Solid Fuels and Heavy Hydrocarbon Liquids: Thermal Characterisation and Analysis, Second Edition integrates the developments that have taken place since publication of the first edition in 2006. This updated material includes new insights that help unify the thermochemical reactions of biomass and coal, as well as new developments in analytical techniques, including new applications in size exclusion chromatography, several mass spectrometric techniques, and new applications of nuclear magnetic spectroscopy to the characterization of heavy hydrocarbon liquids
The topics covered are essential for the energy and fuels research community, including academics, students, and research engineers working in the power, oil and gas, and renewable energy industries.
1. 3.1 Introduction: designing pyrolysis experiments - p. 27 2. 3.2 Product distributions from pyrolysis experiments: general trends - p. 31 3. 3.3 Designing bench-scale pyrolysis reactors: wire-mesh reactors - p. 35 4. 3.4 Designing bench-scale fixed-bed (‘hot-rod’) pyrolysis reactors - p. 47 5. 3.5 Bench scale fluidised-bed and entrained flow pyrolysis reactors - p. 51 6. 3.6 Comparing results from several bench-scale reactors: coal pyrolysis - p. 54 7. 3.7 Pyrolysis of coal macerals and kerogens: a brief excursion - p. 64 8. 3.8 Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass - p. 79 9. 3.9 Synergistic effects between biomass components during pyrolysis - p. 89 10. 3.10 Bench-top experiments versus pilot and plant scale design and operation: is there a mismatch? - p. 104 11. References - p. 117 12. 4. High-pressure reactor design: Pyrolysis, hydropyrolysis and gasification - p. 125 13. Abstract - p. 125 14. 4.1 Characterising fuel behaviour under gasification conditions - p. 126 15. 4.2 Rates of char deactivation and implications for reactor design - p. 130 16. 4.3 Designing a high-pressure wire-mesh reactor - p. 135 17. 4.4 Designing a high-pressure bench-scale fluidised-bed reactor - p. 151 18. 4.5 Gasification in three bench-scale reactors with different configurations - p. 158 19. 4.6 Case studies: factors governing coal reactivity in pyrolysis and gasification - p. 167 20. 4.7 Case studies: simulating entrained-flow gasification in a wire-mesh reactor - p. 175 21. 4.8 Case studies: by-product formation and trace element problems in a pilot gasifier for coal and biomass - p. 180 22. 4.9 Case studies: ‘zero emission carbon (ZEC)’ – gasification in steam-hydrogen mixtures - p. 191 23. 4.10 Reactor design: pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction - p. 198 24. References - p. 199 25. 5. Liquefaction: Thermal breakdown in the liquid phase - p. 205 26. 6. Elements of thermal breakdown: Heating rate effects and retrogressive reactions - p. 251 27. 7. Analytical techniques for low mass materials: Method development - p. 285 28. 8. Analytical techniques for high-mass materials: Method development - p. 343 29. Abstract - p. 343 30. 8.1 Introduction - p. 343 31. 8.2 The SEC of complex mixtures - p. 345 32. 8.3 Fractionation methods to isolate molecules of large mass or size - p. 361 33. 8.4 Application of SEC and fractionation methods to samples - p. 364 34. 8.5 Aggregation of small polar molecules to appear as large molecules – in NMP? A question of solvent power? - p. 379 35. 8.6 Molecular mass methods – mass spectrometry of high-mass materials >500 u - p. 387 36. 8.7 LD-mass spectrometry of successively eluting SEC fractions of a coal tar pitch and a petroleum asphaltene - p. 402 37. 8.8 NMR methods and recent developments - p. 407 38. 8.9 Summary and conclusions – structural features of the largest molecules - p. 416 39. References - p. 423 40. 9. In closing: The current state and new perspectives - p. 437 41. Index - p. 447
Solid Fuels and Heavy Hydrocarbon Liquids: Thermal Characterisation and Analysis, Second Edition integrates the developments that have taken place since publication of the first edition in 2006. This updated material includes new insights that help unify the thermochemical reactions of biomass and coal, as well as new developments in analytical techniques, including new applications in size exclusion chromatography, several mass spectrometric techniques, and new applications of nuclear magnetic spectroscopy to the characterization of heavy hydrocarbon liquids
The topics covered are essential for the energy and fuels research community, including academics, students, and research engineers working in the power, oil and gas, and renewable energy industries.
1. 3.1 Introduction: designing pyrolysis experiments - p. 27 2. 3.2 Product distributions from pyrolysis experiments: general trends - p. 31 3. 3.3 Designing bench-scale pyrolysis reactors: wire-mesh reactors - p. 35 4. 3.4 Designing bench-scale fixed-bed (‘hot-rod’) pyrolysis reactors - p. 47 5. 3.5 Bench scale fluidised-bed and entrained flow pyrolysis reactors - p. 51 6. 3.6 Comparing results from several bench-scale reactors: coal pyrolysis - p. 54 7. 3.7 Pyrolysis of coal macerals and kerogens: a brief excursion - p. 64 8. 3.8 Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass - p. 79 9. 3.9 Synergistic effects between biomass components during pyrolysis - p. 89 10. 3.10 Bench-top experiments versus pilot and plant scale design and operation: is there a mismatch? - p. 104 11. References - p. 117 12. 4. High-pressure reactor design: Pyrolysis, hydropyrolysis and gasification - p. 125 13. Abstract - p. 125 14. 4.1 Characterising fuel behaviour under gasification conditions - p. 126 15. 4.2 Rates of char deactivation and implications for reactor design - p. 130 16. 4.3 Designing a high-pressure wire-mesh reactor - p. 135 17. 4.4 Designing a high-pressure bench-scale fluidised-bed reactor - p. 151 18. 4.5 Gasification in three bench-scale reactors with different configurations - p. 158 19. 4.6 Case studies: factors governing coal reactivity in pyrolysis and gasification - p. 167 20. 4.7 Case studies: simulating entrained-flow gasification in a wire-mesh reactor - p. 175 21. 4.8 Case studies: by-product formation and trace element problems in a pilot gasifier for coal and biomass - p. 180 22. 4.9 Case studies: ‘zero emission carbon (ZEC)’ – gasification in steam-hydrogen mixtures - p. 191 23. 4.10 Reactor design: pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction - p. 198 24. References - p. 199 25. 5. Liquefaction: Thermal breakdown in the liquid phase - p. 205 26. 6. Elements of thermal breakdown: Heating rate effects and retrogressive reactions - p. 251 27. 7. Analytical techniques for low mass materials: Method development - p. 285 28. 8. Analytical techniques for high-mass materials: Method development - p. 343 29. Abstract - p. 343 30. 8.1 Introduction - p. 343 31. 8.2 The SEC of complex mixtures - p. 345 32. 8.3 Fractionation methods to isolate molecules of large mass or size - p. 361 33. 8.4 Application of SEC and fractionation methods to samples - p. 364 34. 8.5 Aggregation of small polar molecules to appear as large molecules – in NMP? A question of solvent power? - p. 379 35. 8.6 Molecular mass methods – mass spectrometry of high-mass materials >500 u - p. 387 36. 8.7 LD-mass spectrometry of successively eluting SEC fractions of a coal tar pitch and a petroleum asphaltene - p. 402 37. 8.8 NMR methods and recent developments - p. 407 38. 8.9 Summary and conclusions – structural features of the largest molecules - p. 416 39. References - p. 423 40. 9. In closing: The current state and new perspectives - p. 437 41. Index - p. 447
