Netter’s Digestive System

1. Introduction to the First Edition: Upper Digestive System - p. vii 2. Introduction to the First Edition: Lower Digestive System - p. 280 3. Introduction to the First Edition: Liver - p. 281 4. Advisory Board - p. ix 5. Contributors - p. x 6. Self Assesment - p. x 7. Multiple Choice Questions - p. x 8. Short Answers - p. x 9. Part I: Upper Digestive Track - p. 1 10. Section 1 Overview of Upper Digestive Tract - p. 1 11. Development of Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 1 12. Regions of the Abdomen - p. 7 13. Bony Framework of Abdominopelvic Cavity - p. 8 14. Anterolateral Abdominal Wall - p. 9 15. Inguinal Canal - p. 14 16. Posterior Wall of Abdominal Cavity - p. 17 17. Diaphragm - p. 18 18. Floor of Abdominopelvic Cavity - p. 19 19. Peritoneum - p. 20 20. Pelvic Fascia and Perineopelvic Spaces - p. 27 21. Blood Supply of the Abdomen - p. 32 22. Venous Drainage of the Abdomen - p. 34 23. Lymph Drainage of the Abdomen - p. 36 24. Innervation of Abdomen and Perineum - p. 37 25. Overview of the Digestive System - p. 42 26. Overview of Control Mechanisms - p. 43 27. Brain-Gut Interactions and Visceral Reflexes - p. 45 28. Enteric Nervous System - p. 46 29. Interpretation of Visceral Pain - p. 47 30. Gastrointestinal Hormones - p. 49 31. Overview of Protective Mechanisms - p. 50 32. Immune Defenses of the Digestive System - p. 52 33. Epithelial Cell Defense Mechanisms of the Digestive System - p. 53 34. Microbiome - p. 54 35. Adverse Effects of Medications on the Upper Digestive System - p. 55 36. Hunger and Appetite - p. 56 37. Disturbances of Hunger and Appetite - p. 57 38. Overview of Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 58 39. Diagnostic Aids in Gastric Disorders - p. 59 40. Overview of Imaging of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 60 41. Endoscopic Evaluation of the Upper Digestive Tract - p. 62 42. Histologic and Cytologic Diagnosis - p. 64 43. Breath and Stool Testing - p. 65 44. Section 2 Mouth and Pharynx - p. 68 45. Development of Mouth and Pharynx - p. 68 46. Oral Cavity - p. 69 47. Mandible - p. 70 48. Temporomandibular Joint - p. 71 49. Floor of Mouth - p. 72 50. Roof of Mouth - p. 73 51. Muscles Involved in Mastication - p. 74 52. Tongue - p. 76 53. Teeth - p. 78 54. Salivary Glands - p. 80 55. Sections through Mouth and Jaw - p. 81 56. Fauces - p. 82 57. Histology of Mouth and Pharynx - p. 83 58. Pharynx - p. 84 59. Bony Framework of Mouth and Pharynx - p. 86 60. Musculature of Pharynx - p. 87 61. Blood Supply of Mouth and Pharynx - p. 90 62. Venous Drainage of Mouth and Pharynx - p. 92 63. Lymphatic Drainage of Mouth and Pharynx - p. 93 64. Nerve Supply of Mouth and Pharynx - p. 95 65. Autonomic Innervation of Mouth and Pharynx - p. 97 66. Diagnostic Approach to Oral Lesions - p. 98 67. Congenital Anomalies of Oral Cavity - p. 99 68. Dental Abnormalities - p. 100 69. Periodontal Disease - p. 102 70. Odontogenic Infections: Their Spread and Abscess Formation - p. 103 71. Gingivitis - p. 105 72. Manifestations of Disease of Tongue - p. 106 73. Leukoplakia - p. 108 74. Effects of Iatrogenic Agents on Oral Mucosa - p. 109 75. Abnormalities of Temporomandibular Joint - p. 110 76. Inflammation of Salivary Glands - p. 111 77. Oral Manifestations in Systemic Infections - p. 112 78. Oral Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Diseases - p. 113 79. Oral Manifestations of Rheumatic Diseases - p. 114 80. Oral Manifestations Related to Endocrine System - p. 115 81. Oral Manifestations in Nutritional Deficiencies - p. 116 82. Oral Manifestations in Hematologic Diseases - p. 117 83. Oral Manifestations in Various Skin Conditions - p. 118 84. Oral Manifestations of Immunocompromised Conditions - p. 120 85. Neurogenic Disorders of Mouth and Pharynx - p. 121 86. Infections of Pharynx - p. 122 87. Allergic Conditions of Pharynx - p. 123 88. Cysts of Jaw and Oral Cavity - p. 124 89. Benign Tumors of Oral Cavity - p. 126 90. Benign Tumors of Vallecula and Root of Tongue (Hypopharynx) - p. 128 91. Benign Tumors of Salivary Glands - p. 129 92. Benign Tumors of Fauces and Oral Pharynx - p. 130 93. Malignant Tumors of Oral Cavity and Oropharynx - p. 131 94. Malignant Tumors of Salivary Glands - p. 132 95. Malignant Tumors of Jaw - p. 133 96. Malignant Tumors of Hypopharynx - p. 134 97. Salivary Secretion - p. 135 98. Mastication - p. 136 99. Functional Disorders that Lead to Structural Issues - p. 138 100. Section 3 Esophagus - p. 141 101. Section 4 Stomach - p. 182 102. Development of Stomach and Greater Omentum - p. 182 103. Anatomy, Normal Variations, and Relations of Stomach - p. 184 104. Anatomy and Relations of Duodenum - p. 185 105. Mucous Membrane of Stomach - p. 186 106. Musculature of Stomach - p. 187 107. Duodenal Bulb and Mucosal Surface of Duodenum - p. 188 108. Structures of Duodenum - p. 189 109. Duodenal Fossae and Ligament of Treitz - p. 190 110. Blood Supply of Stomach and Duodenum - p. 191 111. Collateral Circulation of Upper Abdominal Organs - p. 196 112. Venous Drainage of Stomach and Duodenum - p. 197 113. Lymphatic Drainage of Stomach - p. 198 114. Innervation of Stomach and Duodenum - p. 199 115. Normal Gastric Neuromuscular Physiology - p. 202 116. Mechanism of Gastric Acid Secretion - p. 203 117. Digestive Activity of Stomach - p. 204 118. Neuroregulation of Gastric Activity - p. 205 119. Factors Influencing Gastric Activity - p. 207 120. Hormonal Factors Influencing Gastric Activity - p. 209 121. Functional Changes in Gastric Motility and Secretion in Gastric Diseases - p. 210 122. Pyloric Obstruction; Effects of Vomiting - p. 211 123. Nausea and Vomiting - p. 212 124. Aerophagia and Belching - p. 214 125. Endoscopic Evaluation of the Stomach: Upper Endoscopy - p. 216 126. Diagnostic Aids in Gastric Disorders: Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy - p. 216 127. Diagnostic Aids in Gastric Disorders: Antroduodenal Manometry - p. 217 128. Diagnostic Aids in Gastric Disorders: Electrogastrography - p. 218 129. Gastric Analysis - p. 219 130. Helicobacter pylori Infection - p. 220 131. Paraesophageal Hernia and Gastric Volvulus - p. 221 132. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis - p. 222 133. Diverticulum of Stomach; Gastroduodenal Prolapse - p. 223 134. Traumatic Injuries of the Stomach - p. 224 135. Gastritis - p. 225 136. Acute Gastric Ulcer - p. 226 137. Subacute Ulcer of Stomach - p. 227 138. Chronic Gastric Ulcer - p. 228 139. Cameron Lesions and Disorders of the Cardia - p. 229 140. Giant Gastric Ulcer - p. 230 141. Gastroparesis - p. 231 142. Gastric Electrical Stimulation for Gastroparesis - p. 232 143. Functional Dyspepsia - p. 233 144. Peptic Ulcer: Duodenitis and Ulcer of Duodenal Bulb - p. 234 145. Peptic Ulcer: Duodenal Ulcers Distal to Duodenal Bulb; Multiple Ulcers - p. 235 146. Complications of Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers - p. 236 147. Healing of Gastric Ulcer - p. 240 148. Benign Tumors of the Stomach - p. 241 149. Carcinoma of Stomach - p. 243 150. Principles of Operative Procedures - p. 249 151. Bariatric Surgery - p. 251 152. Postgastrectomy Complications - p. 252 153. Complications of Gastrectomy (Bariatric Surgery) for Obesity - p. 253 154. Additional Resources - p. 255 155. Index - p. 256 156. Part II: Lower Digestive Track - p. 284 157. Section 1 Overview of Lower Digestive Tract - p. 284 158. Section 2 Small Bowel - p. 313 159. Development of Small Intestine - p. 313 160. Topography and Relations of Small Bowel - p. 314 161. Structure of Small Intestine - p. 315 162. Blood Supply of Small Intestine - p. 318 163. Lymph Drainage of Small Intestine - p. 319 164. Motility of Small Intestine - p. 320 165. Gastrointestinal Hormones - p. 322 166. Pathophysiology of Small Intestine - p. 323 167. Tests for Small Bowel Function - p. 324 168. Congenital Intestinal Obstruction: Intestinal Atresia, Malrotation of Colon, Volvulus of Midgut - p. 326 169. Congenital Intestinal Obstruction: Meconium Ileus - p. 328 170. Diaphragmatic Hernia - p. 329 171. Intussusception - p. 331 172. Omphalocele - p. 332 173. Duplications of Alimentary Tract - p. 333 174. Meckel Diverticulum - p. 334 175. Diverticula of Small Intestine - p. 336 176. Celiac Disease - p. 337 177. Tropical Sprue - p. 339 178. Whipple Disease (Intestinal Lipodystrophy) - p. 340 179. Bacterial Overgrowth - p. 341 180. Carbohydrate Malabsorption, Including Lactose Malabsorption - p. 342 181. Lymphangiectasia and Abetalipoprotein Deficiency - p. 343 182. Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis - p. 344 183. Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome and Other Rare Diarrheal Disorders - p. 345 184. Crohn Disease - p. 346 185. Typhoid Fever - p. 349 186. Infectious Enteritis - p. 351 187. HIV/AIDS Enteropathy - p. 355 188. Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder - p. 356 189. Abdominal and Intestinal Tuberculosis - p. 357 190. Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare Infection - p. 359 191. Small Bowel Manifestations of Systemic Diseases - p. 360 192. Intestinal Obstruction - p. 362 193. Vascular Malformation of Small Intestine and Other Causes of Small Intestinal Bleeding - p. 364 194. Indirect and Direct Inguinal Hernias - p. 366 195. Femoral Hernia - p. 370 196. Complications and Special Forms of Inguinal and Femoral Hernias - p. 372 197. Special Forms of Hernia - p. 373 198. Ventral Hernia - p. 374 199. Lumbar and Obturator Hernias - p. 375 200. Sciatic and Perineal Hernias - p. 376 201. Internal Hernia - p. 377 202. Abdominal Wounds of Small Intestine - p. 378 203. Abdominal Wounds of Mesentery - p. 379 204. Abdominal Wounds Resulting from Blast Injuries - p. 380 205. Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion - p. 381 206. Superior Mesenteric Syndrome - p. 383 207. Celiac Artery Compression Syndrome (Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome) - p. 384 208. Cancer of Peritoneum (Peritoneal Carcinomatosis) - p. 385 209. Familial Mediterranean Fever and Related Syndromes - p. 386 210. Laparoscopy - p. 388 211. Giardiasis - p. 389 212. Benign Tumors of Small Intestine - p. 390 213. Carcinoid - p. 392 214. Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome - p. 393 215. Malignant Tumors of Small Intestine - p. 394 216. Section 3 Colon - p. 397 217. Development of Large Intestine - p. 397 218. Ileocecal Region - p. 398 219. Vermiform Appendix - p. 400 220. Topography and Relations of Colon - p. 401 221. Structure of Colon - p. 403 222. Rectum and Anal Canal - p. 404 223. Anorectal Musculature - p. 407 224. Blood Supply of Large Intestine - p. 411 225. Lymph Drainage of Large Intestine - p. 415 226. Physical Examination - p. 416 227. Radiologic and Imaging Studies - p. 417 228. Colonoscopy - p. 418 229. Biopsy and Cytologic Studies - p. 419 230. Congenital Intestinal Obstruction: Anorectal Malformations - p. 420 231. Congenital Intestinal Obstruction: Management of Anorectal Malformations - p. 422 232. Congenital Intestinal Obstruction: Hirschsprung Disease - p. 423 233. Diverticulosis of Colon - p. 426 234. Diverticulitis - p. 427 235. Volvulus of Sigmoid - p. 428 236. Volvulus of Cecum - p. 429 237. Intussusception - p. 430 238. Diseases of Appendix - p. 431 239. Abdominal Wounds: Colon - p. 432 240. Abdominal Wounds: Rectum - p. 434 241. Anal Melanoma, Radiation Injury, and Typhlitis - p. 435 242. Foreign Bodies in Anus and Colon - p. 436 243. Proctologic Conditions: Hemorrhoids - p. 437 244. Proctologic Conditions: Prolapse and Procidentia - p. 438 245. Proctologic Conditions: Papillitis, Cryptitis, Adenomatous Polyps, Villous Tumor, Fissure, and Pruritus Ani - p. 439 246. Proctologic Conditions: Anorectal Abscess and Fistula - p. 440 247. Proctologic Conditions: Sexually Transmitted Diseases - p. 441 248. Parasitic Diseases: Trichuriasis - p. 442 249. Parasitic Diseases: Ascariasis - p. 443 250. Parasitic Diseases: Enterobiasis - p. 444 251. Parasitic Diseases: Strongyloidiasis - p. 445 252. Parasitic Diseases: Necatoriasis and Ancylostomiasis - p. 446 253. Parasitic Diseases: Taeniasis Caused by Taenia saginata - p. 447 254. Parasitic Diseases: Taeniasis Caused by Taenia solium (Cysticercus cellulosae) - p. 448 255. Parasitic Diseases: Hymenolepiasis nana - p. 449 256. Parasitic Diseases: Diphyllobothriasis - p. 450 257. Helminths and Protozoa Infesting Human Intestine - p. 451 258. Amebiasis - p. 453 259. Disorders Seen With HIV/AIDS - p. 455 260. Clostridium difficile Infection - p. 456 261. Food Poisoning and Infectious Diarrhea - p. 457 262. Ulcerative Colitis - p. 458 263. Crohn Disease - p. 462 264. Microscopic Colitis - p. 464 265. Diversion Colitis - p. 465 266. Ischemic Colitis - p. 466 267. Angioedema - p. 467 268. Strictures Resulting From Use of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs - p. 468 269. Visceral Reflexes - p. 469 270. Motility of Large Intestine - p. 470 271. Normal Defecation - p. 471 272. Motility Testing - p. 472 273. Pathophysiology of Defecation: Factors Affecting Normal Defecation - p. 473 274. Diarrhea - p. 474 275. Overview of Constipation - p. 475 276. Chronic Idiopathic Constipation - p. 476 277. Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Constipation Predominant - p. 477 278. Pelvic Floor Dysfunction and Constipation - p. 478 279. Fecal Incontinence - p. 479 280. Medical Therapy for Motility Disorders - p. 480 281. Chronic Colonic Pseudoobstruction and Toxic Megacolon - p. 481 282. Ogilvie Syndrome - p. 482 283. Colonic Involvement in Systemic Diseases - p. 483 284. Malignant Tumors of Large Intestine - p. 485 285. Polyposis Syndromes - p. 488 286. Colon Cancer Prevention - p. 490 287. Genetics of Colon Cancer - p. 491 288. Additional Resources - p. 493 289. Index - p. 494 290. Part III: Liver - p. 517 291. Section 1: Liver - p. 518 292. Development of Liver - p. 519 293. Development of Liver and Its Venous System - p. 520 294. Prenatal and Postnatal Circulation - p. 521 295. Topography of Liver - p. 522 296. Surfaces and Bed of Liver - p. 523 297. Lesser Omentum, Variations in Form of Liver - p. 524 298. Cellular Elements of Liver - p. 525 299. Intrahepatic Structures - p. 526 300. Vessel and Duct Distribution, Liver Segments - p. 527 301. Arterial Blood Supply of Liver, Biliary System, and Pancreas - p. 528 302. Hepatic Artery Variations - p. 529 303. Cystic Artery and Its Variations - p. 530 304. Portal Vein Tributaries, Portacaval Anastomoses - p. 531 305. Portal Vein: Variations and Anomalies - p. 532 306. Lymphatic Drainage of Liver and Bile Tract - p. 533 307. Innervation of Liver and Bile Tract - p. 534 308. Congenital and Familial Hyperbilirubinemias - p. 535 309. Congenital Anomalies - p. 536 310. Liver Functions - p. 537 311. Innate Immune System and Liver - p. 538 312. Prothrombin Formation - p. 539 313. Physical Diagnosis of Liver Disease - p. 540 314. Liver Function Tests - p. 541 315. Bilirubin and Bile Acid Metabolism - p. 542 316. Liver Biopsy - p. 543 317. Noninvasive Assessments for Hepatic Fibrosis - p. 544 318. Imaging Studies of Liver - p. 545 319. Liver Disease in Pregnancy - p. 546 320. Trauma - p. 547 321. Jaundice in Neonatal Period - p. 548 322. Congenital Malpositions of Liver - p. 549 323. Pathologic Features of Liver Injury - p. 550 324. Pathologic Features of Hepatic Regeneration and Atrophy - p. 551 325. Pathologic Features of Hepatic Necrosis - p. 552 326. Cirrhosis: Overview - p. 553 327. Cirrhosis: Fundamental Vascular Changes - p. 554 328. Cirrhosis: Clinical Manifestations - p. 555 329. Portal Hypertension: Causes - p. 556 330. Clinical Determination of Portal Hypertension - p. 557 331. Portal Hypertension: Endoscopic Approach - p. 558 332. Portal Hypertension: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt - p. 559 333. Ascites: Pathogenesis - p. 560 334. Renal Complications of Liver Disease - p. 561 335. Hepatic Encephalopathy - p. 562 336. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - p. 563 337. Alcoholic Liver Disease - p. 564 338. Hemosiderosis, Hemochromatosis - p. 565 339. Wilson Disease - p. 566 340. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency - p. 567 341. Other Inherited Metabolic Disorders (von Gierke Disease, Galactosemia, Niemann-Pick Disease) - p. 568 342. Hypoxic Conditions: Shock and Sickle Cell Anemia - p. 569 343. Drug-Induced Hepatic Injuries - p. 570 344. Acute Hepatitis (Hepatitis A and E) - p. 571 345. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D - p. 572 346. Hepatitis C - p. 573 347. Hepatitis Caused by Herpesviridae - p. 574 348. Spirochetal Infections (Weil Disease, Syphilis) - p. 575 349. Granulomatous Liver Disease - p. 576 350. Amebiasis Cyst (Hydatid Disease) - p. 577 351. Echinococcus yst (Hydatid Disease) - p. 577 352. Schistosomiasis - p. 578 353. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis - p. 579 354. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - p. 580 355. Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography - p. 581 356. Autoimmune Hepatitis - p. 582 357. Vascular Disturbances: Arterial - p. 583 358. Vascular Disturbances: Portal Vein - p. 584 359. Hepatic Vein Obstruction; Budd-Chiari Syndrome - p. 585 360. Vascular Disturbances: Periarteritis Nodosa, Aneurysm - p. 586 361. Cardiac Liver (Congestive Hepatopathy) - p. 587 362. Hematologic Malignant Disease and Liver: Hodgkin Disease, Leukemia, Venoocclusive Disease, Graft-Versus-Host Disease - p. 588 363. Benign Liver Tumors - p. 589 364. Hepatocellular Carcinoma - p. 590 365. Nonsurgical Therapies for Localized Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Percutaneous Ablation,Transarterial Embolization,and Radiotherapy - p. 591 366. Cholangiocarcinoma - p. 592 367. Metastatic Liver Cancer - p. 593 368. Operative Procedures: Wedge Resection/Segmentectomy - p. 594 369. Left Lobectomy - p. 595 370. Extended Right Lobectomy - p. 596 371. Palliative Therapy in Inoperable Cancers: Infusion of Chemotherapeutic Agents via Hepatic Artery Infusion Pump - p. 597 372. Liver Transplantation - p. 598 373. Section 2 Gallbladder and Bile Ducts - p. 599 374. Section 3 Pancreas - p. 624 375. Additional Resources - p. 644