The advancements in society are intertwined with the advancements in science. To understand how changes in society occurred, and will continue to change, one has to have a basic understanding of the laws of physics and chemistry. Physical Chemistry: Multidisciplinary Applications in Society examines how the laws of physics and chemistry (physical chemistry) explain the dynamic nature of the Universe and events on Earth, and how these events affect the evolution of society (multidisciplinary applications). The ordering of the chapters reflects the natural flow of events in an evolving Universe: Philosophy of Science, the basis of the view that natural events have natural causes - Cosmology, the origin of everything from the Big Bang to the current state of the Universe - Geoscience, the physics and chemistry behind the evolution of the planet Earth from its birth to the present - Life Science, the molecules and mechanisms of life on Earth - Ecology, the interdependence of all components within the Ecosphere and the Universe - Information Content, emphasis on how words and phrases and framing of issues affect opinions, reliability of sources, and the limitations of knowledge.
1. SS-0.0. Introduction - p. 1 2. SS-1.0. Earth Is a Paludarium - p. 3 3. SS-2.0. Science and Technology: A Change in Society - p. 7 4. SS-3.0. The United States: An Experiment in Government - p. 10 5. SS-4.0. Notable Presidents Whose Leadership Helped Make America Great - p. 11 6. SS-5.0. The Jefferson Nickel and the Kennedy Half Dollar - p. 42 7. SS-6.0. How Mammals Learn - p. 44 8. SS-7.0. Logical and Intuitive Responses - p. 45 9. SS-8.0. Logic and the Complexity of a System: The Metaphor of Checkers and Chess - p. 47 10. SS-9.0. Can Something “Hard” Capture the Attention of the General Public? - p. 53 11. SS-10.0. Body Parts and Decision Making: Head, Gut, Heart, and Sex Organs - p. 56 12. SS-11.0. Structure of Society - p. 58 13. SS-12.0. Metaphor of Science in Society: The Lone Ranger Episode 100 “The Devil's Bog” - p. 65 14. SS-13.0. Intertwinement of Science and Society - p. 70 15. SS-14.0. Periods of Change in Society: The “Three Faces of Eve” - p. 79 16. SS-15.0. The Years 2016 and 2017: A Beginning of the New Era in American Society? - p. 91 17. SS-16.0. America as the Melting Pot - p. 169 18. SS-17.0. The Only Thing Constant About Change is Change - p. 171 19. Chapter 1. Philosophy of Science - p. 183 20. 1-0.0. Introduction - p. 183 21. 1-1.0. Eastern Philosophy and Western Philosophy - p. 188 22. 1-2.0. Overview of the Philosophy of Science and Eastern/Western Philosophy - p. 189 23. 1-3.0. The Greeks Did It All—They Just Did Not Fill in the Details - p. 190 24. 1-4.0. Philosophy, Politics, Religion, and Natural Philosophy - p. 213 25. 1-5.0. Confrontations of Natural Philosophy With Politics, Religion, and Superstition: The Early Years - p. 214 26. 1-6.0. Confrontations of Natural Philosophy With Politics, Religion, and Superstition: The Renaissance Period - p. 221 27. 1-7.0. Laying the Foundations of Classical Physics - p. 234 28. 1-8.0. Classical Physics: From the Renaissance Period to 1900 - p. 271 29. 1-9.0. The Genesis of a New Era: Laying the Foundations for Spacetime Physics - p. 276 30. 1-10.0. The Struggle to Understand Quantum Mechanics - p. 315 31. 1-11.0. The Influence of Niels Bohr on the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - p. 326 32. 1-12.0. Entanglement: The Signature of Quantum Theory - p. 328 33. 1-13.0. Alternate Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics - p. 333 34. 1-14.0. Two Beautiful Equations Derived From Two Incompatible Theories - p. 339 35. 1-15.0. The Particle Zoo: The Atom Smashers - p. 341 36. 1-16.0. Particles, Forces, and Fields - p. 343 37. 1-17.0. Experimental and Historical Sciences - p. 351 38. 1-18.0. The Philosophy of Emergence - p. 352 39. 1-19.0. Space—From the Greeks to Quantum-Spacetime Physics - p. 357 40. 1-20.0. Religion, Politics, and Science - p. 362 41. Chapter 2. Cosmology - p. 369 42. 2-0.0. Introduction - p. 369 43. 2-1.0. The Early Skywatchers - p. 370 44. 2-2.0. Time Is Movement: The Sun and the Moon - p. 373 45. 2-3.0. Time and Time Again - p. 387 46. 2-4.0. The Calendar Makers - p. 392 47. 2-5.0. The Ancient Greeks and Spherical Cosmology - p. 407 48. 2-6.0. Renaissance Period: Classical Cosmology - p. 409 49. 2-7.0. Newton's Equation for Celestial Motion—The Derivation - p. 426 50. 2-8.0. Stability of the Solar System - p. 438 51. 2-9.0. Classical Cosmology and What the Ancient Skywatchers Saw - p. 448 52. 2-10.0. The Formation of the Solar System - p. 457 53. 2-11.0. Pluto: An Enigma - p. 471 54. 2-12.0. The Planets - p. 480 55. 2-13.0. The Sun - p. 498 56. 2-14.0. The Interior Structure of the Sun: The Road to Visible Light - p. 507 57. 2-15.0. The Solar Atmosphere - p. 512 58. 2-16.0. Solar Eclipse and the Corona - p. 514 59. 2-17.0. The Activity of the Sun - p. 521 60. 2-18.0. The Birth, Life, and Death of Stars - p. 530 61. 2-19.0. Synthesis of the Elements - p. 534 62. 2-20.0. Relative Motion of Trains—Galilean Style - p. 538 63. 2-21.0. Relative Motion of Trains—Einsteinian Style - p. 542 64. 2-22.0. The Geometry of Spacetime - p. 548 65. 2-23.0. Theory of General Relativity - p. 553 66. 2-24.0. The Theoretical Universe: 1917–27 - p. 558 67. 2-25.0. The Year 1927 - p. 567 68. 2-26.0. The Lemaître Universe - p. 569 69. 2-27.0. How to Touch What Cannot be Touched - p. 572 70. 2-28.0. Think Outside of the Milky Way Box - p. 578 71. 2-29.0. Expansion: There Goes the Neighborhood - p. 585 72. 2-30.0. The "Eye in the Sky"—The Hubble Telescope - p. 588 73. 2-31.0. Seeds Sown by Lemaître and Modern Cosmology - p. 590 74. 2-32.0. The Year 1932 - p. 592 75. 2-33.0. A Tale of Two CDs - p. 593 76. 2-34.0. The Double E Question - p. 595 77. 2-35.0. "Who Put Eight Great Tomatoes in That Little Bitty Can?" - p. 597 78. 2-36.0. Cosmological Conundrums - p. 599 79. 2-37.0. The "False Vacuum" and the Cosmological Conundrums - p. 600 80. 2-38.0. Supermassive Black Holes - p. 601 81. 2-39.0. "Something is Rotten in the State of Denmark" - p. 603 82. 2-40.0. The Time Profile of the Universe From the Big Bang to Atoms: A Scenario - p. 605 83. Chapter 3. Geoscience - p. 611 84. 3-0.0. Introduction - p. 611 85. 3-1.0. The Periodic Table of Geosciences - p. 612 86. 3-2.0. The Early Solar System - p. 613 87. 3-3.0. The Origin of the Earth–Moon System - p. 613 88. 3-4.0. A Peek Inside the Earth - p. 618 89. 3-5.0. The Atmosphere in Three Acts - p. 620 90. 3-6.0. The Chemical Composition of the Earth's Atmosphere Today - p. 624 91. 3-7.0. The Earth's Atmosphere as an Onion - p. 624 92. 3-8.0. Reactions and the Temperature Profile of the Earth's Atmosphere - p. 628 93. 3-9.0. The Structure of the Earth's Atmosphere - p. 631 94. 3-10.0. The Age of the Earth: From Charles Darwin to Arthur Holmes - p. 641 95. 3-11.0. “And Yet It Moves” - p. 643 96. 3-12.0. Temperature Gradients and Flow of Heat and Matter - p. 649 97. 3-13.0. Plate Tectonics - p. 651 98. 3-14.0. Theory of Continental Drift - p. 654 99. 3-15.0. From the Instant to Geological Time - p. 656 100. 3-16.0. Earth Dynamics: The Moon, the Sun, and the Planets - p. 658 101. 3-17.0. The Earth's Magnetic Field - p. 672 102. 3-18.0. Upon Reflection: The Albedo - p. 676 103. 3-19.0. The Albedo and Temperature of the Earth - p. 677 104. 3-20.0. Solar Energy Distribution Based on the Geometry of the Earth - p. 688 105. 3-21.0. The Earth's Geometry, the Atmosphere, and Transport of Energy - p. 691 106. 3-22.0. A Gathering Storm - p. 697 107. 3-23.0. Water—The Liquid - p. 711 108. 3-24.0. The Structure of the Oceans - p. 716 109. 3-25.0. Ocean Currents - p. 720 110. 3-26.0. Lakes and Ponds - p. 732 111. 3-27.0. Rivers - p. 733 112. 3-28.0. Acidity of Oceans, Lakes, and Rivers - p. 737 113. 3-29.0. Weathering - p. 741 114. 3-30.0. Weather and Climate - p. 742 115. 3-31.0. Water as a Carrier: Waste Not, Want Not - p. 752 116. Chapter 4. Life Science - p. 755 117. Chapter 5. Ecology - p. 833 118. 5-0.0. Introduction - p. 833 119. 5-1.0. Our Ecological Heritage: America the Beautiful - p. 959 120. 5-2.0. Dictionary Definitions: Habitats, Environment, Ecosystems, and Ecology - p. 837 121. 5-3.0. Ecosphere, Hyper-Ecosphere, and EcoSystem - p. 837 122. 5-4.0. Some Population Problems - p. 841 123. 5-5.0. Agriculture - p. 850 124. 5-6.0. Fossil Fuels - p. 887 125. 5-7.0. The Anthropocene Era - p. 911 126. 5-8.0. Nuclear Energy - p. 928 127. 5-9.0. 1984—Bhopal Explosion - p. 947 128. 5-10.0. The BP Celebration Event - p. 949 129. 5-11.0. Fukushima - p. 958 130. 5-12.0. Don't Worry, Be Happy: The Religion of Technology - p. 966 131. 5-13.0. Toward a Self-Sustainable Ecosphere - p. 967 132. 5-14.0. A Religious Denomination Divided: Evangelicalism and Separation of Church and State - p. 969 133. Chapter 6. Information Content - p. 975 134. 6-0.0. Introduction - p. 975 135. 6-1.0. Acquisition of Information: The Senses - p. 1016 136. 6-2.0. The Representation of Information: Simple Examples of States of a System - p. 979 137. 6-3.0. Language as Communication: Letters, Words, and Sentences - p. 985 138. 6-4.0. We've Been Framed! - p. 985 139. 6-5.0. Science Communication With the General Public - p. 995 140. 6-6.0. Myths, Mistakes, and Outright Wrong - p. 997 141. 6-7.0. What Do Multiple Choice Quizzes Measure? - p. 1015 142. 6-8.0. Framing and Wording of Multiple Question Quizzes and Surveys - p. 1020 143. 6-9.0. Pew Research Center Tests on Public's Knowledge of Science and Technology - p. 1021 144. 6-10.0. Conveyance of Information - p. 1032 145. 6-11.0. Information Transfer Through Educational Systems - p. 1035 146. 6-12.0. The Internet: The Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde of Information - p. 1037 147. Constants of Nature - p. 1044 148. Appendix A: Basic Thermodynamics - p. 1048 149. Appendix B: Forces and Flows - p. 1063 150. Appendix C: Quantum Theory of Atoms and Molecules - p. 1082 151. Author Index - p. 1121 152. Subject Index - p. 1129
The advancements in society are intertwined with the advancements in science. To understand how changes in society occurred, and will continue to change, one has to have a basic understanding of the laws of physics and chemistry. Physical Chemistry: Multidisciplinary Applications in Society examines how the laws of physics and chemistry (physical chemistry) explain the dynamic nature of the Universe and events on Earth, and how these events affect the evolution of society (multidisciplinary applications). The ordering of the chapters reflects the natural flow of events in an evolving Universe: Philosophy of Science, the basis of the view that natural events have natural causes - Cosmology, the origin of everything from the Big Bang to the current state of the Universe - Geoscience, the physics and chemistry behind the evolution of the planet Earth from its birth to the present - Life Science, the molecules and mechanisms of life on Earth - Ecology, the interdependence of all components within the Ecosphere and the Universe - Information Content, emphasis on how words and phrases and framing of issues affect opinions, reliability of sources, and the limitations of knowledge.
1. SS-0.0. Introduction - p. 1 2. SS-1.0. Earth Is a Paludarium - p. 3 3. SS-2.0. Science and Technology: A Change in Society - p. 7 4. SS-3.0. The United States: An Experiment in Government - p. 10 5. SS-4.0. Notable Presidents Whose Leadership Helped Make America Great - p. 11 6. SS-5.0. The Jefferson Nickel and the Kennedy Half Dollar - p. 42 7. SS-6.0. How Mammals Learn - p. 44 8. SS-7.0. Logical and Intuitive Responses - p. 45 9. SS-8.0. Logic and the Complexity of a System: The Metaphor of Checkers and Chess - p. 47 10. SS-9.0. Can Something “Hard” Capture the Attention of the General Public? - p. 53 11. SS-10.0. Body Parts and Decision Making: Head, Gut, Heart, and Sex Organs - p. 56 12. SS-11.0. Structure of Society - p. 58 13. SS-12.0. Metaphor of Science in Society: The Lone Ranger Episode 100 “The Devil's Bog” - p. 65 14. SS-13.0. Intertwinement of Science and Society - p. 70 15. SS-14.0. Periods of Change in Society: The “Three Faces of Eve” - p. 79 16. SS-15.0. The Years 2016 and 2017: A Beginning of the New Era in American Society? - p. 91 17. SS-16.0. America as the Melting Pot - p. 169 18. SS-17.0. The Only Thing Constant About Change is Change - p. 171 19. Chapter 1. Philosophy of Science - p. 183 20. 1-0.0. Introduction - p. 183 21. 1-1.0. Eastern Philosophy and Western Philosophy - p. 188 22. 1-2.0. Overview of the Philosophy of Science and Eastern/Western Philosophy - p. 189 23. 1-3.0. The Greeks Did It All—They Just Did Not Fill in the Details - p. 190 24. 1-4.0. Philosophy, Politics, Religion, and Natural Philosophy - p. 213 25. 1-5.0. Confrontations of Natural Philosophy With Politics, Religion, and Superstition: The Early Years - p. 214 26. 1-6.0. Confrontations of Natural Philosophy With Politics, Religion, and Superstition: The Renaissance Period - p. 221 27. 1-7.0. Laying the Foundations of Classical Physics - p. 234 28. 1-8.0. Classical Physics: From the Renaissance Period to 1900 - p. 271 29. 1-9.0. The Genesis of a New Era: Laying the Foundations for Spacetime Physics - p. 276 30. 1-10.0. The Struggle to Understand Quantum Mechanics - p. 315 31. 1-11.0. The Influence of Niels Bohr on the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - p. 326 32. 1-12.0. Entanglement: The Signature of Quantum Theory - p. 328 33. 1-13.0. Alternate Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics - p. 333 34. 1-14.0. Two Beautiful Equations Derived From Two Incompatible Theories - p. 339 35. 1-15.0. The Particle Zoo: The Atom Smashers - p. 341 36. 1-16.0. Particles, Forces, and Fields - p. 343 37. 1-17.0. Experimental and Historical Sciences - p. 351 38. 1-18.0. The Philosophy of Emergence - p. 352 39. 1-19.0. Space—From the Greeks to Quantum-Spacetime Physics - p. 357 40. 1-20.0. Religion, Politics, and Science - p. 362 41. Chapter 2. Cosmology - p. 369 42. 2-0.0. Introduction - p. 369 43. 2-1.0. The Early Skywatchers - p. 370 44. 2-2.0. Time Is Movement: The Sun and the Moon - p. 373 45. 2-3.0. Time and Time Again - p. 387 46. 2-4.0. The Calendar Makers - p. 392 47. 2-5.0. The Ancient Greeks and Spherical Cosmology - p. 407 48. 2-6.0. Renaissance Period: Classical Cosmology - p. 409 49. 2-7.0. Newton's Equation for Celestial Motion—The Derivation - p. 426 50. 2-8.0. Stability of the Solar System - p. 438 51. 2-9.0. Classical Cosmology and What the Ancient Skywatchers Saw - p. 448 52. 2-10.0. The Formation of the Solar System - p. 457 53. 2-11.0. Pluto: An Enigma - p. 471 54. 2-12.0. The Planets - p. 480 55. 2-13.0. The Sun - p. 498 56. 2-14.0. The Interior Structure of the Sun: The Road to Visible Light - p. 507 57. 2-15.0. The Solar Atmosphere - p. 512 58. 2-16.0. Solar Eclipse and the Corona - p. 514 59. 2-17.0. The Activity of the Sun - p. 521 60. 2-18.0. The Birth, Life, and Death of Stars - p. 530 61. 2-19.0. Synthesis of the Elements - p. 534 62. 2-20.0. Relative Motion of Trains—Galilean Style - p. 538 63. 2-21.0. Relative Motion of Trains—Einsteinian Style - p. 542 64. 2-22.0. The Geometry of Spacetime - p. 548 65. 2-23.0. Theory of General Relativity - p. 553 66. 2-24.0. The Theoretical Universe: 1917–27 - p. 558 67. 2-25.0. The Year 1927 - p. 567 68. 2-26.0. The Lemaître Universe - p. 569 69. 2-27.0. How to Touch What Cannot be Touched - p. 572 70. 2-28.0. Think Outside of the Milky Way Box - p. 578 71. 2-29.0. Expansion: There Goes the Neighborhood - p. 585 72. 2-30.0. The "Eye in the Sky"—The Hubble Telescope - p. 588 73. 2-31.0. Seeds Sown by Lemaître and Modern Cosmology - p. 590 74. 2-32.0. The Year 1932 - p. 592 75. 2-33.0. A Tale of Two CDs - p. 593 76. 2-34.0. The Double E Question - p. 595 77. 2-35.0. "Who Put Eight Great Tomatoes in That Little Bitty Can?" - p. 597 78. 2-36.0. Cosmological Conundrums - p. 599 79. 2-37.0. The "False Vacuum" and the Cosmological Conundrums - p. 600 80. 2-38.0. Supermassive Black Holes - p. 601 81. 2-39.0. "Something is Rotten in the State of Denmark" - p. 603 82. 2-40.0. The Time Profile of the Universe From the Big Bang to Atoms: A Scenario - p. 605 83. Chapter 3. Geoscience - p. 611 84. 3-0.0. Introduction - p. 611 85. 3-1.0. The Periodic Table of Geosciences - p. 612 86. 3-2.0. The Early Solar System - p. 613 87. 3-3.0. The Origin of the Earth–Moon System - p. 613 88. 3-4.0. A Peek Inside the Earth - p. 618 89. 3-5.0. The Atmosphere in Three Acts - p. 620 90. 3-6.0. The Chemical Composition of the Earth's Atmosphere Today - p. 624 91. 3-7.0. The Earth's Atmosphere as an Onion - p. 624 92. 3-8.0. Reactions and the Temperature Profile of the Earth's Atmosphere - p. 628 93. 3-9.0. The Structure of the Earth's Atmosphere - p. 631 94. 3-10.0. The Age of the Earth: From Charles Darwin to Arthur Holmes - p. 641 95. 3-11.0. “And Yet It Moves” - p. 643 96. 3-12.0. Temperature Gradients and Flow of Heat and Matter - p. 649 97. 3-13.0. Plate Tectonics - p. 651 98. 3-14.0. Theory of Continental Drift - p. 654 99. 3-15.0. From the Instant to Geological Time - p. 656 100. 3-16.0. Earth Dynamics: The Moon, the Sun, and the Planets - p. 658 101. 3-17.0. The Earth's Magnetic Field - p. 672 102. 3-18.0. Upon Reflection: The Albedo - p. 676 103. 3-19.0. The Albedo and Temperature of the Earth - p. 677 104. 3-20.0. Solar Energy Distribution Based on the Geometry of the Earth - p. 688 105. 3-21.0. The Earth's Geometry, the Atmosphere, and Transport of Energy - p. 691 106. 3-22.0. A Gathering Storm - p. 697 107. 3-23.0. Water—The Liquid - p. 711 108. 3-24.0. The Structure of the Oceans - p. 716 109. 3-25.0. Ocean Currents - p. 720 110. 3-26.0. Lakes and Ponds - p. 732 111. 3-27.0. Rivers - p. 733 112. 3-28.0. Acidity of Oceans, Lakes, and Rivers - p. 737 113. 3-29.0. Weathering - p. 741 114. 3-30.0. Weather and Climate - p. 742 115. 3-31.0. Water as a Carrier: Waste Not, Want Not - p. 752 116. Chapter 4. Life Science - p. 755 117. Chapter 5. Ecology - p. 833 118. 5-0.0. Introduction - p. 833 119. 5-1.0. Our Ecological Heritage: America the Beautiful - p. 959 120. 5-2.0. Dictionary Definitions: Habitats, Environment, Ecosystems, and Ecology - p. 837 121. 5-3.0. Ecosphere, Hyper-Ecosphere, and EcoSystem - p. 837 122. 5-4.0. Some Population Problems - p. 841 123. 5-5.0. Agriculture - p. 850 124. 5-6.0. Fossil Fuels - p. 887 125. 5-7.0. The Anthropocene Era - p. 911 126. 5-8.0. Nuclear Energy - p. 928 127. 5-9.0. 1984—Bhopal Explosion - p. 947 128. 5-10.0. The BP Celebration Event - p. 949 129. 5-11.0. Fukushima - p. 958 130. 5-12.0. Don't Worry, Be Happy: The Religion of Technology - p. 966 131. 5-13.0. Toward a Self-Sustainable Ecosphere - p. 967 132. 5-14.0. A Religious Denomination Divided: Evangelicalism and Separation of Church and State - p. 969 133. Chapter 6. Information Content - p. 975 134. 6-0.0. Introduction - p. 975 135. 6-1.0. Acquisition of Information: The Senses - p. 1016 136. 6-2.0. The Representation of Information: Simple Examples of States of a System - p. 979 137. 6-3.0. Language as Communication: Letters, Words, and Sentences - p. 985 138. 6-4.0. We've Been Framed! - p. 985 139. 6-5.0. Science Communication With the General Public - p. 995 140. 6-6.0. Myths, Mistakes, and Outright Wrong - p. 997 141. 6-7.0. What Do Multiple Choice Quizzes Measure? - p. 1015 142. 6-8.0. Framing and Wording of Multiple Question Quizzes and Surveys - p. 1020 143. 6-9.0. Pew Research Center Tests on Public's Knowledge of Science and Technology - p. 1021 144. 6-10.0. Conveyance of Information - p. 1032 145. 6-11.0. Information Transfer Through Educational Systems - p. 1035 146. 6-12.0. The Internet: The Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde of Information - p. 1037 147. Constants of Nature - p. 1044 148. Appendix A: Basic Thermodynamics - p. 1048 149. Appendix B: Forces and Flows - p. 1063 150. Appendix C: Quantum Theory of Atoms and Molecules - p. 1082 151. Author Index - p. 1121 152. Subject Index - p. 1129
