Petrophysics, a seminal text in the field authored by recognized experts, now in its 5th edition, delivers information for reservoir engineers, production engineers and geoscience students fundamental to understanding rock-fluid interaction, and critical to maximizing reservoir performance while minimizing emissions and environmental impacts.
This new edition lays a foundation through an introduction to petroleum geology, including an overview of pre- and post- carbon emission concerns, porosity and permeability, formation resistivity and water saturation, capillary pressure, wettability, applications of Darcy’s Law, naturally fractured reservoirs, stress effects on reservoir rock, reservoir characterization and well logs, fluid-rock interactions, shale gas and shale oil in unconventional reservoirs, and culminates in current studies on permeability from practical interpretation of pressure and rate transient analysis of tight and shale reservoirs.
Each chapter synthesizes relevant theory, studies and advances, methods, procedures, calculations, definitions, exercises and assignments designed to reinforce learning.
• Continues its longstanding, 28-year history as the leading book on petrophysics1. Chapter 2 Introduction to Petroleum Geology - p. 19 2. Chapter 3 Porosity and Permeability - p. 59 3. Introduction - p. 61 4. Porosity - p. 61 5. Factors Governing the Magnitude of Porosity - p. 62 6. Engineering Classification of Porosity - p. 63 7. Geological Classification of Porosity - p. 64 8. Visual Description of Porosity in Carbonate Rocks - p. 65 9. Fluid Saturation - p. 67 10. Quantitative Use of Porosity - p. 68 11. Permeability - p. 70 12. Classification of Permeability - p. 72 13. Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Permeability - p. 73 14. Permeability–Porosity Relationships - p. 75 15. Kozeny Correlation - p. 76 16. Concept of Flow Units - p. 81 17. Mathematical Theory of Flow Units - p. 82 18. Specific Surface Area - p. 85 19. Flow Unit Characterization Factors - p. 91 20. Flow Units Functions - p. 106 21. Reservoir Zonation Using Normalized RQI - p. 111 22. Effect of Packing on Permeability - p. 111 23. Effect of Water Saturation on Permeability - p. 113 24. Permeability from NMR - p. 115 25. Permeability from GR Logs - p. 117 26. Permeability–Porosity Relationships in Carbonate Rocks - p. 119 27. Directional Permeability - p. 131 28. Reservoir Heterogeneity - p. 140 29. Distribution of Rock Properties - p. 142 30. Permeability and Porosity Distributions - p. 143 31. Permeability from Well Test Data - p. 159 32. Statistical Zonation Technique - p. 164 33. Problems - p. 169 34. Chapter 4 Formation Resistivity, Water Saturation, and Well Logs - p. 179 35. Formation Resistivity Factor - p. 181 36. Water Resistivity Measurements - p. 183 37. Correlation of FR with Porosity - p. 200 38. Correlations of FR with Tortuosity - p. 201 39. Correlations of FR with Cementation Factor m - p. 203 40. Theoretical Formula for FR - p. 205 41. Correlations of FR with Water Saturation - p. 209 42. Correlations of FR with Permeability - p. 217 43. Resistivity of Shaly Reservoir Rocks - p. 219 44. Water-Saturation Models in Shaly Formations - p. 219 45. Gamma-Ray Log - p. 226 46. Flow Units in Shaly Formations - p. 230 47. Core-based Evaluation of Shaly Formations - p. 232 48. Cation Exchange Capacity - p. 234 49. Porosity Logs - p. 261 50. Interpretation of Core Data - p. 270 51. Interpretation of Well-Log Data - p. 272 52. Problems - p. 275 53. Chapter 5 Capillary Pressure - p. 283 54. Introduction - p. 284 55. Derivation of the Capillary Pressure Equation - p. 285 56. Capillary Rise - p. 288 57. Semipermeable Disk Measurement of Capillary Pressure - p. 289 58. Centrifuge Measurement of Capillary Pressure - p. 290 59. Measurement of Capillary Pressure by Mercury Injection - p. 297 60. Pore-Size Distribution - p. 302 61. Vertical Saturation Profile in a Reservoir - p. 306 62. Capillary Pressure J-Function - p. 307 63. Capillary Number - p. 311 64. Saturation Height Models (or SHM Functions) - p. 312 65. Problems - p. 321 66. Chapter 6 Wettability - p. 325 67. Chapter 7 Applications of Darcy's Law - p. 361 68. Darcy's Law - p. 362 69. Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids - p. 363 70. Linear Flow of Gas - p. 365 71. Darcy's and Poiseuille's Laws - p. 368 72. Linear Flow Through Fractures and Channels - p. 369 73. Flow Through Fractures - p. 369 74. Flow Through Solution Channels - p. 373 75. Radial Flow Systems - p. 375 76. Steady-State Flow - p. 375 77. Pseudosteady-State Flow - p. 377 78. Skin Zone - p. 380 79. Dimensionless Pressure - p. 382 80. Radial Laminar Flow of Gas - p. 384 81. Turbulent Flow of Gas - p. 388 82. Linear Turbulent Flow - p. 388 83. Friction Factor of Porous Rocks - p. 393 84. Turbulent Radial Flow - p. 398 85. Multiple-Permeability Rocks - p. 400 86. Layered Reservoirs With Crossflow - p. 400 87. Layered Reservoirs Without Crossflow - p. 401 88. Composite Reservoirs - p. 404 89. Linear Flow Systems - p. 404 90. Radial Flow Systems - p. 405 91. Mobility-Based Net-Pay Cutoff - p. 407 92. Problems - p. 409 93. Chapter 8 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs - p. 413 94. Introduction - p. 414 95. Origin of Permeability in Carbonate Rocks - p. 415 96. Geological Classifications of Natural Fractures - p. 415 97. Engineering Classification of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs - p. 418 98. Indicators of Natural Fractures - p. 419 99. Visual Identification of Fractures - p. 422 100. Petrophysical Properties of Naturally Fractured Rocks - p. 424 101. Fracture Porosity Determination - p. 424 102. RQI, FZI, and m for Carbonates - p. 427 103. Porosity Partitioning Coefficient - p. 431 104. Fracture Intensity Index - p. 437 105. Permeability-Porosity Relationships in Double Porosity Systems - p. 440 106. Porosity and Permeability Relationships in Type 1 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs - p. 442 107. Fractures Porosity and Aperture from Cores - p. 443 108. Specific Area of Fractures - p. 447 109. Effect of Fracture Shape - p. 448 110. Hydraulic Radius of Fractures - p. 449 111. Type 2 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs - p. 450 112. Fluid Flow Modeling in Fractures - p. 452 113. Fracture Area - p. 452 114. Fracture Storage Capacity - p. 453 115. Fracture Conductivity - p. 453 116. CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL FRACTURES WITH PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTS - p. 454 117. Fracture Porosity and Permeability from Pressure Transient Tests - p. 456 118. Fracture Corridors in Carbonates - p. 465 119. Problems - p. 467 120. Chapter 9 Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties - p. 473 121. Static Stress–Strain Relation - p. 475 122. Stress Analysis - p. 476 123. Strain Analysis - p. 479 124. Two-Dimensional Stress–Strain Systems - p. 480 125. Rock Deformation - p. 481 126. Hooke's Law - p. 481 127. Stress–Strain Diagrams - p. 487 128. The Mohr Diagram - p. 489 129. Dynamic Elastic Properties - p. 491 130. Dynamic Versus Static Modulus of Elasticity - p. 494 131. Rock Strength and Hardness - p. 494 132. Rock Hardness - p. 498 133. Compressibility of Porous Rocks - p. 499 134. Pore Compressibility - p. 499 135. Effectiveness of Pore Pressure in Countering Stress - p. 503 136. Formation (Pore) Compressibility Correlations - p. 505 137. Effect of Pore Compressibility on Reserves Calculations - p. 507 138. Converting Lab Data to Reservoir Data - p. 508 139. Effect of Stress on Core Data - p. 511 140. Effect of Stress on Porosity - p. 511 141. Effect of Stress on Permeability - p. 514 142. Effect of Stress on Resistivity - p. 516 143. Porosity–Permeability–Stress Relationship - p. 517 144. Effect of Stress on Fracturing - p. 527 145. Minimum and Maximum Horizontal Stress - p. 528 146. Effect of Poisson's Ratio on Fracture Gradient - p. 530 147. FG for Offshore Wells - p. 534 148. Effect of Poisson's Ratio on Fracture Dimensions - p. 538 149. In Situ Stress Distribution - p. 541 150. Effect of Stress Change on Rock Failure - p. 545 151. Change in Stress Field due to Depletion and Repressurization - p. 546 152. Stress Relationship at the Wellbore - p. 547 153. Estimating Critical Borehole Pressure in Vertical Wells Overbalanced Conditions - p. 547 154. Balanced and Underbalanced Conditions - p. 548 155. Critical Borehole Pressure in Horizontal Wells - p. 548 156. Overbalanced Conditions - p. 549 157. Underbalanced Conditions - p. 549 158. Critical Pore Pressure - p. 550 159. Example of a North Sea Reservoir - p. 551 160. Stress Field and Reservoir Stress Paths - p. 551 161. Analysis - p. 552 162. Porosity as Strength Indicator to Evaluate Sand Production - p. 553 163. Predicting Sand Production Rate - p. 557 164. Example 11 - Field Case, Niger Delta - p. 560 165. Pore Pressure in Complex Reservoirs - p. 562 166. Conventional Pore Pressure Prediction Methods - p. 564 167. Eaton Pore Pressure Equations - p. 568 168. Bower Pore Pressure Equations - p. 570 169. Zhang Pore Pressure Equations - p. 572 170. Pore Pressure Equation for Overpressured Carbonates - p. 578 171. Problems - p. 581 172. Additional Sample Data - p. 583 173. Chapter 10 Fluid–Rock Interactions - p. 593 174. Introduction - p. 594 175. Importance of Near-Wellbore Permeability - p. 594 176. Nature of Permeability Damage - p. 596 177. Origin of Permeability Damage - p. 597 178. Types of Permeability Damage - p. 601 179. Effect of Fines Migration on Permeability - p. 603 180. Types and Sizes of Fines - p. 603 181. Fines Migration - p. 609 182. Chemical Damage - p. 611 183. Mechanical Damage - p. 616 184. Migration of Foreign Solids - p. 619 185. Critical Velocity Concept - p. 620 186. Entrainment and Surface Deposition - p. 620 187. Entrainment and Plugging - p. 623 188. Identification of Permeability Damage Mechanisms - p. 627 189. Permeability Damage from Foreign Solids - p. 627 190. Permeability Damage from Formation Fines - p. 632 191. Effect of Water Quality on Permeability - p. 635 192. External Filter-Cake Buildup - p. 637 193. Internal Filter-Cake Buildup - p. 640 194. Injectivity Decline from Plugging of Perforations - p. 641 195. Impairment from Wellbore Fill-Up - p. 643 196. Membrane Filtration Tests - p. 644 197. Core Filtration Tests - p. 648 198. External Filter-Cake Formation - p. 649 199. Internal Filter-Cake Formation - p. 651 200. Impact of Chemically Induced Formation Damage on Shale Rock Mechanical Properties - p. 654 201. Formation Damage Caused by Steam Injection - p. 654 202. CO2, Water, and Mineral Reactions - p. 655 203. Problems - p. 663 204. Chapter 11 Unconventional Reservoirs - p. 667 205. Unconventional Hydrocarbon Generation - p. 669 206. Kerogen and TOC - p. 671 207. Rock Evaluation Pyrolysis - p. 672 208. Vitrinite Reflectance (RV) - p. 676 209. Petrophysical Evaluation - p. 678 210. Lom and Vitrinite Reflectance from ΔlogR - p. 683 211. Total Porosity - p. 690 212. Kerogen Density - p. 694 213. Hydrocarbon Saturation: Organic-Porosity Model - p. 695 214. Porosity and TOC from NMR Measurements - p. 703 215. Water Saturation from VP/VS - p. 710 216. TOC from Empirical Correlations - p. 711 217. Total Gas in Place from NMR - p. 713 218. Total Gas in Place: Two-Volume Model - p. 714 219. Total Gas in Place: Three-Volume Model - p. 726 220. Gas in Place from Semi-analytical Model - p. 729 221. Original Gas in Place (OGIP) From Static Mbe - p. 737 222. MBE of Dual Porosity SRV - p. 739 223. MBE: Impact of Adsorbed Gas on Free Gas - p. 745 224. OGIP: Langmuir and Bet Isotherms - p. 750 225. Brittleness Index - p. 754 226. Fracability Index - p. 767 227. Problems - p. 771 228. Chapter 12 Unconventional Reservoirs - p. 785 229. Shale Oil Resources - p. 788 230. Shale Oil Generation - p. 789 231. Shale Oil Characteristics - p. 789 232. Oil in Place in Shale-Oil Reservoirs - p. 792 233. OSI, CSI, and RPI - p. 800 234. Original Oil in Place From Conventional MBE - p. 807 235. MBE for Stimulated NFR - p. 809 236. Petrophysical Evaluation of Shale Oil - p. 810 237. Shale Oil Porosity - p. 818 238. Total Porosity and Water Saturation - p. 824 239. Productivity of Shale-Oil and Shale-Gas Wells - p. 827 240. Forecasting Production Performance - p. 833 241. Problems - p. 838 242. Chapter 13 Sources of Permeability of Tight and Unconventional Reservoirs - p. 845 243. Appendix A Measurement of Rock and Fluid Properties - p. 861 244. Appendix B Computer Programs - p. 919 245. Index - p. 943
Petrophysics, a seminal text in the field authored by recognized experts, now in its 5th edition, delivers information for reservoir engineers, production engineers and geoscience students fundamental to understanding rock-fluid interaction, and critical to maximizing reservoir performance while minimizing emissions and environmental impacts.
This new edition lays a foundation through an introduction to petroleum geology, including an overview of pre- and post- carbon emission concerns, porosity and permeability, formation resistivity and water saturation, capillary pressure, wettability, applications of Darcy’s Law, naturally fractured reservoirs, stress effects on reservoir rock, reservoir characterization and well logs, fluid-rock interactions, shale gas and shale oil in unconventional reservoirs, and culminates in current studies on permeability from practical interpretation of pressure and rate transient analysis of tight and shale reservoirs.
Each chapter synthesizes relevant theory, studies and advances, methods, procedures, calculations, definitions, exercises and assignments designed to reinforce learning.
• Continues its longstanding, 28-year history as the leading book on petrophysics1. Chapter 2 Introduction to Petroleum Geology - p. 19 2. Chapter 3 Porosity and Permeability - p. 59 3. Introduction - p. 61 4. Porosity - p. 61 5. Factors Governing the Magnitude of Porosity - p. 62 6. Engineering Classification of Porosity - p. 63 7. Geological Classification of Porosity - p. 64 8. Visual Description of Porosity in Carbonate Rocks - p. 65 9. Fluid Saturation - p. 67 10. Quantitative Use of Porosity - p. 68 11. Permeability - p. 70 12. Classification of Permeability - p. 72 13. Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Permeability - p. 73 14. Permeability–Porosity Relationships - p. 75 15. Kozeny Correlation - p. 76 16. Concept of Flow Units - p. 81 17. Mathematical Theory of Flow Units - p. 82 18. Specific Surface Area - p. 85 19. Flow Unit Characterization Factors - p. 91 20. Flow Units Functions - p. 106 21. Reservoir Zonation Using Normalized RQI - p. 111 22. Effect of Packing on Permeability - p. 111 23. Effect of Water Saturation on Permeability - p. 113 24. Permeability from NMR - p. 115 25. Permeability from GR Logs - p. 117 26. Permeability–Porosity Relationships in Carbonate Rocks - p. 119 27. Directional Permeability - p. 131 28. Reservoir Heterogeneity - p. 140 29. Distribution of Rock Properties - p. 142 30. Permeability and Porosity Distributions - p. 143 31. Permeability from Well Test Data - p. 159 32. Statistical Zonation Technique - p. 164 33. Problems - p. 169 34. Chapter 4 Formation Resistivity, Water Saturation, and Well Logs - p. 179 35. Formation Resistivity Factor - p. 181 36. Water Resistivity Measurements - p. 183 37. Correlation of FR with Porosity - p. 200 38. Correlations of FR with Tortuosity - p. 201 39. Correlations of FR with Cementation Factor m - p. 203 40. Theoretical Formula for FR - p. 205 41. Correlations of FR with Water Saturation - p. 209 42. Correlations of FR with Permeability - p. 217 43. Resistivity of Shaly Reservoir Rocks - p. 219 44. Water-Saturation Models in Shaly Formations - p. 219 45. Gamma-Ray Log - p. 226 46. Flow Units in Shaly Formations - p. 230 47. Core-based Evaluation of Shaly Formations - p. 232 48. Cation Exchange Capacity - p. 234 49. Porosity Logs - p. 261 50. Interpretation of Core Data - p. 270 51. Interpretation of Well-Log Data - p. 272 52. Problems - p. 275 53. Chapter 5 Capillary Pressure - p. 283 54. Introduction - p. 284 55. Derivation of the Capillary Pressure Equation - p. 285 56. Capillary Rise - p. 288 57. Semipermeable Disk Measurement of Capillary Pressure - p. 289 58. Centrifuge Measurement of Capillary Pressure - p. 290 59. Measurement of Capillary Pressure by Mercury Injection - p. 297 60. Pore-Size Distribution - p. 302 61. Vertical Saturation Profile in a Reservoir - p. 306 62. Capillary Pressure J-Function - p. 307 63. Capillary Number - p. 311 64. Saturation Height Models (or SHM Functions) - p. 312 65. Problems - p. 321 66. Chapter 6 Wettability - p. 325 67. Chapter 7 Applications of Darcy's Law - p. 361 68. Darcy's Law - p. 362 69. Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids - p. 363 70. Linear Flow of Gas - p. 365 71. Darcy's and Poiseuille's Laws - p. 368 72. Linear Flow Through Fractures and Channels - p. 369 73. Flow Through Fractures - p. 369 74. Flow Through Solution Channels - p. 373 75. Radial Flow Systems - p. 375 76. Steady-State Flow - p. 375 77. Pseudosteady-State Flow - p. 377 78. Skin Zone - p. 380 79. Dimensionless Pressure - p. 382 80. Radial Laminar Flow of Gas - p. 384 81. Turbulent Flow of Gas - p. 388 82. Linear Turbulent Flow - p. 388 83. Friction Factor of Porous Rocks - p. 393 84. Turbulent Radial Flow - p. 398 85. Multiple-Permeability Rocks - p. 400 86. Layered Reservoirs With Crossflow - p. 400 87. Layered Reservoirs Without Crossflow - p. 401 88. Composite Reservoirs - p. 404 89. Linear Flow Systems - p. 404 90. Radial Flow Systems - p. 405 91. Mobility-Based Net-Pay Cutoff - p. 407 92. Problems - p. 409 93. Chapter 8 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs - p. 413 94. Introduction - p. 414 95. Origin of Permeability in Carbonate Rocks - p. 415 96. Geological Classifications of Natural Fractures - p. 415 97. Engineering Classification of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs - p. 418 98. Indicators of Natural Fractures - p. 419 99. Visual Identification of Fractures - p. 422 100. Petrophysical Properties of Naturally Fractured Rocks - p. 424 101. Fracture Porosity Determination - p. 424 102. RQI, FZI, and m for Carbonates - p. 427 103. Porosity Partitioning Coefficient - p. 431 104. Fracture Intensity Index - p. 437 105. Permeability-Porosity Relationships in Double Porosity Systems - p. 440 106. Porosity and Permeability Relationships in Type 1 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs - p. 442 107. Fractures Porosity and Aperture from Cores - p. 443 108. Specific Area of Fractures - p. 447 109. Effect of Fracture Shape - p. 448 110. Hydraulic Radius of Fractures - p. 449 111. Type 2 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs - p. 450 112. Fluid Flow Modeling in Fractures - p. 452 113. Fracture Area - p. 452 114. Fracture Storage Capacity - p. 453 115. Fracture Conductivity - p. 453 116. CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL FRACTURES WITH PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTS - p. 454 117. Fracture Porosity and Permeability from Pressure Transient Tests - p. 456 118. Fracture Corridors in Carbonates - p. 465 119. Problems - p. 467 120. Chapter 9 Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties - p. 473 121. Static Stress–Strain Relation - p. 475 122. Stress Analysis - p. 476 123. Strain Analysis - p. 479 124. Two-Dimensional Stress–Strain Systems - p. 480 125. Rock Deformation - p. 481 126. Hooke's Law - p. 481 127. Stress–Strain Diagrams - p. 487 128. The Mohr Diagram - p. 489 129. Dynamic Elastic Properties - p. 491 130. Dynamic Versus Static Modulus of Elasticity - p. 494 131. Rock Strength and Hardness - p. 494 132. Rock Hardness - p. 498 133. Compressibility of Porous Rocks - p. 499 134. Pore Compressibility - p. 499 135. Effectiveness of Pore Pressure in Countering Stress - p. 503 136. Formation (Pore) Compressibility Correlations - p. 505 137. Effect of Pore Compressibility on Reserves Calculations - p. 507 138. Converting Lab Data to Reservoir Data - p. 508 139. Effect of Stress on Core Data - p. 511 140. Effect of Stress on Porosity - p. 511 141. Effect of Stress on Permeability - p. 514 142. Effect of Stress on Resistivity - p. 516 143. Porosity–Permeability–Stress Relationship - p. 517 144. Effect of Stress on Fracturing - p. 527 145. Minimum and Maximum Horizontal Stress - p. 528 146. Effect of Poisson's Ratio on Fracture Gradient - p. 530 147. FG for Offshore Wells - p. 534 148. Effect of Poisson's Ratio on Fracture Dimensions - p. 538 149. In Situ Stress Distribution - p. 541 150. Effect of Stress Change on Rock Failure - p. 545 151. Change in Stress Field due to Depletion and Repressurization - p. 546 152. Stress Relationship at the Wellbore - p. 547 153. Estimating Critical Borehole Pressure in Vertical Wells Overbalanced Conditions - p. 547 154. Balanced and Underbalanced Conditions - p. 548 155. Critical Borehole Pressure in Horizontal Wells - p. 548 156. Overbalanced Conditions - p. 549 157. Underbalanced Conditions - p. 549 158. Critical Pore Pressure - p. 550 159. Example of a North Sea Reservoir - p. 551 160. Stress Field and Reservoir Stress Paths - p. 551 161. Analysis - p. 552 162. Porosity as Strength Indicator to Evaluate Sand Production - p. 553 163. Predicting Sand Production Rate - p. 557 164. Example 11 - Field Case, Niger Delta - p. 560 165. Pore Pressure in Complex Reservoirs - p. 562 166. Conventional Pore Pressure Prediction Methods - p. 564 167. Eaton Pore Pressure Equations - p. 568 168. Bower Pore Pressure Equations - p. 570 169. Zhang Pore Pressure Equations - p. 572 170. Pore Pressure Equation for Overpressured Carbonates - p. 578 171. Problems - p. 581 172. Additional Sample Data - p. 583 173. Chapter 10 Fluid–Rock Interactions - p. 593 174. Introduction - p. 594 175. Importance of Near-Wellbore Permeability - p. 594 176. Nature of Permeability Damage - p. 596 177. Origin of Permeability Damage - p. 597 178. Types of Permeability Damage - p. 601 179. Effect of Fines Migration on Permeability - p. 603 180. Types and Sizes of Fines - p. 603 181. Fines Migration - p. 609 182. Chemical Damage - p. 611 183. Mechanical Damage - p. 616 184. Migration of Foreign Solids - p. 619 185. Critical Velocity Concept - p. 620 186. Entrainment and Surface Deposition - p. 620 187. Entrainment and Plugging - p. 623 188. Identification of Permeability Damage Mechanisms - p. 627 189. Permeability Damage from Foreign Solids - p. 627 190. Permeability Damage from Formation Fines - p. 632 191. Effect of Water Quality on Permeability - p. 635 192. External Filter-Cake Buildup - p. 637 193. Internal Filter-Cake Buildup - p. 640 194. Injectivity Decline from Plugging of Perforations - p. 641 195. Impairment from Wellbore Fill-Up - p. 643 196. Membrane Filtration Tests - p. 644 197. Core Filtration Tests - p. 648 198. External Filter-Cake Formation - p. 649 199. Internal Filter-Cake Formation - p. 651 200. Impact of Chemically Induced Formation Damage on Shale Rock Mechanical Properties - p. 654 201. Formation Damage Caused by Steam Injection - p. 654 202. CO2, Water, and Mineral Reactions - p. 655 203. Problems - p. 663 204. Chapter 11 Unconventional Reservoirs - p. 667 205. Unconventional Hydrocarbon Generation - p. 669 206. Kerogen and TOC - p. 671 207. Rock Evaluation Pyrolysis - p. 672 208. Vitrinite Reflectance (RV) - p. 676 209. Petrophysical Evaluation - p. 678 210. Lom and Vitrinite Reflectance from ΔlogR - p. 683 211. Total Porosity - p. 690 212. Kerogen Density - p. 694 213. Hydrocarbon Saturation: Organic-Porosity Model - p. 695 214. Porosity and TOC from NMR Measurements - p. 703 215. Water Saturation from VP/VS - p. 710 216. TOC from Empirical Correlations - p. 711 217. Total Gas in Place from NMR - p. 713 218. Total Gas in Place: Two-Volume Model - p. 714 219. Total Gas in Place: Three-Volume Model - p. 726 220. Gas in Place from Semi-analytical Model - p. 729 221. Original Gas in Place (OGIP) From Static Mbe - p. 737 222. MBE of Dual Porosity SRV - p. 739 223. MBE: Impact of Adsorbed Gas on Free Gas - p. 745 224. OGIP: Langmuir and Bet Isotherms - p. 750 225. Brittleness Index - p. 754 226. Fracability Index - p. 767 227. Problems - p. 771 228. Chapter 12 Unconventional Reservoirs - p. 785 229. Shale Oil Resources - p. 788 230. Shale Oil Generation - p. 789 231. Shale Oil Characteristics - p. 789 232. Oil in Place in Shale-Oil Reservoirs - p. 792 233. OSI, CSI, and RPI - p. 800 234. Original Oil in Place From Conventional MBE - p. 807 235. MBE for Stimulated NFR - p. 809 236. Petrophysical Evaluation of Shale Oil - p. 810 237. Shale Oil Porosity - p. 818 238. Total Porosity and Water Saturation - p. 824 239. Productivity of Shale-Oil and Shale-Gas Wells - p. 827 240. Forecasting Production Performance - p. 833 241. Problems - p. 838 242. Chapter 13 Sources of Permeability of Tight and Unconventional Reservoirs - p. 845 243. Appendix A Measurement of Rock and Fluid Properties - p. 861 244. Appendix B Computer Programs - p. 919 245. Index - p. 943
