Scheduling and Operation of Virtual Power Plants: Technical Challenges and Electricity Markets provides a multidisciplinary perspective on recent advances in VPPs, ranging from required infrastructures and planning to operation and control. The work details the required components in a virtual power plant, including smartness of power system, instrument and information and communication technologies (ICTs), measurement units, and distributed energy sources. Contributors assess the proposed benefits of virtual power plant in solving problems of distributed energy sources in integrating the small, distributed and intermittent output of these units. In addition, they investigate the likely technical challenges regarding control and interaction with other entities.
Finally, the work considers the role of VPPs in electricity markets, showing how distributed energy resources and demand response providers can integrate their resources through virtual power plant concepts to effectively participate in electricity markets to solve the issues of small capacity and intermittency. The work is suitable for experienced engineers, researchers, managers and policymakers interested in using VPPs in future smart grids.
1. 1. Introduction and history of virtual power plants with experimental examples - p. 1 2. 2. VPP and hierarchical control methods - p. 27 3. 3. Bidding strategy in the electricity market - p. 37 4. 4. Optimization model of a VPP to provide energy and reserve - p. 59 5. Abstract - p. 59 6. Nomenclature - p. 59 7. 4.1 Introduction - p. 59 8. 4.2 Optimization model of VPP to provide energy - p. 60 9. 4.3 Optimization model of VPP to provide reserve - p. 76 10. 4.4 Examples for VPP optimization model providing energy and reserve - p. 84 11. 4.5 Conclusion - p. 102 12. References - p. 107 13. 5. Provision of ancillary services in the electricity markets - p. 111 14. 6. Frequency control and regulating reserves by VPPs - p. 131 15. 7. VPP's participation in demand response aggregation market - p. 163 16. 8. VPP's participation in demand response exchange market - p. 179 17. 9. Uncertainty modeling of renewable energy sources - p. 193 18. 10. Frameworks of considering RESs and loads uncertainties in VPP decision-making - p. 209 19. 11. Risk-averse scheduling of virtual power plants considering electric vehicles and demand response - p. 227 20. 12. Optimal operation strategy of virtual power plant considering EVs and ESSs - p. 257 21. 13. EVs vehicle-to-grid implementation through virtual power plants - p. 299 22. 14. Short- and long-term forecasting: Wind speed forecasting by spectral analysis - p. 325 23. 15. Forecasting of energy demand in virtual power plants - p. 343 24. 16. Emission impacts on virtual power plant scheduling programs - p. 359 25. 17. Multi-objective scheduling of a virtual power plant considering emissions - p. 377 26. Author index - p. 399 27. Subject index - p. 415
Scheduling and Operation of Virtual Power Plants: Technical Challenges and Electricity Markets provides a multidisciplinary perspective on recent advances in VPPs, ranging from required infrastructures and planning to operation and control. The work details the required components in a virtual power plant, including smartness of power system, instrument and information and communication technologies (ICTs), measurement units, and distributed energy sources. Contributors assess the proposed benefits of virtual power plant in solving problems of distributed energy sources in integrating the small, distributed and intermittent output of these units. In addition, they investigate the likely technical challenges regarding control and interaction with other entities.
Finally, the work considers the role of VPPs in electricity markets, showing how distributed energy resources and demand response providers can integrate their resources through virtual power plant concepts to effectively participate in electricity markets to solve the issues of small capacity and intermittency. The work is suitable for experienced engineers, researchers, managers and policymakers interested in using VPPs in future smart grids.
1. 1. Introduction and history of virtual power plants with experimental examples - p. 1 2. 2. VPP and hierarchical control methods - p. 27 3. 3. Bidding strategy in the electricity market - p. 37 4. 4. Optimization model of a VPP to provide energy and reserve - p. 59 5. Abstract - p. 59 6. Nomenclature - p. 59 7. 4.1 Introduction - p. 59 8. 4.2 Optimization model of VPP to provide energy - p. 60 9. 4.3 Optimization model of VPP to provide reserve - p. 76 10. 4.4 Examples for VPP optimization model providing energy and reserve - p. 84 11. 4.5 Conclusion - p. 102 12. References - p. 107 13. 5. Provision of ancillary services in the electricity markets - p. 111 14. 6. Frequency control and regulating reserves by VPPs - p. 131 15. 7. VPP's participation in demand response aggregation market - p. 163 16. 8. VPP's participation in demand response exchange market - p. 179 17. 9. Uncertainty modeling of renewable energy sources - p. 193 18. 10. Frameworks of considering RESs and loads uncertainties in VPP decision-making - p. 209 19. 11. Risk-averse scheduling of virtual power plants considering electric vehicles and demand response - p. 227 20. 12. Optimal operation strategy of virtual power plant considering EVs and ESSs - p. 257 21. 13. EVs vehicle-to-grid implementation through virtual power plants - p. 299 22. 14. Short- and long-term forecasting: Wind speed forecasting by spectral analysis - p. 325 23. 15. Forecasting of energy demand in virtual power plants - p. 343 24. 16. Emission impacts on virtual power plant scheduling programs - p. 359 25. 17. Multi-objective scheduling of a virtual power plant considering emissions - p. 377 26. Author index - p. 399 27. Subject index - p. 415
