Power Quality in Power Systems, Electrical Machines, and Power-Electronic Drives uses current research and engineering practices, guidelines, standards, and regulations for engineering professionals and students interested in solving power quality problems in a cost effective, reliable, and safe manner within the context of renewable energy systems.
The book contains chapters that address power quality across diverse facets of electric energy engineering, including AC and DC transmission and distribution lines; end-user applications such as electric machines, transformers, inductors, capacitors, wind power, and photovoltaic power plants; and variable-speed, variable-torque power-electronic drives. The book covers nonsinusoidal waveshapes, voltage disturbances, harmonic losses, aging and lifetime reductions, single-time events such as voltage dips, and the effects of variable-speed drives controlled by PWM converters.
The book also reviews a corpus of techniques to mitigate power-quality problems, such as the optimal design of renewable energy storage devices (including lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells for automobiles serving as energy storage), and the optimal design of nonlinear loads for simultaneous efficiency and power quality.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction to power quality - p. 24 2. Abstract - p. 24 3. 1.1 Definition of power quality - p. 2 4. 1.2 Causes of disturbances in power systems - p. 2 5. 1.3 Classification of power quality issues - p. 4 6. 1.4 Formulations and measures used for power quality - p. 17 7. 1.5 Effects of poor power quality on power system devices - p. 50 8. 1.6 Standards and guidelines referring to power quality - p. 53 9. 1.7 Harmonic modeling philosophies - p. 60 10. 1.8 Power quality improvement techniques - p. 63 11. 1.9 Summary - p. 83 12. 1.10 Problems - p. 84 13. References - p. 94 14. Additional bibliography - p. 96 15. Chapter 2. Harmonic models of transformers - p. 146 16. Chapter 3. Modeling and analysis of induction machines - p. 261 17. Abstract - p. 261 18. 3.1 Complete sinusoidal equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction machine - p. 199 19. 3.2 Magnetic fields of three-phase machines for the calculation of inductive machine parameters - p. 210 20. 3.3 Steady-state stability of a three-phase induction machine - p. 209 21. 3.4 Spatial (space) harmonics of a three-phase induction machine - p. 218 22. 3.5 Time harmonics of a three-phase induction machine - p. 217 23. 3.6 Fundamental and harmonic torques of an induction machine - p. 221 24. 3.7 Measurement results for three- and single-phase induction machines - p. 226 25. 3.8 Inter- and subharmonic torques of three-phase induction machines - p. 244 26. 3.9 Interaction of space and time harmonics of three-phase induction machines - p. 252 27. 3.10 Conclusions concerning induction machine harmonics - p. 255 28. 3.11 Voltage-stress winding failures of AC motors fed by variable-frequency, voltage- and current-source PWM inverters - p. 255 29. 3.12 Nonlinear harmonic models of three-phase induction machines - p. 279 30. 3.13 Static and dynamic rotor eccentricity of three-phase induction machines - p. 283 31. 3.14 Operation of three-phase machines within a single-phase power system - p. 283 32. 3.15 Classification of three-phase induction machines - p. 283 33. 3.16 Summary - p. 285 34. 3.17 Problems - p. 285 35. References - p. 293 36. Additional bibliography - p. 297 37. Chapter 4. Modeling and analysis of synchronous machines - p. 392 38. Abstract - p. 392 39. 4.1 Sinusoidal state-space modeling of a synchronous machine in the time domain - p. 301 40. 4.2 Steady-state, transient, and subtransient operation - p. 307 41. 4.3 Harmonic modeling of a synchronous machine - p. 371 42. 4.4 Discretization errors of numerical solutions - p. 393 43. 4.5 Operating point-dependent reactances under saturated magnetic field conditions - p. 399 44. 4.6 Summary - p. 403 45. 4.7 Problems - p. 416 46. References - p. 414 47. Additional bibliography - p. 419 48. Chapter 5. Performance of power-electronic drives with respect to speed and torque - p. 430 49. Abstract - p. 430 50. 5.1 Closed-form and numerical-solution techniques for variable-speed, variable-torque drives, and review of circuit approximations suitable for numerical solutions - p. 430 51. 5.2 Three-phase distribution system supplying energy to lithium-ion batteries via rectifiers - p. 427 52. 5.3 Three-phase permanent-magnet generator supplying energy to lead-acid battery via rectifier - p. 479 53. 5.4 Speed and torque control of drives consisting of three-phase induction machine connected to current-controlled, voltage-source inverter - p. 485 54. 5.5 Speed and torque control of brushless-DC machine or permanent-magnet machine fed/supplied by inverter for either motor or generator operation - p. 525 55. 5.6 Control of speed and torque for three-phase synchronous motor/machine fed/supplied by either lithium-ion battery or fuel cell via inverter for either motor or generator operation - p. 547 56. 5.7 Performance issues with batteries, fuel cells, and combustion engines - p. 561 57. 5.8 Summary - p. 561 58. References - p. 563 59. Chapter 6. Interaction of harmonics with capacitors - p. 573 60. Chapter 7. Lifetime reduction of transformers and induction machines - p. 650 61. Abstract - p. 650 62. 7.1 Rationale for relying on the worst-case conditions - p. 626 63. 7.2 Elevated temperature rise due to voltage harmonics - p. 628 64. 7.3 Weighted-harmonic factors - p. 628 65. 7.4 Exponents of weighted-harmonic factors - p. 641 66. 7.5 Additional losses or temperature rises versus weighted-harmonic factors - p. 643 67. 7.6 Arrhenius plots - p. 645 68. 7.7 Reaction rate equation - p. 646 69. 7.8 Decrease of lifetime due to an additional temperature rise - p. 647 70. 7.9 Reduction of lifetime of components with activation energy E = 1.1 eV due to harmonics of the terminal voltage within residential or commercial utility systems - p. 649 71. 7.10 Possible limits for harmonic voltages - p. 649 72. 7.11 Probabilistic and time-varying nature of harmonics - p. 656 73. 7.12 The cost of harmonics - p. 658 74. 7.13 Temperature as a function of time - p. 658 75. 7.14 Various operating modes of rotating machines - p. 660 76. 7.15 Summary - p. 691 77. 7.16 Problems - p. 693 78. References - p. 699 79. Chapter 8. Power system modeling under nonsinusoidal operating conditions - p. 703 80. Abstract - p. 703 81. 8.1 Overview of a modern power system - p. 703 82. 8.2 Power system matrices - p. 707 83. 8.3 Fundamental power flow - p. 722 84. 8.4 Newton-based harmonic power flow - p. 748 85. 8.5 Classification of harmonic power flow techniques - p. 782 86. 8.6 Summary - p. 794 87. 8.7 Problems - p. 794 88. References - p. 802 89. Chapter 9. Impact of poor power quality on reliability, relaying, and security - p. 829 90. Abstract - p. 829 91. 9.1 Reliability indices - p. 829 92. 9.2 Degradation of reliability and security due to poor power quality - p. 809 93. 9.3 Tools for detecting poor power quality - p. 840 94. 9.4 Tools for improving reliability and security - p. 858 95. 9.5 Load shedding and load management - p. 873 96. 9.6 Energy-storage methods - p. 874 97. 9.7 Matching the operation of intermittent renewable power plants with energy storage - p. 874 98. 9.8 Summary - p. 875 99. 9.9 Problems - p. 876 100. References - p. 905 101. Additional bibliography - p. 912 102. Chapter 10. The roles of filters in power systems and unified power quality conditioners - p. 935 103. Abstract - p. 935 104. 10.1 Types of nonlinear loads - p. 916 105. 10.2 Classification of filters employed in power systems - p. 918 106. 10.3 Passive filters as used in power systems - p. 920 107. 10.4 Active filters - p. 940 108. 10.5 Hybrid power filters - p. 944 109. 10.6 Block diagram of active filters - p. 950 110. 10.7 Control of filters - p. 952 111. 10.8 Compensation devices at fundamental and harmonic frequencies - p. 972 112. 10.9 Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) - p. 978 113. 10.10 The UPQC control system - p. 983 114. 10.11 UPQC control using the Park (dqo) transformation - p. 985 115. 10.12 UPQC control based on the instantaneous real and imaginary power theory - p. 988 116. 10.13 Performance of the UPQC - p. 1000 117. 10.14 Summary - p. 1012 118. References - p. 1014 119. Chapter 11. Optimal placement and sizing of shunt capacitor banks in the presence of harmonics - p. 1040 120. Chapter 12. Power quality solutions for renewable energy systems - p. 1100 121. Abstract - p. 1100 122. 12.1 Energy conservation and efficiency - p. 1202 123. 12.2 Photovoltaic and thermal solar (power) systems - p. 1096 124. 12.3 Horizontal and vertical-axes wind power (WP) plants - p. 1113 125. 12.4 Complementary control of renewable plants with energy storage plants - p. 1145 126. 12.5 AC transmission lines vs DC lines - p. 1175 127. 12.6 Fast-charging stations for electric cars - p. 1175 128. 12.7 Off-shore renewable plants - p. 1175 129. 12.8 Metering - p. 1176 130. 12.9 Other renewable energy plants - p. 1176 131. 12.10 Production of automotive fuel from wind, water, and CO2 - p. 1177 132. 12.11 Water efficiency - p. 1177 133. 12.12 Village with 2600 inhabitants achieves energy independence - p. 1178 134. 12.13 Reduction of lifetime as a function of temperature - p. 1178 135. 12.14 Paralleling of two power systems - p. 1182 136. 12.15 The TEXAS synchrophasor network - p. 1182 137. 12.16 Summary - p. 1182 138. 12.17 Problems - p. 1183 139. References - p. 1200 140. Glossary of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms - p. 1209 141. Appendices - p. 1225 142. Index - p. 1245
Power Quality in Power Systems, Electrical Machines, and Power-Electronic Drives uses current research and engineering practices, guidelines, standards, and regulations for engineering professionals and students interested in solving power quality problems in a cost effective, reliable, and safe manner within the context of renewable energy systems.
The book contains chapters that address power quality across diverse facets of electric energy engineering, including AC and DC transmission and distribution lines; end-user applications such as electric machines, transformers, inductors, capacitors, wind power, and photovoltaic power plants; and variable-speed, variable-torque power-electronic drives. The book covers nonsinusoidal waveshapes, voltage disturbances, harmonic losses, aging and lifetime reductions, single-time events such as voltage dips, and the effects of variable-speed drives controlled by PWM converters.
The book also reviews a corpus of techniques to mitigate power-quality problems, such as the optimal design of renewable energy storage devices (including lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells for automobiles serving as energy storage), and the optimal design of nonlinear loads for simultaneous efficiency and power quality.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction to power quality - p. 24 2. Abstract - p. 24 3. 1.1 Definition of power quality - p. 2 4. 1.2 Causes of disturbances in power systems - p. 2 5. 1.3 Classification of power quality issues - p. 4 6. 1.4 Formulations and measures used for power quality - p. 17 7. 1.5 Effects of poor power quality on power system devices - p. 50 8. 1.6 Standards and guidelines referring to power quality - p. 53 9. 1.7 Harmonic modeling philosophies - p. 60 10. 1.8 Power quality improvement techniques - p. 63 11. 1.9 Summary - p. 83 12. 1.10 Problems - p. 84 13. References - p. 94 14. Additional bibliography - p. 96 15. Chapter 2. Harmonic models of transformers - p. 146 16. Chapter 3. Modeling and analysis of induction machines - p. 261 17. Abstract - p. 261 18. 3.1 Complete sinusoidal equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction machine - p. 199 19. 3.2 Magnetic fields of three-phase machines for the calculation of inductive machine parameters - p. 210 20. 3.3 Steady-state stability of a three-phase induction machine - p. 209 21. 3.4 Spatial (space) harmonics of a three-phase induction machine - p. 218 22. 3.5 Time harmonics of a three-phase induction machine - p. 217 23. 3.6 Fundamental and harmonic torques of an induction machine - p. 221 24. 3.7 Measurement results for three- and single-phase induction machines - p. 226 25. 3.8 Inter- and subharmonic torques of three-phase induction machines - p. 244 26. 3.9 Interaction of space and time harmonics of three-phase induction machines - p. 252 27. 3.10 Conclusions concerning induction machine harmonics - p. 255 28. 3.11 Voltage-stress winding failures of AC motors fed by variable-frequency, voltage- and current-source PWM inverters - p. 255 29. 3.12 Nonlinear harmonic models of three-phase induction machines - p. 279 30. 3.13 Static and dynamic rotor eccentricity of three-phase induction machines - p. 283 31. 3.14 Operation of three-phase machines within a single-phase power system - p. 283 32. 3.15 Classification of three-phase induction machines - p. 283 33. 3.16 Summary - p. 285 34. 3.17 Problems - p. 285 35. References - p. 293 36. Additional bibliography - p. 297 37. Chapter 4. Modeling and analysis of synchronous machines - p. 392 38. Abstract - p. 392 39. 4.1 Sinusoidal state-space modeling of a synchronous machine in the time domain - p. 301 40. 4.2 Steady-state, transient, and subtransient operation - p. 307 41. 4.3 Harmonic modeling of a synchronous machine - p. 371 42. 4.4 Discretization errors of numerical solutions - p. 393 43. 4.5 Operating point-dependent reactances under saturated magnetic field conditions - p. 399 44. 4.6 Summary - p. 403 45. 4.7 Problems - p. 416 46. References - p. 414 47. Additional bibliography - p. 419 48. Chapter 5. Performance of power-electronic drives with respect to speed and torque - p. 430 49. Abstract - p. 430 50. 5.1 Closed-form and numerical-solution techniques for variable-speed, variable-torque drives, and review of circuit approximations suitable for numerical solutions - p. 430 51. 5.2 Three-phase distribution system supplying energy to lithium-ion batteries via rectifiers - p. 427 52. 5.3 Three-phase permanent-magnet generator supplying energy to lead-acid battery via rectifier - p. 479 53. 5.4 Speed and torque control of drives consisting of three-phase induction machine connected to current-controlled, voltage-source inverter - p. 485 54. 5.5 Speed and torque control of brushless-DC machine or permanent-magnet machine fed/supplied by inverter for either motor or generator operation - p. 525 55. 5.6 Control of speed and torque for three-phase synchronous motor/machine fed/supplied by either lithium-ion battery or fuel cell via inverter for either motor or generator operation - p. 547 56. 5.7 Performance issues with batteries, fuel cells, and combustion engines - p. 561 57. 5.8 Summary - p. 561 58. References - p. 563 59. Chapter 6. Interaction of harmonics with capacitors - p. 573 60. Chapter 7. Lifetime reduction of transformers and induction machines - p. 650 61. Abstract - p. 650 62. 7.1 Rationale for relying on the worst-case conditions - p. 626 63. 7.2 Elevated temperature rise due to voltage harmonics - p. 628 64. 7.3 Weighted-harmonic factors - p. 628 65. 7.4 Exponents of weighted-harmonic factors - p. 641 66. 7.5 Additional losses or temperature rises versus weighted-harmonic factors - p. 643 67. 7.6 Arrhenius plots - p. 645 68. 7.7 Reaction rate equation - p. 646 69. 7.8 Decrease of lifetime due to an additional temperature rise - p. 647 70. 7.9 Reduction of lifetime of components with activation energy E = 1.1 eV due to harmonics of the terminal voltage within residential or commercial utility systems - p. 649 71. 7.10 Possible limits for harmonic voltages - p. 649 72. 7.11 Probabilistic and time-varying nature of harmonics - p. 656 73. 7.12 The cost of harmonics - p. 658 74. 7.13 Temperature as a function of time - p. 658 75. 7.14 Various operating modes of rotating machines - p. 660 76. 7.15 Summary - p. 691 77. 7.16 Problems - p. 693 78. References - p. 699 79. Chapter 8. Power system modeling under nonsinusoidal operating conditions - p. 703 80. Abstract - p. 703 81. 8.1 Overview of a modern power system - p. 703 82. 8.2 Power system matrices - p. 707 83. 8.3 Fundamental power flow - p. 722 84. 8.4 Newton-based harmonic power flow - p. 748 85. 8.5 Classification of harmonic power flow techniques - p. 782 86. 8.6 Summary - p. 794 87. 8.7 Problems - p. 794 88. References - p. 802 89. Chapter 9. Impact of poor power quality on reliability, relaying, and security - p. 829 90. Abstract - p. 829 91. 9.1 Reliability indices - p. 829 92. 9.2 Degradation of reliability and security due to poor power quality - p. 809 93. 9.3 Tools for detecting poor power quality - p. 840 94. 9.4 Tools for improving reliability and security - p. 858 95. 9.5 Load shedding and load management - p. 873 96. 9.6 Energy-storage methods - p. 874 97. 9.7 Matching the operation of intermittent renewable power plants with energy storage - p. 874 98. 9.8 Summary - p. 875 99. 9.9 Problems - p. 876 100. References - p. 905 101. Additional bibliography - p. 912 102. Chapter 10. The roles of filters in power systems and unified power quality conditioners - p. 935 103. Abstract - p. 935 104. 10.1 Types of nonlinear loads - p. 916 105. 10.2 Classification of filters employed in power systems - p. 918 106. 10.3 Passive filters as used in power systems - p. 920 107. 10.4 Active filters - p. 940 108. 10.5 Hybrid power filters - p. 944 109. 10.6 Block diagram of active filters - p. 950 110. 10.7 Control of filters - p. 952 111. 10.8 Compensation devices at fundamental and harmonic frequencies - p. 972 112. 10.9 Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) - p. 978 113. 10.10 The UPQC control system - p. 983 114. 10.11 UPQC control using the Park (dqo) transformation - p. 985 115. 10.12 UPQC control based on the instantaneous real and imaginary power theory - p. 988 116. 10.13 Performance of the UPQC - p. 1000 117. 10.14 Summary - p. 1012 118. References - p. 1014 119. Chapter 11. Optimal placement and sizing of shunt capacitor banks in the presence of harmonics - p. 1040 120. Chapter 12. Power quality solutions for renewable energy systems - p. 1100 121. Abstract - p. 1100 122. 12.1 Energy conservation and efficiency - p. 1202 123. 12.2 Photovoltaic and thermal solar (power) systems - p. 1096 124. 12.3 Horizontal and vertical-axes wind power (WP) plants - p. 1113 125. 12.4 Complementary control of renewable plants with energy storage plants - p. 1145 126. 12.5 AC transmission lines vs DC lines - p. 1175 127. 12.6 Fast-charging stations for electric cars - p. 1175 128. 12.7 Off-shore renewable plants - p. 1175 129. 12.8 Metering - p. 1176 130. 12.9 Other renewable energy plants - p. 1176 131. 12.10 Production of automotive fuel from wind, water, and CO2 - p. 1177 132. 12.11 Water efficiency - p. 1177 133. 12.12 Village with 2600 inhabitants achieves energy independence - p. 1178 134. 12.13 Reduction of lifetime as a function of temperature - p. 1178 135. 12.14 Paralleling of two power systems - p. 1182 136. 12.15 The TEXAS synchrophasor network - p. 1182 137. 12.16 Summary - p. 1182 138. 12.17 Problems - p. 1183 139. References - p. 1200 140. Glossary of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms - p. 1209 141. Appendices - p. 1225 142. Index - p. 1245
