (Dacryodes edulis and Irvingia gabonensis) in Cameroon and Nigeria: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Tchoundjeu, Z., Smith, R.I., Munro, R.C., Fondoun, J-.M., Kengue, J., Anegbeh, P.O., Atangana, A.R., Waruhiu, A.N., Asaah, E., Usoro, C. and Ukafor, V., 2004. Agroforestry Systems, 60, 101–111, with permission of Springer - p. 87 22. Chapter 9. Non-Timber Forest Products – A Misnomer?: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2012. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 24, 145–146, with permission of Forest Research Institute of Malaysia - p. 97 23. Chapter 10. Trees: An Important Source of Food and Non-Food Products for Farmers: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 99 24. Part II: Genetic Selection for Added-Value and New Opportunities - p. 100 25. Section 4: Tree Domestication - p. 100 26. Section 4. Tree Domestication - p. 103 27. Chapter 11. Domestication of Forest Trees: A Process to Secure the Productivity and Future Diversity of Tropical Ecosystems: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Last, F.T., Longman, K.A., 1982. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 61, 33–42, with permission of Commonwealth Forestry Association - p. 105 28. Chapter 12. Tree Domestication in Tropical Agroforestry: This chapter was previously published in Simons, A.J., Leakey, R.R.B., 2004. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 167–181, with permission of Springer - p. 111 29. Chapter 13. Agroforestry Tree Products (AFTPs): Targeting Poverty Reduction and Enhanced Livelihoods: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Tchoundjeu, Z., Schreckenberg, K., Shackleton, S., Shackleton, C., 2005. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 3, 1–23, with permission of Taylor & Francis - p. 123 30. Chapter 14. Tree Domestication in Agroforestry: Progress in the Second Decade (2003–2012): This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Weber, J.C., Page, T., Cornelius, J.P., Akinnifesi, F.K., Roshetko, J.M., Tchoundjeu, Z., Jamnadass, R., 2012. In: Nair, P.K., Garrity, D. (Eds.), Agroforestry – The Future of Global Land Use. Springer, USA, pp. 145–173, with permission of Springer - p. 139 31. Chapter 15. Trees: Capturing Useful Traits in Elite Cultivars: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 155 32. Part III: Research Methods - p. 158 33. Section 5: Strategy and Techniques - p. 158 34. Section 5. Strategy and Techniques - p. 161 35. Section 5.1: Strategy - p. 162 36. Chapter 16. Towards a Domestication Strategy for Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Tropics: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Akinnifesi, F.K., 2008. In: Akinnifesi, F.K., Leakey, R.R.B., Ajayi, O.C., Sileshi, G., Tchoundjeu, Z., Matakala, P., Kwesiga, F. (Eds.) Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Tropics: Domestication, Utilization and Commercialization. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 28–49, with permission from CABI - p. 165 37. Section 5.2: Techniques: Vegetative Propagation - p. 176 38. Chapter 17. Low-Technology Techniques for the Vegetative Propagation of Tropical Trees: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Mesén, J.F., Tchoundjeu, Z., Longman, K.A., Dick, J. McP., Newton, A.C., Matin, A., Grace, J., Munro, R.C. and Muthoka, P.N., 1990. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 69, 247–257, with permission from Commonwealth Forestry Association - p. 179 39. Chapter 18. Stockplant Factors Affecting Root Initiation in Cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum., an Indigenous Hardwood of West Africa: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 1983. Journal of Horticultural Science, 58, 277–290, with permission from Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology - p. 187 40. Chapter 19. The Rooting Ability of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Cuttings: The Interactions Between Stockplant Irradiance, Light Quality and Nutrients: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Storeton-West, R., 1992. Forest Ecology and Management, 49, 133–150, with permission of Elsevier - p. 199 41. Chapter 20. Plant Cloning: Macro-Propagation: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. In: van Alfen, N., et al., (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, vol. 4. Elsevier, San Diego, pp. 349–359, with permission of Elsevier - p. 211 42. Section 5.3: Techniques: Genetic Characterization - p. 224 43. Chapter 21. Quantitative Descriptors of Variation in the Fruits and Seeds of Irvingia gabonensis: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Fondoun, J-.M., Atangana, A., Tchoundjeu, Z., 2000. Agroforestry Systems, 50, 47–58, with permission of Springer - p. 227 44. Chapter 22. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 1. Phenotypic Variation in Fruit Traits: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Shackleton, S., du Plessis, P., 2005. Agroforestry Systems, 64, 25–35, with permission of Springer - p. 235 45. Chapter 23. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 2. Phenotypic Variation in Nut and Kernel Traits: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Pate, K., Lombard, C., 2005. Agroforestry Systems, 64, 37–49, with permission of Springer - p. 245 46. Chapter 24. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple Trait Selection: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2005. Agroforestry Systems, 64, 51–59, with permission of Springer - p. 257 47. Section 5.4: Techniques: Ideotypes - p. 264 48. Chapter 25. The “Ideotype Concept” and its Application to the Selection of “AFTP” Cultivars: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Page, T., 2006. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 16, 5–16. - p. 267 49. Chapter 26. Trees: Skills and Understanding Essential for Domestication: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 273 50. Part IV: Towards Delivery - p. 279 51. Section 6: A Bottom-Up Approach - p. 279 52. Section 6. A Bottom-Up Approach - p. 283 53. Section 6.1: Participatory Tree Domestication - p. 284 54. Chapter 27. The Participatory Domestication of West African Indigenous Fruits: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Schreckenberg, K., Tchoundjeu, Z., 2003. International Forestry Review, 5, 338–347, with permission from Commonwealth Forestry Association - p. 287 55. Chapter 28. Agroforestry—Participatory Domestication of Trees: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. In: van Alfen, N. et al., (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, vol. 1. Elsevier, San Diego, pp. 253–269, with permission from Elsevier - p. 297 56. Section 6.2: Intellectual Property Rights - p. 314 57. Chapter 29. Protecting the Rights of Farmers and Communities While Securing Long Term Market Access for Producers of Non-timber Forest Products: Experience in Southern Africa: This chapter was previously published in Lombard, C., Leakey, R.R.B., 2010. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 19, 235–249, with permission of Taylor & Francis - p. 317 58. Section 6.3: Commercialization of Agroforestry Tree Products - p. 323 59. Chapter 30. The Role of Tree Domestication in Value Chain Development: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., van Damme, P., 2014. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 23, 116–126, with permission of Taylor & Francis - p. 327 60. Section 6.4: Development and Impact - p. 332 61. Chapter 31. Underutilised Species as the Backbone of Multifunctional Agriculture—The Next Wave of Crop Domestication: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B. and Asaah, E.K. 2013. Acta Horticulturae, 979, 293–310, with permission of ISHS - p. 335 62. Chapter 32. Trees: Ensuring That Farmers Benefit From Domestication: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 345 63. Section 7: Agroforestry: A Delivery Mechanism for Multifunctional Agriculture - p. 347 64. Section 7. Agroforestry: A Delivery Mechanism for Multifunctional Agriculture - p. 349 65. Chapter 33. Trees, Soils and Food Security: This chapter was previously published in Sanchez, P.A., Buresh, R.J., Leakey, R.R.B., 1997. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B, 352, 949–961, with permission of The Royal Society - p. 351 66. Chapter 34. Addressing the Causes of Land Degradation, Food/Nutritional Insecurity and Poverty: A New Approach to Agricultural Intensification in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2013. In: Hoffman, U. (Ed.), Wake Up Before It Is Too Late: Make Agriculture Truly Sustainable Now for Food Security in a Changing Climate, UNCTAD Trade and Environment Review 2013. UN Publications, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 192–198 (Chapter 3), with permission from United Nations - p. 363 67. Chapter 35. Trees: A Call to Policy Makers to Meet Farmers’ Needs by Combining Environmental Services With Marketable Products: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 369 68. Section 8: Sustainable Intensification of Tropical Agriculture - p. 371 69. Section 8. Sustainable Intensification of Tropical Agriculture - p. 373 70. Chapter 36. The Intensification of Agroforestry by Tree Domestication for Enhanced Social and Economic Impact: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2012. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 7 (035), 1–3 - p. 375 71. Chapter 37. Twelve Principles for Better Food and More Food From Mature Perennial Agroecosystems: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. In: Proceedings of Perennial Crops for Food Security FAO Workshop, (Chapter 22), 28–30 August 2013, Rome, Italy - p. 377 72. Chapter 38. Trees: Delivering Productive and Sustainable Farming Systems: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 389 73. Section 9: Integrating Rural Development to Deliver Multifunctional Agriculture - p. 391 74. Section 9. Integrating Rural Development to Deliver Multifunctional Agriculture - p. 393 75. Chapter 39. Toward Multifunctional Agriculture – An African Initiative: R.R.B. Leakey and R. Prabhu - p. 395 76. Chapter 40. Trees: Meeting the Social, Economic and Environmental Needs of Poor Farmers—Scoring Sustainable Development Goals: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 417 77. References - p. 421 78. Index - p. 459
In a world increasingly challenged by the need to integrate and understand highly specialized knowledge in a multidisciplinary way, this book is innovative and perhaps unique in addressing this challenge. It focuses on ideas, strategies, techniques and practices spanning many disciplines at the interface of agriculture with: forestry, horticulture, plant physiology, genetics, ecology, soil science, food science, economics, and the social and environmental sciences as delivered by intensified and enriched agroforestry. Multifunctional Agriculture addresses this complexity, using case studies and insights from the needs of African farmers whose livelihoods are constrained by complex interactions between social, environmental and economic factors and problems underlying agricultural sustainability in Africa. This book, therefore, provides an important resource for those trying to understand the role of agriculture in the achievement of the new Sustainable Development Goals by providing easily implementable, practical and effective methodologies and practices.
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. iii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Biography - p. ix 6. Preface - p. xi 7. Part I: The Basics - p. xii 8. Section 1: Agroecology and the Role of Trees - p. xii 9. Section 1. Agroecology and the Role of Trees - p. 3 10. Chapter 1. Definition of Agroforestry Revisited: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 1996. Agroforestry Today, 8 (1), 5–7, with permission of World Agroforestry Center - p. 5 11. Chapter 2. The Role of Trees in Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. Annual Review of Phytopathology 52, 113–133, with permission of Annual Reviews - p. 7 12. Chapter 3. Trees: A Keystone Role in Agroecosystem Function: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 19 13. Section 2: Agroforestry Practices and Systems - p. 20 14. Section 2. Agroforestry Practices and Systems - p. 21 15. Chapter 4. Agroforestry and the Mitigation of Land Degradation in the Humid and Sub-Humid Tropics of Africa: This chapter was previously published in Cooper, P.J.M., Leakey, R.R.B., Rao, M.R., Reynolds, L., 1996. Experimental Agriculture, 32, 235–290, with permission of Cambridge University Press - p. 23 16. Chapter 5. The Domestication and Commercialization of Indigenous Trees in Agroforestry for the Alleviation of Poverty: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Simons, A.J., 1998. Agroforestry Systems, 38, 165–176, with permission of Springer - p. 57 17. Chapter 6. Trees: Delivering Enhanced Crop Production and Income: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 65 18. Section 3: Importance of Tree Products - p. 67 19. Section 3. Importance of Tree Products - p. 69 20. Chapter 7. Potential for Novel Food Products From Agroforestry Trees: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 1999. Food Chemistry, 64, 1–14, with permission of Elsevier - p. 71 21. Chapter 8. Evidence that Subsistence Farmers have Domesticated Indigenous Fruits (Dacryodes edulis and Irvingia gabonensis) in Cameroon and Nigeria: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Tchoundjeu, Z., Smith, R.I., Munro, R.C., Fondoun, J-.M., Kengue, J., Anegbeh, P.O., Atangana, A.R., Waruhiu, A.N., Asaah, E., Usoro, C. and Ukafor, V., 2004. Agroforestry Systems, 60, 101–111, with permission of Springer - p. 87 22. Chapter 9. Non-Timber Forest Products – A Misnomer?: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2012. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 24, 145–146, with permission of Forest Research Institute of Malaysia - p. 97 23. Chapter 10. Trees: An Important Source of Food and Non-Food Products for Farmers: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 99 24. Part II: Genetic Selection for Added-Value and New Opportunities - p. 100 25. Section 4: Tree Domestication - p. 100 26. Section 4. Tree Domestication - p. 103 27. Chapter 11. Domestication of Forest Trees: A Process to Secure the Productivity and Future Diversity of Tropical Ecosystems: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Last, F.T., Longman, K.A., 1982. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 61, 33–42, with permission of Commonwealth Forestry Association - p. 105 28. Chapter 12. Tree Domestication in Tropical Agroforestry: This chapter was previously published in Simons, A.J., Leakey, R.R.B., 2004. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 167–181, with permission of Springer - p. 111 29. Chapter 13. Agroforestry Tree Products (AFTPs): Targeting Poverty Reduction and Enhanced Livelihoods: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Tchoundjeu, Z., Schreckenberg, K., Shackleton, S., Shackleton, C., 2005. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 3, 1–23, with permission of Taylor & Francis - p. 123 30. Chapter 14. Tree Domestication in Agroforestry: Progress in the Second Decade (2003–2012): This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Weber, J.C., Page, T., Cornelius, J.P., Akinnifesi, F.K., Roshetko, J.M., Tchoundjeu, Z., Jamnadass, R., 2012. In: Nair, P.K., Garrity, D. (Eds.), Agroforestry – The Future of Global Land Use. Springer, USA, pp. 145–173, with permission of Springer - p. 139 31. Chapter 15. Trees: Capturing Useful Traits in Elite Cultivars: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 155 32. Part III: Research Methods - p. 158 33. Section 5: Strategy and Techniques - p. 158 34. Section 5. Strategy and Techniques - p. 161 35. Section 5.1: Strategy - p. 162 36. Chapter 16. Towards a Domestication Strategy for Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Tropics: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Akinnifesi, F.K., 2008. In: Akinnifesi, F.K., Leakey, R.R.B., Ajayi, O.C., Sileshi, G., Tchoundjeu, Z., Matakala, P., Kwesiga, F. (Eds.) Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Tropics: Domestication, Utilization and Commercialization. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 28–49, with permission from CABI - p. 165 37. Section 5.2: Techniques: Vegetative Propagation - p. 176 38. Chapter 17. Low-Technology Techniques for the Vegetative Propagation of Tropical Trees: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Mesén, J.F., Tchoundjeu, Z., Longman, K.A., Dick, J. McP., Newton, A.C., Matin, A., Grace, J., Munro, R.C. and Muthoka, P.N., 1990. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 69, 247–257, with permission from Commonwealth Forestry Association - p. 179 39. Chapter 18. Stockplant Factors Affecting Root Initiation in Cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum., an Indigenous Hardwood of West Africa: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 1983. Journal of Horticultural Science, 58, 277–290, with permission from Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology - p. 187 40. Chapter 19. The Rooting Ability of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Cuttings: The Interactions Between Stockplant Irradiance, Light Quality and Nutrients: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Storeton-West, R., 1992. Forest Ecology and Management, 49, 133–150, with permission of Elsevier - p. 199 41. Chapter 20. Plant Cloning: Macro-Propagation: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. In: van Alfen, N., et al., (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, vol. 4. Elsevier, San Diego, pp. 349–359, with permission of Elsevier - p. 211 42. Section 5.3: Techniques: Genetic Characterization - p. 224 43. Chapter 21. Quantitative Descriptors of Variation in the Fruits and Seeds of Irvingia gabonensis: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Fondoun, J-.M., Atangana, A., Tchoundjeu, Z., 2000. Agroforestry Systems, 50, 47–58, with permission of Springer - p. 227 44. Chapter 22. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 1. Phenotypic Variation in Fruit Traits: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Shackleton, S., du Plessis, P., 2005. Agroforestry Systems, 64, 25–35, with permission of Springer - p. 235 45. Chapter 23. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 2. Phenotypic Variation in Nut and Kernel Traits: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Pate, K., Lombard, C., 2005. Agroforestry Systems, 64, 37–49, with permission of Springer - p. 245 46. Chapter 24. Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple Trait Selection: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2005. Agroforestry Systems, 64, 51–59, with permission of Springer - p. 257 47. Section 5.4: Techniques: Ideotypes - p. 264 48. Chapter 25. The “Ideotype Concept” and its Application to the Selection of “AFTP” Cultivars: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Page, T., 2006. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 16, 5–16. - p. 267 49. Chapter 26. Trees: Skills and Understanding Essential for Domestication: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 273 50. Part IV: Towards Delivery - p. 279 51. Section 6: A Bottom-Up Approach - p. 279 52. Section 6. A Bottom-Up Approach - p. 283 53. Section 6.1: Participatory Tree Domestication - p. 284 54. Chapter 27. The Participatory Domestication of West African Indigenous Fruits: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., Schreckenberg, K., Tchoundjeu, Z., 2003. International Forestry Review, 5, 338–347, with permission from Commonwealth Forestry Association - p. 287 55. Chapter 28. Agroforestry—Participatory Domestication of Trees: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. In: van Alfen, N. et al., (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, vol. 1. Elsevier, San Diego, pp. 253–269, with permission from Elsevier - p. 297 56. Section 6.2: Intellectual Property Rights - p. 314 57. Chapter 29. Protecting the Rights of Farmers and Communities While Securing Long Term Market Access for Producers of Non-timber Forest Products: Experience in Southern Africa: This chapter was previously published in Lombard, C., Leakey, R.R.B., 2010. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 19, 235–249, with permission of Taylor & Francis - p. 317 58. Section 6.3: Commercialization of Agroforestry Tree Products - p. 323 59. Chapter 30. The Role of Tree Domestication in Value Chain Development: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., van Damme, P., 2014. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 23, 116–126, with permission of Taylor & Francis - p. 327 60. Section 6.4: Development and Impact - p. 332 61. Chapter 31. Underutilised Species as the Backbone of Multifunctional Agriculture—The Next Wave of Crop Domestication: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B. and Asaah, E.K. 2013. Acta Horticulturae, 979, 293–310, with permission of ISHS - p. 335 62. Chapter 32. Trees: Ensuring That Farmers Benefit From Domestication: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 345 63. Section 7: Agroforestry: A Delivery Mechanism for Multifunctional Agriculture - p. 347 64. Section 7. Agroforestry: A Delivery Mechanism for Multifunctional Agriculture - p. 349 65. Chapter 33. Trees, Soils and Food Security: This chapter was previously published in Sanchez, P.A., Buresh, R.J., Leakey, R.R.B., 1997. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B, 352, 949–961, with permission of The Royal Society - p. 351 66. Chapter 34. Addressing the Causes of Land Degradation, Food/Nutritional Insecurity and Poverty: A New Approach to Agricultural Intensification in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2013. In: Hoffman, U. (Ed.), Wake Up Before It Is Too Late: Make Agriculture Truly Sustainable Now for Food Security in a Changing Climate, UNCTAD Trade and Environment Review 2013. UN Publications, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 192–198 (Chapter 3), with permission from United Nations - p. 363 67. Chapter 35. Trees: A Call to Policy Makers to Meet Farmers’ Needs by Combining Environmental Services With Marketable Products: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 369 68. Section 8: Sustainable Intensification of Tropical Agriculture - p. 371 69. Section 8. Sustainable Intensification of Tropical Agriculture - p. 373 70. Chapter 36. The Intensification of Agroforestry by Tree Domestication for Enhanced Social and Economic Impact: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2012. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 7 (035), 1–3 - p. 375 71. Chapter 37. Twelve Principles for Better Food and More Food From Mature Perennial Agroecosystems: This chapter was previously published in Leakey, R.R.B., 2014. In: Proceedings of Perennial Crops for Food Security FAO Workshop, (Chapter 22), 28–30 August 2013, Rome, Italy - p. 377 72. Chapter 38. Trees: Delivering Productive and Sustainable Farming Systems: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 389 73. Section 9: Integrating Rural Development to Deliver Multifunctional Agriculture - p. 391 74. Section 9. Integrating Rural Development to Deliver Multifunctional Agriculture - p. 393 75. Chapter 39. Toward Multifunctional Agriculture – An African Initiative: R.R.B. Leakey and R. Prabhu - p. 395 76. Chapter 40. Trees: Meeting the Social, Economic and Environmental Needs of Poor Farmers—Scoring Sustainable Development Goals: An Update: R.R.B. Leakey - p. 417 77. References - p. 421 78. Index - p. 459
