For more than 30 years, the highly regarded Secrets Series® has provided students, academics, and practitioners in all areas of health care with concise, focused, and engaging resources for quick reference and exam review. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Secrets, 4th Edition, offers practical, up-to-date coverage of the full range of essential topics in this dynamic field. This highly regarded resource features the Secrets’ popular question-and-answer format that also includes lists, tables, weblinks, pearls, memory aids, and an easy-to-read style – making an inquiry, reference, and review quick, easy, and enjoyable.
1. Introduction: PM&R education in the social media age - p. iii 2. Foreword - p. iii 3. Contents - p. iii 4. The Top Secrets: PM&R’s 100 Fundamental Principles - p. iii 5. List of Illustrations - p. iii 6. List of Tables - p. iii 7. Part I: Fundamentals of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - p. iii 8. Section 1: The Interdisciplinary Team: Origins, Interactions, and Scope of Interventions - p. iii 9. Chapter 1: What is physiatry? - p. iii 10. Chapter 2: The physiatric consultation: Acute treatment, immediate rehabilitation, future enablement, and system designs - p. 7 11. Section 2: Scientific Foundations of Physiatric Care - p. 14 12. Chapter 3: Anatomy and kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system - p. 14 13. Chapter 4: Nervous system anatomy: Central and peripheral - p. 22 14. Chapter 5: Neurophysiology and cognitive neuroscience: From membranes to functional brain networks - p. 31 15. Section 3: Learning in Rehabilitation - p. 37 16. Chapter 6: Educating learners in PM&R: The value of longitudinal learning - p. 37 17. Part II: The Rehabilitation Assessment - p. 41 18. Section 4: Physical and Psychological Evaluation: Recognizing Strengths and Resilience - p. 41 19. Chapter 7: Communication strategies for rehabilitation professionals: Empowerment medicine catalyzes personal potential actualization - p. 41 20. Chapter 8: Environment as personal habitat: Ecology of function and participation from interior body to the metaverse - p. 52 21. Chapter 9: Psychological methods through rehabilitation: Theory, assessment, and intervention - p. 62 22. Chapter 10: Neuromusculoskeletal evaluation of the rehabilitation patient: Integrating different pieces of the puzzle to localize lesion, assess function, and plan therapy - p. 68 23. Chapter 11: Gait: A clinical and biomechanical overview - p. 75 24. Part III: Electro-Physiological Assessment - p. 76 25. Section 5: Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Neuromuscular Conditions - p. 76 26. Chapter 12: Basic electrodiagnosis: Interpretation of electrical manifestations of neuromuscular disorders - p. 76 27. Chapter 13: Radiculopathies: Clinical manifestations, differential diagnoses, electrodiagnostic approach, and management - p. 94 28. Chapter 14: Peripheral neuropathy: Diagnosis, prevention, and rehabilitation - p. 102 29. Chapter 15: Neuromuscular junction disorders: Physiology, clinical manifestations, and electrodiagnosis - p. 108 30. Part IV: Management - p. 114 31. Section 6: Coordination of Person-Centered Transdisciplinary Care - p. 114 32. Chapter 16: Person-centered rehabilitation: Interdisciplinary context-specific treatment requires component customization - p. 114 33. Section 7: Therapeutic Modalities - p. 115 34. Chapter 17: Manual medicine: Philosophy, assessment, and manipulative techniques - p. 115 35. Chapter 18: Traction, manipulation, and massage: Selection application and outcome - p. 127 36. Chapter 19: Exercise - p. 132 37. Chapter 20: Physical modalities: Therapeutic agents in the clinic - p. 145 38. Chapter 21: Electrotherapy: Medical treatments using electricity - p. 152 39. Chapter 22: Nutrition and diet in rehabilitation: Optimizing outcomes - p. 158 40. Chapter 23: Medication therapy management to achieve enablement: Recognizing indications and targeting outcomes - p. 163 41. Chapter 24: Complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine: Incorporating diverse approaches to maximize physical medicine and rehabilitation outcomes - p. 172 42. Chapter 25: Regeneration and rehabilitation medicine: Innovation through synergy - p. 177 43. Section 8: Interventional Procedures - p. 184 44. Chapter 26: Fundamentals of medical acupuncture: Scientific foundation and clinical applications - p. 184 45. Chapter 27: Peripheral injections: Medications, joints, bursae, tendon sheaths/insertions, and applications of botulinum toxin - p. 189 46. Chapter 28: Physiatric image-guided spine interventions: Aggressively treating those patients we can improve - p. 202 47. Section 9: Impairment and Activity Limitation Focused Interventions - p. 212 48. Chapter 29: Rehabilitation of patients with severe visual or hearing impairments: Innovations for person-centered function - p. 212 49. Chapter 30: Assessing and treating speech and language impairments: Joining the conversation - p. 215 50. Chapter 31: Recognition, assessment, and treatment of swallowing impairments: Engulfing transdisciplinary solutions - p. 223 51. Chapter 32: Neurogenic bowel dysfunction: Evaluation and adaptive management - p. 230 52. Chapter 33: Neurogenic bladder - p. 240 53. Chapter 34: Sexuality despite disability: Intimate and reproductive solutions - p. 246 54. Chapter 35: Lower limb orthosis - p. 254 55. Chapter 36: Upper limb orthosis - p. 257 56. Chapter 37: Spinal orthoses: Principles, designs, indications, and limitations - p. 264 57. Chapter 38: Amputation rehabilitation: Risk, physiatric approach, and lower extremity principles - p. 280 58. Chapter 39: Wheelchair provision: A person-centered interdisciplinary process - p. 287 59. Part V: Patient Populations - p. 294 60. Section 10: Musculoskeletal - p. 294 61. Chapter 40: Soft tissue and musculoskeletal injury: Diagnosis and rehabilitation - p. 294 62. Chapter 41: Myopathy: Diagnosis and rehabilitation - p. 299 63. Chapter 42: Osteoporosis: Diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation - p. 304 64. Chapter 43: Fall, fracture, and joint replacement rehabilitation: Synchronizing independent preventive strategies to reequilibrate patient function - p. 312 65. Chapter 44: The hip: Anatomy, examination, diagnoses, imaging, treatment, and rehabilitation - p. 318 66. Chapter 45: The shoulder: Anatomy, pathology, and diagnosis - p. 325 67. Chapter 46: The elbow: Anatomy, pathology, and management - p. 337 68. Chapter 47: The knee: Anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, and rehabilitation - p. 342 69. Chapter 48: The foot and ankle: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment - p. 352 70. Chapter 49: The hand and wrist: Top 25 questions that you were afraid to ask - p. 358 71. Chapter 50: Low back pain: Clinical, diagnostic, and management pearls - p. 364 72. Chapter 51: Neck pain: Anatomy, pathophysiology, and diagnosis - p. 371 73. Section 11: Neurological Rehabilitation - p. 379 74. Chapter 52: Emerging mechanisms and methods for neurorehabilitation: Theory and application - p. 379 75. Chapter 53: Motor neuron disease: Diagnosis and proactive rehabilitation - p. 387 76. Chapter 54: Spinal cord injury medicine: Translating systems adaptations into personal visions - p. 402 77. Chapter 55: Multiple sclerosis: Clinical patterns, symptom management, and rehabilitation - p. 411 78. Chapter 56: Movement disorders: Fundamentals of classification and treatment - p. 418 79. Chapter 57: Cerebrovascular disease - p. 424 80. Chapter 58: Traumatic brain injury: Etiology, pathophysiology, and complications - p. 438 81. Section 12: Other Organ Based Rehabilitation - p. 444 82. Chapter 59: Cardiac rehabilitation: Lifestyle, exercise & risk factors modification - p. 444 83. Chapter 60: Peripheral vascular disease and lymphedema; localization and intervention - p. 451 84. Chapter 61: Pulmonary rehabilitation: Improving dyspnea, endurance and wellbeing - p. 457 85. Chapter 62: Cancer rehabilitation: Focus on functional quality of life in the oncologic population - p. 466 86. Chapter 63: Rheumatic disorders - p. 472 87. Chapter 64: Pressure injuries (pressure ulcers): Etiology, prevention, assessment, and treatment - p. 480 88. Chapter 65: Burn rehabilitation: Guidance of healing and optimal participation - p. 484 89. Chapter 66: Organ transplantation: Medical and rehabilitation management - p. 491 90. Section 13: Chronic Pain - p. 496 91. Chapter 67: Chronic pain: Assessment and interdisciplinary intervention - p. 496 92. Chapter 68: Central pain: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment—a challenging diagnosis - p. 503 93. Chapter 69: Spinal segmental sensitization: Diagnosis and management - p. 507 94. Chapter 70: Central and peripheral manifestations of myofascial pain syndromes and fibromyalgia: Diagnosis patterns and diverse interventions - p. 520 95. Chapter 71: Peripheral neuropathic pain: Classifications, mechanisms, and treatments - p. 534 96. Chapter 72: Complex regional pain syndrome: Diagnosis and management - p. 540 97. Section 14: Lifetime Development with Optimal Function - p. 547 98. Chapter 73: Pediatric rehabilitation: Maximizing potentials one step at a time - p. 547 99. Chapter 74: Development: The head-to-toe continuum and life course - p. 550 100. Chapter 75: Neural tube defects: Pathology, complications, and rehabilitation - p. 557 101. Chapter 76: Cerebral palsy - p. 561 102. Chapter 77: Spinal deformity: Recognition and intervention - p. 567 103. Chapter 78: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Children can get arthritis too - p. 575 104. Chapter 79: Geriatric rehabilitation: Maintaining resilience, sustaining passions, and cultivating vibrancy - p. 579 105. Section 15: Person Centered Life Role: Work and Play - p. 585 106. Chapter 80: Physiatric sports medicine: Functional diagnosis, focal interventions, and rehabilitation for prevention - p. 585 107. Chapter 81: Vocational rehabilitation and personhood: A physiatrist’s vital calling - p. 593 108. Chapter 82: Impairment and disability rating: Estimation of work capacity - p. 599 109. Chapter 83: Performing arts rehabilitation: Harmonic performer orchestrations - p. 600 110. Section 16: Community Participation of People with Disabilities - p. 608 111. Chapter 84: Health policy, legislation, and reimbursement: Important facets of physiatric practice - p. 608 112. Chapter 85: International physical medicine and rehabilitation: Global synergy and collaboration to maximize rehabilitation potential - p. 612 113. Section 17: Past, Present, and Future of Rehabilitation - p. 620 114. Chapter 86: Epilogue: The past, present, and future of physical medicine and rehabilitation - p. 620 115. Part VI: Online Chapters - p. 622 116. Section 18: Emerging Topics - p. 622 117. Chapter 87: Learning and practicing physical medicine and rehabilitation: Clinician centered methodologies - p. 622 118. Chapter 88: Genomic prediction in populations: Advancing PM&R practice - p. 622 119. Chapter 89: Fascia: Anatomy, pathology, and rehabilitation - p. 622 120. Chapter 90: Medicine through the lens of the autonomic nervous system: A thermographic approach - p. 622 121. Chapter 91: Musculoskeletal ultrasound: Fundamental principles and case studies - p. 622 122. Chapter 92: Standardizing the measurements: Optimizing outcomes for clinical success - p. 622 123. Index - p. 622 124. Inside back cover - p. 622
For more than 30 years, the highly regarded Secrets Series® has provided students, academics, and practitioners in all areas of health care with concise, focused, and engaging resources for quick reference and exam review. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Secrets, 4th Edition, offers practical, up-to-date coverage of the full range of essential topics in this dynamic field. This highly regarded resource features the Secrets’ popular question-and-answer format that also includes lists, tables, weblinks, pearls, memory aids, and an easy-to-read style – making an inquiry, reference, and review quick, easy, and enjoyable.
1. Introduction: PM&R education in the social media age - p. iii 2. Foreword - p. iii 3. Contents - p. iii 4. The Top Secrets: PM&R’s 100 Fundamental Principles - p. iii 5. List of Illustrations - p. iii 6. List of Tables - p. iii 7. Part I: Fundamentals of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - p. iii 8. Section 1: The Interdisciplinary Team: Origins, Interactions, and Scope of Interventions - p. iii 9. Chapter 1: What is physiatry? - p. iii 10. Chapter 2: The physiatric consultation: Acute treatment, immediate rehabilitation, future enablement, and system designs - p. 7 11. Section 2: Scientific Foundations of Physiatric Care - p. 14 12. Chapter 3: Anatomy and kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system - p. 14 13. Chapter 4: Nervous system anatomy: Central and peripheral - p. 22 14. Chapter 5: Neurophysiology and cognitive neuroscience: From membranes to functional brain networks - p. 31 15. Section 3: Learning in Rehabilitation - p. 37 16. Chapter 6: Educating learners in PM&R: The value of longitudinal learning - p. 37 17. Part II: The Rehabilitation Assessment - p. 41 18. Section 4: Physical and Psychological Evaluation: Recognizing Strengths and Resilience - p. 41 19. Chapter 7: Communication strategies for rehabilitation professionals: Empowerment medicine catalyzes personal potential actualization - p. 41 20. Chapter 8: Environment as personal habitat: Ecology of function and participation from interior body to the metaverse - p. 52 21. Chapter 9: Psychological methods through rehabilitation: Theory, assessment, and intervention - p. 62 22. Chapter 10: Neuromusculoskeletal evaluation of the rehabilitation patient: Integrating different pieces of the puzzle to localize lesion, assess function, and plan therapy - p. 68 23. Chapter 11: Gait: A clinical and biomechanical overview - p. 75 24. Part III: Electro-Physiological Assessment - p. 76 25. Section 5: Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Neuromuscular Conditions - p. 76 26. Chapter 12: Basic electrodiagnosis: Interpretation of electrical manifestations of neuromuscular disorders - p. 76 27. Chapter 13: Radiculopathies: Clinical manifestations, differential diagnoses, electrodiagnostic approach, and management - p. 94 28. Chapter 14: Peripheral neuropathy: Diagnosis, prevention, and rehabilitation - p. 102 29. Chapter 15: Neuromuscular junction disorders: Physiology, clinical manifestations, and electrodiagnosis - p. 108 30. Part IV: Management - p. 114 31. Section 6: Coordination of Person-Centered Transdisciplinary Care - p. 114 32. Chapter 16: Person-centered rehabilitation: Interdisciplinary context-specific treatment requires component customization - p. 114 33. Section 7: Therapeutic Modalities - p. 115 34. Chapter 17: Manual medicine: Philosophy, assessment, and manipulative techniques - p. 115 35. Chapter 18: Traction, manipulation, and massage: Selection application and outcome - p. 127 36. Chapter 19: Exercise - p. 132 37. Chapter 20: Physical modalities: Therapeutic agents in the clinic - p. 145 38. Chapter 21: Electrotherapy: Medical treatments using electricity - p. 152 39. Chapter 22: Nutrition and diet in rehabilitation: Optimizing outcomes - p. 158 40. Chapter 23: Medication therapy management to achieve enablement: Recognizing indications and targeting outcomes - p. 163 41. Chapter 24: Complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine: Incorporating diverse approaches to maximize physical medicine and rehabilitation outcomes - p. 172 42. Chapter 25: Regeneration and rehabilitation medicine: Innovation through synergy - p. 177 43. Section 8: Interventional Procedures - p. 184 44. Chapter 26: Fundamentals of medical acupuncture: Scientific foundation and clinical applications - p. 184 45. Chapter 27: Peripheral injections: Medications, joints, bursae, tendon sheaths/insertions, and applications of botulinum toxin - p. 189 46. Chapter 28: Physiatric image-guided spine interventions: Aggressively treating those patients we can improve - p. 202 47. Section 9: Impairment and Activity Limitation Focused Interventions - p. 212 48. Chapter 29: Rehabilitation of patients with severe visual or hearing impairments: Innovations for person-centered function - p. 212 49. Chapter 30: Assessing and treating speech and language impairments: Joining the conversation - p. 215 50. Chapter 31: Recognition, assessment, and treatment of swallowing impairments: Engulfing transdisciplinary solutions - p. 223 51. Chapter 32: Neurogenic bowel dysfunction: Evaluation and adaptive management - p. 230 52. Chapter 33: Neurogenic bladder - p. 240 53. Chapter 34: Sexuality despite disability: Intimate and reproductive solutions - p. 246 54. Chapter 35: Lower limb orthosis - p. 254 55. Chapter 36: Upper limb orthosis - p. 257 56. Chapter 37: Spinal orthoses: Principles, designs, indications, and limitations - p. 264 57. Chapter 38: Amputation rehabilitation: Risk, physiatric approach, and lower extremity principles - p. 280 58. Chapter 39: Wheelchair provision: A person-centered interdisciplinary process - p. 287 59. Part V: Patient Populations - p. 294 60. Section 10: Musculoskeletal - p. 294 61. Chapter 40: Soft tissue and musculoskeletal injury: Diagnosis and rehabilitation - p. 294 62. Chapter 41: Myopathy: Diagnosis and rehabilitation - p. 299 63. Chapter 42: Osteoporosis: Diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation - p. 304 64. Chapter 43: Fall, fracture, and joint replacement rehabilitation: Synchronizing independent preventive strategies to reequilibrate patient function - p. 312 65. Chapter 44: The hip: Anatomy, examination, diagnoses, imaging, treatment, and rehabilitation - p. 318 66. Chapter 45: The shoulder: Anatomy, pathology, and diagnosis - p. 325 67. Chapter 46: The elbow: Anatomy, pathology, and management - p. 337 68. Chapter 47: The knee: Anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, and rehabilitation - p. 342 69. Chapter 48: The foot and ankle: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment - p. 352 70. Chapter 49: The hand and wrist: Top 25 questions that you were afraid to ask - p. 358 71. Chapter 50: Low back pain: Clinical, diagnostic, and management pearls - p. 364 72. Chapter 51: Neck pain: Anatomy, pathophysiology, and diagnosis - p. 371 73. Section 11: Neurological Rehabilitation - p. 379 74. Chapter 52: Emerging mechanisms and methods for neurorehabilitation: Theory and application - p. 379 75. Chapter 53: Motor neuron disease: Diagnosis and proactive rehabilitation - p. 387 76. Chapter 54: Spinal cord injury medicine: Translating systems adaptations into personal visions - p. 402 77. Chapter 55: Multiple sclerosis: Clinical patterns, symptom management, and rehabilitation - p. 411 78. Chapter 56: Movement disorders: Fundamentals of classification and treatment - p. 418 79. Chapter 57: Cerebrovascular disease - p. 424 80. Chapter 58: Traumatic brain injury: Etiology, pathophysiology, and complications - p. 438 81. Section 12: Other Organ Based Rehabilitation - p. 444 82. Chapter 59: Cardiac rehabilitation: Lifestyle, exercise & risk factors modification - p. 444 83. Chapter 60: Peripheral vascular disease and lymphedema; localization and intervention - p. 451 84. Chapter 61: Pulmonary rehabilitation: Improving dyspnea, endurance and wellbeing - p. 457 85. Chapter 62: Cancer rehabilitation: Focus on functional quality of life in the oncologic population - p. 466 86. Chapter 63: Rheumatic disorders - p. 472 87. Chapter 64: Pressure injuries (pressure ulcers): Etiology, prevention, assessment, and treatment - p. 480 88. Chapter 65: Burn rehabilitation: Guidance of healing and optimal participation - p. 484 89. Chapter 66: Organ transplantation: Medical and rehabilitation management - p. 491 90. Section 13: Chronic Pain - p. 496 91. Chapter 67: Chronic pain: Assessment and interdisciplinary intervention - p. 496 92. Chapter 68: Central pain: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment—a challenging diagnosis - p. 503 93. Chapter 69: Spinal segmental sensitization: Diagnosis and management - p. 507 94. Chapter 70: Central and peripheral manifestations of myofascial pain syndromes and fibromyalgia: Diagnosis patterns and diverse interventions - p. 520 95. Chapter 71: Peripheral neuropathic pain: Classifications, mechanisms, and treatments - p. 534 96. Chapter 72: Complex regional pain syndrome: Diagnosis and management - p. 540 97. Section 14: Lifetime Development with Optimal Function - p. 547 98. Chapter 73: Pediatric rehabilitation: Maximizing potentials one step at a time - p. 547 99. Chapter 74: Development: The head-to-toe continuum and life course - p. 550 100. Chapter 75: Neural tube defects: Pathology, complications, and rehabilitation - p. 557 101. Chapter 76: Cerebral palsy - p. 561 102. Chapter 77: Spinal deformity: Recognition and intervention - p. 567 103. Chapter 78: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Children can get arthritis too - p. 575 104. Chapter 79: Geriatric rehabilitation: Maintaining resilience, sustaining passions, and cultivating vibrancy - p. 579 105. Section 15: Person Centered Life Role: Work and Play - p. 585 106. Chapter 80: Physiatric sports medicine: Functional diagnosis, focal interventions, and rehabilitation for prevention - p. 585 107. Chapter 81: Vocational rehabilitation and personhood: A physiatrist’s vital calling - p. 593 108. Chapter 82: Impairment and disability rating: Estimation of work capacity - p. 599 109. Chapter 83: Performing arts rehabilitation: Harmonic performer orchestrations - p. 600 110. Section 16: Community Participation of People with Disabilities - p. 608 111. Chapter 84: Health policy, legislation, and reimbursement: Important facets of physiatric practice - p. 608 112. Chapter 85: International physical medicine and rehabilitation: Global synergy and collaboration to maximize rehabilitation potential - p. 612 113. Section 17: Past, Present, and Future of Rehabilitation - p. 620 114. Chapter 86: Epilogue: The past, present, and future of physical medicine and rehabilitation - p. 620 115. Part VI: Online Chapters - p. 622 116. Section 18: Emerging Topics - p. 622 117. Chapter 87: Learning and practicing physical medicine and rehabilitation: Clinician centered methodologies - p. 622 118. Chapter 88: Genomic prediction in populations: Advancing PM&R practice - p. 622 119. Chapter 89: Fascia: Anatomy, pathology, and rehabilitation - p. 622 120. Chapter 90: Medicine through the lens of the autonomic nervous system: A thermographic approach - p. 622 121. Chapter 91: Musculoskeletal ultrasound: Fundamental principles and case studies - p. 622 122. Chapter 92: Standardizing the measurements: Optimizing outcomes for clinical success - p. 622 123. Index - p. 622 124. Inside back cover - p. 622
