Authored by the world’s foremost stroke experts, this classic text brings you fully up to date with current research findings and management approaches for cerebrovascular disease. Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management, 7th Edition, covers every aspect of this fast-moving field, and is an ideal resource for stroke specialists, general neurologists, and other medical professionals with an interest in stroke. You’ll find expert clinical guidance, comprehensive pathophysiology coverage, data from recent trials, advances in diagnostic tests, full-color CT images, pathology slides, and much more, for a complete picture of today’s stroke medicine.
1. Introduction - p. 1 2. 1. Cerebral Vascular Biology in Health and Disease - p. 3 3. 2. Mechanisms of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis - p. 11 4. 3. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism: Regulation and Pathophysiology in Cerebrovascular Disease - p. 24 5. 4. Histopathology of Brain Tissue Response to Stroke and Injury - p. 42 6. 5. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death - p. 57 7. 6. Intracellular Signaling: Mediators and Protective Responses - p. 74 8. 7. The Neurovascular Unit and Responses to Ischemia - p. 82 9. 8. Mechanisms of Damage After Cerebral Hemorrhage - p. 92 10. 9. White Matter Pathophysiology - p. 103 11. 10. Inflammation and Immune Response - p. 117 12. 11. Mechanisms of Plasticity Remodeling and Recovery - p. 129 13. 12. Genetics and Vascular Biology of Brain Vascular Malformations - p. 138 14. 13. Gliovascular Mechanisms and White Matter Injury in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia - p. 153 15. Section II. Epidemiology and Risk Factors - p. 160.e4 16. Introduction - p. 161 17. 14. Global Burden of Stroke - p. 163 18. 15. Stroke Disparities - p. 179 19. 16. Risk Factors and Prevention - p. 187 20. 17. Prognosis After Stroke - p. 207 21. 18. Vascular Dementia and Cognitive Impairment - p. 221 22. 19. Genetic Basis of Stroke Occurrence, Prevention, and Outcome - p. 237 23. Section III. Clinical Manifestations - p. 246.e4 24. Introduction - p. 247 25. 20. Classification of Ischemic Stroke - p. 249 26. 21. Clinical Scales to Assess Patients With Stroke - p. 262 27. 22. Carotid Artery Disease - p. 281 28. 23. Anterior Cerebral Artery Disease - p. 302 29. 24. Middle Cerebral Artery Disease - p. 317 30. Descriptive Terms - p. 317 31. Histology - p. 319 32. Pathology - p. 319 33. Clinical Syndromes of Middle Cerebral Artery Territory Infarction - p. 321 34. Clinical Syndromes From Infarction of Either Hemisphere - p. 322 35. Syndromes Referable to Language-Dominant (Usually Left) Hemisphere Infarction - p. 328 36. Syndromes of Infarction in the Hemisphere Nondominant for Speech and Language - p. 341 37. 25. Posterior Cerebral Artery Disease - p. 347 38. 26. Vertebrobasilar Disease - p. 368 39. Anatomy - p. 368 40. Pathology and Stroke Mechanisms - p. 371 41. Small Artery (Penetrating Artery) Disease - p. 374 42. Cardiac Embolism - p. 374 43. Vascular Topographic Syndromes - p. 378 44. Pontine Infarcts - p. 385 45. Clinical-Topographic Correlation - p. 388 46. Midbrain Infarction - p. 390 47. Cerebellar Infarcts - p. 393 48. Top of the Basilar Artery Syndrome - p. 398 49. 27. Lacunar Syndromes, Lacunar Infarcts, and Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease - p. 404 50. 28. Intracerebral Hemorrhage - p. 422 51. 29. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 429 52. Historical Aspects - p. 429 53. Epidemiology - p. 429 54. Pathophysiology - p. 431 55. Clinical Presentation - p. 432 56. Radiographic and Diagnostic Testing - p. 433 57. Searching for the Aneurysm - p. 433 58. Management - p. 436 59. Summary of Management of Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 445 60. Harmonization of Clinical Variables - p. 445 61. Outcomes - p. 445 62. 30. Arteriovenous Malformations and Other Vascular Anomalies - p. 452 63. 31. Stroke and Other Vascular Syndromes of the Spinal Cord - p. 466 64. Section IV. Specific Conditions and Stroke - p. 474.e3 65. Introduction - p. 475 66. 32. Cardiac Diseases - p. 477 67. 33. Atherosclerotic Disease of the Proximal Aorta - p. 488 68. 34. Stroke Related to Surgery and Other Procedures - p. 501 69. 35. Arterial Dissection, Fibromuscular Dysplasia, and Carotid Webs - p. 508 70. 36. Inflammatory and Infectious Vasculopathies - p. 532 71. 37. Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndromes - p. 548 72. 38. Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome - p. 556 73. 39. Stroke and Substance Abuse - p. 563 74. Opioids - p. 563 75. Amphetamine and Related Agents - p. 564 76. Cocaine - p. 565 77. Phencyclidine - p. 567 78. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide - p. 567 79. Marijuana - p. 567 80. Barbiturates - p. 568 81. Inhalants - p. 568 82. Alcohol - p. 568 83. Tobacco - p. 570 84. 40. Moyamoya Disease - p. 573 85. 41. Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy - p. 586 86. 42. Hematologic Disorders and Stroke - p. 592 87. 43. Migraine and Stroke - p. 604 88. 44. Cryptogenic Stroke - p. 615 89. 45. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis - p. 624 90. Section V. Diagnostic Studies - p. 637.e5 91. Introduction - p. 639 92. 46. Ultrasonography - p. 641 93. 47. Computed Tomography-Based Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease - p. 660 94. 48. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cerebrovascular Diseases - p. 676 95. General Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging - p. 676 96. Clinical Applications of MRI in Patients With Cerebrovascular Disease - p. 682 97. Transient Ischemic Attacks - p. 682 98. Diffusion-Weighted MRI - p. 682 99. Magnetic Resonance Perfusion - p. 683 100. Implications of MRI for Transient Ischemic Attack Definition and Clinical Guidelines - p. 683 101. 49. Cerebral Angiography - p. 699 102. 50. OMICs in Stroke: Insight Into Stroke Through Epigenomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Metabolomics - p. 714 103. Therapy - p. 722.e2 104. Part A. Medical Therapy - p. 722.e2 105. Introduction - p. 723 106. 51. Stroke Systems of Care and Impact on Acute Stroke Treatment - p. 725 107. 52. Prehospital and Emergency Department Care of the Patient With Acute Stroke - p. 735 108. 53. Intravenous Thrombolysis - p. 750 109. 54. Antithrombotic Therapy for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke - p. 773 110. 55. General Stroke Management and Stroke Units - p. 786 111. 56. Critical Care of the Patient With Acute Stroke - p. 800 112. General Principles in The Care of The Critically Ill Stroke Patient - p. 800 113. Specific Treatment of Various Stroke Syndromes - p. 815 114. Temperature Management - p. 818 115. Conclusion - p. 826 116. 57. Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia - p. 831 117. 58. Treatment of “Other” Stroke Etiologies - p. 852 118. 59. Medical Therapy of Intracerebral and Intraventricular Hemorrhage - p. 869 119. 60. Rehabilitation and Recovery of the Patient With Stroke - p. 879 120. 61. Interventions to Improve Recovery After Stroke - p. 888 121. 62. Enhancing Stroke Recovery With Cellular Therapies - p. 900 122. 63. Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Prevention of Stroke - p. 912 123. 64. Secondary Prevention of Cardioembolic Stroke - p. 932 124. 65. Design of Stroke-Related Clinical Trials - p. 944 125. Part B. Interventional Therapy - p. 955.e3 126. Introduction - p. 957 127. 66. Endovascular Therapy of Extracranial and Intracranial Occlusive Disease - p. 959 128. 67. Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke - p. 970 129. 68. Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms - p. 985 130. 69. Interventional Therapy of Brain and Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations - p. 1001 131. 70. Dural Arteriovenous Malformations - p. 1016 132. Part C. Surgical Therapy - p. 1027.e2 133. Introduction - p. 1029 134. 71. Surgery of Anterior and Posterior Aneurysms - p. 1031 135. 72. Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage - p. 1047 136. 73. Management of Intraventricular Hemorrhage - p. 1055 137. 74. Surgical Management of Cranial and Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations - p. 1066 138. 75. Surgical Management of Cavernous Malformations and Venous Anomalies - p. 1079 139. 76. Indications for Carotid Endarterectomy in Patients With Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis - p. 1084 140. 77. Extracranial–Intracranial Bypass for Cerebral Ischemia - p. 1091 141. 78. Decompressive Craniectomy for Infarction and Intracranial Hemorrhages - p. 1100 142. Index - p. 1113
Authored by the world’s foremost stroke experts, this classic text brings you fully up to date with current research findings and management approaches for cerebrovascular disease. Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management, 7th Edition, covers every aspect of this fast-moving field, and is an ideal resource for stroke specialists, general neurologists, and other medical professionals with an interest in stroke. You’ll find expert clinical guidance, comprehensive pathophysiology coverage, data from recent trials, advances in diagnostic tests, full-color CT images, pathology slides, and much more, for a complete picture of today’s stroke medicine.
1. Introduction - p. 1 2. 1. Cerebral Vascular Biology in Health and Disease - p. 3 3. 2. Mechanisms of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis - p. 11 4. 3. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism: Regulation and Pathophysiology in Cerebrovascular Disease - p. 24 5. 4. Histopathology of Brain Tissue Response to Stroke and Injury - p. 42 6. 5. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death - p. 57 7. 6. Intracellular Signaling: Mediators and Protective Responses - p. 74 8. 7. The Neurovascular Unit and Responses to Ischemia - p. 82 9. 8. Mechanisms of Damage After Cerebral Hemorrhage - p. 92 10. 9. White Matter Pathophysiology - p. 103 11. 10. Inflammation and Immune Response - p. 117 12. 11. Mechanisms of Plasticity Remodeling and Recovery - p. 129 13. 12. Genetics and Vascular Biology of Brain Vascular Malformations - p. 138 14. 13. Gliovascular Mechanisms and White Matter Injury in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia - p. 153 15. Section II. Epidemiology and Risk Factors - p. 160.e4 16. Introduction - p. 161 17. 14. Global Burden of Stroke - p. 163 18. 15. Stroke Disparities - p. 179 19. 16. Risk Factors and Prevention - p. 187 20. 17. Prognosis After Stroke - p. 207 21. 18. Vascular Dementia and Cognitive Impairment - p. 221 22. 19. Genetic Basis of Stroke Occurrence, Prevention, and Outcome - p. 237 23. Section III. Clinical Manifestations - p. 246.e4 24. Introduction - p. 247 25. 20. Classification of Ischemic Stroke - p. 249 26. 21. Clinical Scales to Assess Patients With Stroke - p. 262 27. 22. Carotid Artery Disease - p. 281 28. 23. Anterior Cerebral Artery Disease - p. 302 29. 24. Middle Cerebral Artery Disease - p. 317 30. Descriptive Terms - p. 317 31. Histology - p. 319 32. Pathology - p. 319 33. Clinical Syndromes of Middle Cerebral Artery Territory Infarction - p. 321 34. Clinical Syndromes From Infarction of Either Hemisphere - p. 322 35. Syndromes Referable to Language-Dominant (Usually Left) Hemisphere Infarction - p. 328 36. Syndromes of Infarction in the Hemisphere Nondominant for Speech and Language - p. 341 37. 25. Posterior Cerebral Artery Disease - p. 347 38. 26. Vertebrobasilar Disease - p. 368 39. Anatomy - p. 368 40. Pathology and Stroke Mechanisms - p. 371 41. Small Artery (Penetrating Artery) Disease - p. 374 42. Cardiac Embolism - p. 374 43. Vascular Topographic Syndromes - p. 378 44. Pontine Infarcts - p. 385 45. Clinical-Topographic Correlation - p. 388 46. Midbrain Infarction - p. 390 47. Cerebellar Infarcts - p. 393 48. Top of the Basilar Artery Syndrome - p. 398 49. 27. Lacunar Syndromes, Lacunar Infarcts, and Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease - p. 404 50. 28. Intracerebral Hemorrhage - p. 422 51. 29. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 429 52. Historical Aspects - p. 429 53. Epidemiology - p. 429 54. Pathophysiology - p. 431 55. Clinical Presentation - p. 432 56. Radiographic and Diagnostic Testing - p. 433 57. Searching for the Aneurysm - p. 433 58. Management - p. 436 59. Summary of Management of Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 445 60. Harmonization of Clinical Variables - p. 445 61. Outcomes - p. 445 62. 30. Arteriovenous Malformations and Other Vascular Anomalies - p. 452 63. 31. Stroke and Other Vascular Syndromes of the Spinal Cord - p. 466 64. Section IV. Specific Conditions and Stroke - p. 474.e3 65. Introduction - p. 475 66. 32. Cardiac Diseases - p. 477 67. 33. Atherosclerotic Disease of the Proximal Aorta - p. 488 68. 34. Stroke Related to Surgery and Other Procedures - p. 501 69. 35. Arterial Dissection, Fibromuscular Dysplasia, and Carotid Webs - p. 508 70. 36. Inflammatory and Infectious Vasculopathies - p. 532 71. 37. Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndromes - p. 548 72. 38. Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome - p. 556 73. 39. Stroke and Substance Abuse - p. 563 74. Opioids - p. 563 75. Amphetamine and Related Agents - p. 564 76. Cocaine - p. 565 77. Phencyclidine - p. 567 78. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide - p. 567 79. Marijuana - p. 567 80. Barbiturates - p. 568 81. Inhalants - p. 568 82. Alcohol - p. 568 83. Tobacco - p. 570 84. 40. Moyamoya Disease - p. 573 85. 41. Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy - p. 586 86. 42. Hematologic Disorders and Stroke - p. 592 87. 43. Migraine and Stroke - p. 604 88. 44. Cryptogenic Stroke - p. 615 89. 45. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis - p. 624 90. Section V. Diagnostic Studies - p. 637.e5 91. Introduction - p. 639 92. 46. Ultrasonography - p. 641 93. 47. Computed Tomography-Based Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease - p. 660 94. 48. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cerebrovascular Diseases - p. 676 95. General Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging - p. 676 96. Clinical Applications of MRI in Patients With Cerebrovascular Disease - p. 682 97. Transient Ischemic Attacks - p. 682 98. Diffusion-Weighted MRI - p. 682 99. Magnetic Resonance Perfusion - p. 683 100. Implications of MRI for Transient Ischemic Attack Definition and Clinical Guidelines - p. 683 101. 49. Cerebral Angiography - p. 699 102. 50. OMICs in Stroke: Insight Into Stroke Through Epigenomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Metabolomics - p. 714 103. Therapy - p. 722.e2 104. Part A. Medical Therapy - p. 722.e2 105. Introduction - p. 723 106. 51. Stroke Systems of Care and Impact on Acute Stroke Treatment - p. 725 107. 52. Prehospital and Emergency Department Care of the Patient With Acute Stroke - p. 735 108. 53. Intravenous Thrombolysis - p. 750 109. 54. Antithrombotic Therapy for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke - p. 773 110. 55. General Stroke Management and Stroke Units - p. 786 111. 56. Critical Care of the Patient With Acute Stroke - p. 800 112. General Principles in The Care of The Critically Ill Stroke Patient - p. 800 113. Specific Treatment of Various Stroke Syndromes - p. 815 114. Temperature Management - p. 818 115. Conclusion - p. 826 116. 57. Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia - p. 831 117. 58. Treatment of “Other” Stroke Etiologies - p. 852 118. 59. Medical Therapy of Intracerebral and Intraventricular Hemorrhage - p. 869 119. 60. Rehabilitation and Recovery of the Patient With Stroke - p. 879 120. 61. Interventions to Improve Recovery After Stroke - p. 888 121. 62. Enhancing Stroke Recovery With Cellular Therapies - p. 900 122. 63. Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Prevention of Stroke - p. 912 123. 64. Secondary Prevention of Cardioembolic Stroke - p. 932 124. 65. Design of Stroke-Related Clinical Trials - p. 944 125. Part B. Interventional Therapy - p. 955.e3 126. Introduction - p. 957 127. 66. Endovascular Therapy of Extracranial and Intracranial Occlusive Disease - p. 959 128. 67. Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke - p. 970 129. 68. Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms - p. 985 130. 69. Interventional Therapy of Brain and Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations - p. 1001 131. 70. Dural Arteriovenous Malformations - p. 1016 132. Part C. Surgical Therapy - p. 1027.e2 133. Introduction - p. 1029 134. 71. Surgery of Anterior and Posterior Aneurysms - p. 1031 135. 72. Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage - p. 1047 136. 73. Management of Intraventricular Hemorrhage - p. 1055 137. 74. Surgical Management of Cranial and Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations - p. 1066 138. 75. Surgical Management of Cavernous Malformations and Venous Anomalies - p. 1079 139. 76. Indications for Carotid Endarterectomy in Patients With Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis - p. 1084 140. 77. Extracranial–Intracranial Bypass for Cerebral Ischemia - p. 1091 141. 78. Decompressive Craniectomy for Infarction and Intracranial Hemorrhages - p. 1100 142. Index - p. 1113
