Must-have resource for all future Enrolled Nurses
Tabbner’s Nursing Care is the main resource for Diploma of Nursing students and instructors. This well-established and highly respected book provides the knowledge and skills learners need to qualify as Enrolled Nurses.
Written by a highly qualified team of editors and contributors, the book equips the learner to provide safe, competent and person-centred care. It teaches and prepares learners to apply critical and reflective thinking to decision-making, use healthcare technology and work as part of a healthcare team in a variety of settings.
Complete with an accompanying workbook and a host of features to support and facilitate teaching and learning, Tabbner’s Nursing Care is the ideal contemporary, evidenced-based resource to develop competent and safe Enrolled Nurses of the future.
Key Features:
Instructor resources on Evolve:
Learner and instructor resources on Evolve:
Gabrielle Koutoukidis, EdD (Research), MPH, BN (Mid), DipAppSci(Nurs), AdvDipN(Ed), DipBus, Voc Grad Cert Business (Transformational Management), International Specialised Skills Institute Fellow, Dean, Faculty Health Science, Community and Social Studies, Holmesglen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australianity Studies, Holmesglen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Kate Stainton, MA HlthSci(Nurs), GDipNurs(ed), BN(Mid), DipAppSci(Nurs), Cert IV TAE, MACN, Strategy and Innovation Consultant, Baptist Care, NSW, Australia; Sessional Academic, School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
1. Introduction - p. 3 2. Nursing practice in Australia - p. 9 3. Professional nursing organisations - p. 16 4. Nursing the profession - p. 17 5. Influences on nursing - p. 21 6. References - p. 22 7. Recommended reading - p. 25 8. Online resources - p. 25 9. 2. Legal and ethical frameworks - p. 25 10. Introduction - p. 27 11. Legal aspects of nursing practice - p. 27 12. Areas of legal liability in nursing - p. 33 13. Legal responsibilities of nursing students - p. 43 14. Legal issues in the nursing specialties - p. 44 15. Ethical aspects of nursing - p. 46 16. Ethics - p. 46 17. Ethics and morality - p. 48 18. Nursing ethics - p. 48 19. Ethical issues and moral dilemmas - p. 50 20. Ethical decision-making - p. 52 21. Advocacy - p. 53 22. References - p. 55 23. Recommended reading - p. 57 24. Online resources - p. 57 25. 3. Nursing research and evidence-based practice - p. 57 26. Unit 2. Professional practice in the contemporary environment - p. 83 27. 4. Australia’s healthcare delivery system - p. 83 28. 5. Understanding and promoting health - p. 104 29. Introduction - p. 106 30. What is health promotion? - p. 111 31. Nursing and health promotion - p. 127 32. References - p. 132 33. Recommended reading - p. 134 34. Online resources - p. 135 35. 6. Critical thinking, problem-based learning and reflective practice - p. 135 36. 7. Nursing process - p. 147 37. 8. Documentation, health informatics and technology - p. 164 38. Introduction - p. 166 39. Purpose of documentation and healthcare records - p. 167 40. Legal, ethical and professional considerations - p. 169 41. Documentation guidelines and principles - p. 171 42. Types of documentation and charting - p. 172 43. Electronic records and multidisciplinary care - p. 185 44. Documentation at transitions of care - p. 189 45. Health informatics - p. 191 46. Nursing informatics - p. 193 47. Nursing informatics competencies - p. 195 48. Basics of computers and information technology - p. 201 49. Health information systems - p. 206 50. Data standards and nursing minimum datasets - p. 209 51. Digital health - p. 211 52. Health data privacy and security - p. 215 53. Using information technology to support education and research - p. 217 54. References - p. 220 55. Recommended reading - p. 223 56. Online resources - p. 223 57. 9. Quality and safety - p. 223 58. 10. Communication and clinical handover - p. 238 59. Introduction - p. 240 60. Components of the communication process - p. 241 61. Elements of the communication process - p. 241 62. Factors that influence the communication process - p. 242 63. Forms of communication - p. 245 64. Passive, aggressive and assertive communication - p. 248 65. Therapeutic communication - p. 249 66. Skills to facilitate therapeutic communication - p. 250 67. Communicating with children, adolescents and older adults - p. 257 68. Barriers that interfere with therapeutic communication - p. 258 69. Culturally safe communication - p. 260 70. Individuals with special requirements - p. 261 71. Alterations to vision - p. 261 72. Alterations to hearing - p. 261 73. Alterations to cognitive abilities - p. 263 74. Individuals who are unable to respond - p. 264 75. Clinical handover - p. 266 76. References - p. 277 77. Recommended reading - p. 280 78. Online resources - p. 280 79. 11. Models of nursing care, management and leadership - p. 280 80. 12. Readiness for practice - p. 293 81. Unit 3. Cultural competence, safety and diversity - p. 309 82. 13. Cultural competence, safety and diversity - p. 309 83. Introduction - p. 311 84. Attitudes, beliefs and values - p. 312 85. What is culture? - p. 314 86. Effective communication - p. 316 87. Culture and wellbeing - p. 328 88. Culture, the individual and the profession - p. 333 89. Cultural diversity and individuals’ experiences of the system - p. 335 90. Culture in practice - p. 337 91. References - p. 342 92. Recommended reading - p. 347 93. Online resources - p. 347 94. Codes of conduct and ethics - p. 348 95. 14. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and principles of cultural safety - p. 348 96. Unit 4. Initial and ongoing health assessment - p. 369 97. 15. Health assessment frameworks - p. 369 98. Introduction - p. 371 99. Assessment techniques - p. 393 100. Routine shift assessment - p. 397 101. Diagnostic investigations - p. 398 102. Recording and reporting - p. 398 103. Teaching considerations - p. 399 104. Clinical handover - p. 399 105. Advance health directives - p. 400 106. References - p. 401 107. Recommended reading - p. 402 108. Online resources - p. 402 109. 16. Vital signs - p. 402 110. Introduction - p. 404 111. Recognising and responding to clinical deterioration in acute healthcare - p. 405 112. Respiration - p. 406 113. Pulse oximetry—measuring oxygen saturation - p. 412 114. Blood pressure - p. 413 115. Pulse - p. 424 116. Pain and consciousness - p. 430 117. Body temperature - p. 430 118. Accurate measurement of body temperature - p. 434 119. References - p. 442 120. Recommended reading - p. 443 121. 17. Admission, transfer and discharge - p. 444 122. Introduction - p. 446 123. Reactions to admission - p. 446 124. The admission process - p. 451 125. Admitting the person to the mental health unit - p. 461 126. Admitting a child to a healthcare facility - p. 461 127. Admitting an adolescent to a healthcare facility - p. 464 128. Discharge planning - p. 464 129. Preparing individuals to go home - p. 465 130. Teaching as a part of discharge planning - p. 467 131. Day of discharge - p. 470 132. Discharging the individual from the mental health unit - p. 470 133. Discharge against medical advice - p. 471 134. Transfer of care - p. 471 135. References - p. 477 136. Recommended reading - p. 479 137. Online resources - p. 480 138. Unit 5. Foundations of care - p. 483 139. 18. Infection prevention and control - p. 483 140. Introduction - p. 485 141. Preventing and controlling infections in healthcare in Australia - p. 486 142. Nature of infection - p. 486 143. Microoganisms - p. 486 144. Infection prevention and control in practice - p. 499 145. Standard precautions and transmission-based precautions - p. 500 146. Tier 1: Standard precautions - p. 500 147. Implementing standard precautions - p. 500 148. Standard precautions: Hand hygiene - p. 503 149. Standard precautions: Use of personal protective equipment - p. 510 150. Standard precautions: Safe handling and disposal of sharps - p. 511 151. Standard precautions: Implementing environmental controls - p. 515 152. Standard precautions: Reprocessing of reuseable instruments and equipment - p. 516 153. Routine cleaning of instruments - p. 516 154. Standard precautions: Asepsis and aseptic technique - p. 517 155. Standard precautions: Appropriate handling of waste and linen - p. 524 156. Standard precautions: Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette - p. 525 157. Tier 2: Transmission-based precautions applied in addition to standard precautions - p. 525 158. Infection prevention and control for healthcare workers - p. 532 159. Infection control and prevention of COVID-19 - p. 532 160. Role of the infection control and prevention nurse - p. 532 161. References - p. 536 162. Recommended reading - p. 538 163. Online resources - p. 539 164. 19. Personal care and comfort - p. 540 165. Introduction - p. 542 166. Skin and skin care - p. 543 167. Bathing and showering - p. 545 168. Hair care - p. 556 169. Eye, ear and nasal care - p. 557 170. Mouth care - p. 560 171. Nail care - p. 562 172. Hygiene summary - p. 566 173. Promoting comfort - p. 567 174. Bed making - p. 569 175. Making an unoccupied bed - p. 569 176. Key principles related to bed making - p. 570 177. Making a postoperative bed - p. 574 178. Making an occupied bed - p. 575 179. Making a divided bed - p. 578 180. Comfortable positioning - p. 578 181. References - p. 585 182. Recommended reading - p. 587 183. Online resources - p. 587 184. 20. Administration and monitoring of medications and intravenous therapy - p. 587 185. Introduction - p. 589 186. Pharmacokinetics - p. 596 187. Pharmacodynamics - p. 601 188. Safety and legal requirements in medication administration - p. 602 189. Systems of measurement - p. 614 190. SI units - p. 614 191. Medication calculations - p. 617 192. Conversions - p. 617 193. Calculating dosages - p. 617 194. Intravenous administration calculations - p. 619 195. Administering medications - p. 620 196. Administering enteral medications - p. 620 197. Administering parenteral medications - p. 626 198. Administering fluids and medications via the intravenous route - p. 636 199. Blood product administration - p. 654 200. Administration of subcutaneous infusions - p. 659 201. Administering topical medications - p. 659 202. Instilling eye drops and ointments - p. 664 203. Instilling ear drops - p. 667 204. Inserting vaginal medications - p. 667 205. Administering medications by inhalation - p. 671 206. Administering medication by intranasal absorption - p. 674 207. Monitoring the effects of medications - p. 679 208. Safe handling of hazardous substances - p. 685 209. Safe storage, administration and disposal of medications - p. 686 210. Medications and the older adult - p. 686 211. Medications and the child - p. 686 212. Continuation of medication regimen after discharge - p. 687 213. References - p. 694 214. Recommended reading - p. 696 215. Online resources - p. 697 216. Unit 6. Nursing care across the lifespan - p. 699 217. 21. Conception to late childhood - p. 699 218. 22. Late childhood to younger adulthood - p. 729 219. 23. Younger adulthood to older adulthood - p. 751 220. 24. Older adulthood - p. 771 221. Unit 7. Promoting health and wellbeing - p. 795 222. 25. Cardiovascular and respiratory health - p. 795 223. Introduction - p. 797 224. Scientific principles of ventilation and respiration - p. 801 225. Ventilation and respiration - p. 803 226. Structure of the cardiovascular system - p. 805 227. Circulation of blood - p. 812 228. Structure of the lymphatic system - p. 813 229. Factors affecting the respiratory system - p. 815 230. Pathophysiology related to the respiratory system - p. 817 231. Specific disorders of the respiratory system - p. 818 232. Factors affecting the cardiovascular system - p. 821 233. Changes in cardiac function - p. 821 234. Changes in the blood vessels - p. 822 235. Changes in the blood - p. 822 236. Changes in the lymphatic system - p. 822 237. Pathophysiology related to the circulatory system - p. 823 238. Specific disorders of the circulatory system - p. 825 239. Respiratory diagnostic tests - p. 829 240. Cardiovascular diagnostic tests - p. 830 241. Nursing an individual with a respiratory and/or cardiac system disorder - p. 836 242. The individual with an artificial airway - p. 849 243. Nursing an individual with an artificial airway - p. 850 244. Nursing a person with a tracheostomy - p. 851 245. The individual with thoracic drainage tubes - p. 854 246. Nursing a person with a chest drain - p. 858 247. Nursing practice and oxygen administration - p. 859 248. Education - p. 866 249. References - p. 868 250. Recommended reading - p. 870 251. Online resources - p. 870 252. 26. Fluids and electrolytes - p. 870 253. Introduction - p. 872 254. Fluid balance - p. 876 255. Electrolyte imbalances - p. 885 256. Nursing assessment of individuals with fluid and electrolyte needs - p. 887 257. Fluid and electrolyte replacement - p. 893 258. Intravenous therapy - p. 893 259. Intravenous fluids - p. 896 260. Acid–base balance - p. 900 261. Acid–base regulation - p. 901 262. References - p. 908 263. Recommended reading - p. 909 264. Online resources - p. 909 265. 27. Rest and sleep - p. 910 266. Introduction - p. 912 267. Physiology of sleep - p. 912 268. Sleep disorders - p. 916 269. Factors affecting sleep - p. 918 270. Assessing rest and sleep patterns - p. 919 271. References - p. 928 272. Recommended reading - p. 930 273. Online resources - p. 930 274. 28. Movement and exercise - p. 930 275. Introduction - p. 932 276. Body mechanics - p. 933 277. Disease processes that influence body mechanics - p. 933 278. Development of movement and exercise through the lifespan - p. 935 279. Overweight and obesity in Australia - p. 937 280. The benefits of physical activity - p. 937 281. Principles of muscle movement in exercise - p. 940 282. Assessment of movement, mobility and the musculoskeletal system - p. 941 283. Diagnosis of a musculoskeletal disorder - p. 948 284. Treatment of bone injuries and musculoskeletal disorders - p. 948 285. Nursing care of the individual with a musculoskeletal disorder - p. 951 286. General treatment of musculoskeletal disorders - p. 954 287. Ambulation after prolonged immobilisation - p. 956 288. Walking aids - p. 957 289. Complications associated with reduced mobility - p. 959 290. Pressure injuries - p. 960 291. Effects of immobility upon the musculoskeletal system - p. 960 292. Effects on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems - p. 961 293. Urinary stasis - p. 964 294. Constipation - p. 964 295. Psychological effects of reduced mobility - p. 964 296. References - p. 966 297. Recommended reading - p. 968 298. Online resources - p. 968 299. 29. Skin integrity and wound care - p. 968 300. Introduction - p. 970 301. Wound healing - p. 973 302. Wound management - p. 974 303. Types of wounds - p. 992 304. Pathophysiological effects and major manifestations of skin disorders - p. 994 305. Specific disorders of the skin - p. 996 306. Genetic disorders - p. 996 307. Idiopathic disorders - p. 996 308. Hypersensitivity disorders - p. 996 309. Trauma - p. 997 310. Neoplasia - p. 997 311. Infections and infestations - p. 997 312. Diagnostic tests - p. 998 313. Care of the individual with a skin disorder - p. 998 314. Pressure injuries - p. 1000 315. Leg ulcers - p. 1016 316. Burn injuries - p. 1019 317. Pathophysiology of burn injuries - p. 1022 318. Classification of burns - p. 1022 319. Assessing burn severity - p. 1022 320. Management of the individual with burn injuries - p. 1025 321. Complications of burns - p. 1029 322. Preparation for discharge - p. 1030 323. Surgical wounds - p. 1030 324. References - p. 1039 325. Recommended reading - p. 1042 326. Online resources - p. 1043 327. 30. Nutrition - p. 1044 328. Introduction - p. 1046 329. Nutrition assessment - p. 1047 330. Nutrients - p. 1056 331. Diets to meet individual needs - p. 1059 332. Nursing practice and nutritional needs - p. 1063 333. Common disorders associated with nutrition - p. 1069 334. References - p. 1082 335. Recommended reading - p. 1085 336. Online resources - p. 1086 337. 31. Urinary health - p. 1087 338. Introduction - p. 1088 339. Factors that affect urinary system functioning - p. 1090 340. Common disorders of the urinary system - p. 1091 341. Nursing assessment of urinary system function - p. 1096 342. Nursing interventions - p. 1104 343. Urinary catheterisation - p. 1114 344. Reasons for urinary catheterisation - p. 1114 345. Selection of an appropriate catheter - p. 1114 346. Catheter bags—the closed drainage system - p. 1114 347. Routine catheter care - p. 1117 348. Insertion and removal of a urinary catheter - p. 1118 349. References - p. 1128 350. Recommended reading - p. 1129 351. Online resources - p. 1130 352. 32. Bowel health - p. 1131 353. Introduction - p. 1132 354. Disorders of the digestive system - p. 1146 355. References - p. 1155 356. Recommended reading - p. 1157 357. Online resources - p. 1157 358. 33. Pain - p. 1158 359. 34. Sensory health - p. 1181 360. Introduction - p. 1182 361. Altered senses - p. 1183 362. Factors affecting sensory function - p. 1184 363. Assessing sensory function - p. 1185 364. Special sense organs - p. 1185 365. The eye - p. 1187 366. Disorders of the eye - p. 1189 367. Other disorders of the eye - p. 1194 368. The ear - p. 1202 369. References - p. 1211 370. Online resources - p. 1212 371. 35. Neurological health - p. 1213 372. Introduction - p. 1214 373. Pathophysiological influences and effects of disorders of the nervous system - p. 1222 374. Assessing neurological status - p. 1225 375. Diagnostic tests - p. 1230 376. Specific disorders of the nervous system - p. 1235 377. Congenital disorders - p. 1235 378. Genetic disorders - p. 1236 379. Disorders of multiple cause - p. 1237 380. Seizure disorders - p. 1238 381. Degenerative disorders - p. 1241 382. Immunological disorders - p. 1242 383. Infectious and inflammatory conditions - p. 1242 384. Neoplastic and obstructive disorders - p. 1243 385. Traumatic disorders - p. 1244 386. Care of the individual with a nervous system disorder - p. 1245 387. Care of the unconscious individual - p. 1250 388. Spinal cord injury - p. 1256 389. References - p. 1263 390. Recommended reading - p. 1265 391. Online resources - p. 1265 392. 36. Endocrine health - p. 1266 393. Introduction - p. 1267 394. Endocrine disorders - p. 1272 395. Care of the individual with an endocrine disorder - p. 1288 396. Effects of endocrine dysfunction - p. 1288 397. Care of the individual with diabetes mellitus - p. 1290 398. References - p. 1298 399. Recommended reading - p. 1300 400. Online resources - p. 1300 401. 37. Reproductive health - p. 1301 402. The male reproductive system - p. 1302 403. Disorders of the male reproductive system - p. 1302 404. Assessment and diagnostic tests - p. 1310 405. Nursing interventions in male reproductive health - p. 1311 406. The female reproductive system - p. 1311 407. Disorders of the female reproductive system - p. 1312 408. Assessment and diagnostic tests - p. 1322 409. Reproductive and sexual health promotion - p. 1324 410. Contraception - p. 1325 411. Disorders of reproduction - p. 1329 412. Sexual abuse - p. 1330 413. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - p. 1330 414. References - p. 1335 415. Recommended reading - p. 1336 416. Online resources - p. 1337 417. Unit 8. Specialised nursing practice - p. 1339 418. 38. Palliative care - p. 1340 419. Introduction - p. 1341 420. Palliative care - p. 1342 421. Person- and family-centred palliative care - p. 1343 422. Multidisciplinary palliative care - p. 1344 423. Symptom management - p. 1346 424. Loss and grief - p. 1351 425. Care of the dying - p. 1352 426. Voluntary assisted dying - p. 1354 427. Care after death - p. 1355 428. Care of the bereaved - p. 1358 429. Support for the nurse - p. 1358 430. References - p. 1359 431. Recommended reading - p. 1361 432. Online resources - p. 1362 433. 39. Mental health and mental illness - p. 1363 434. Introduction - p. 1365 435. What is mental health? - p. 1365 436. The provision of care - p. 1378 437. Historical perspectives and mental health care - p. 1383 438. Care of consumers with specific emotional or behavioural challenges - p. 1387 439. The consumer experiencing anxiety - p. 1387 440. The consumer experiencing depression - p. 1389 441. The consumer experiencing feelings of anger and hostility - p. 1393 442. The consumer who is at risk of self-destructive behaviour - p. 1395 443. Suicidal behaviour - p. 1396 444. The consumer who experiences elevation of mood - p. 1400 445. Consumers experiencing confusion or disorientation - p. 1404 446. Legal and ethical aspects of mental health nursing - p. 1409 447. Ethical issues and dilemmas - p. 1410 448. References - p. 1412 449. Recommended reading - p. 1414 450. Online resources - p. 1415 451. 40. Rehabilitation - p. 1416 452. 41. Chronicity and disability - p. 1434 453. Introduction - p. 1435 454. Conceptual models of chronic care - p. 1438 455. Disability - p. 1438 456. Prevalence and causes of disabilities - p. 1440 457. Classifications of disability - p. 1440 458. Conceptual models of disability - p. 1441 459. The philosophy of inclusion and normalisation - p. 1445 460. Continuing challenges - p. 1448 461. Approaches to management of individuals with chronic conditions or disabilities - p. 1448 462. National disability insurance scheme and national disability insurance agency - p. 1454 463. Health promotion: Disability prevention - p. 1456 464. Abuse and advocacy - p. 1456 465. References - p. 1458 466. Recommended reading - p. 1462 467. Online resources - p. 1462 468. 42. Acute and perioperative care - p. 1464 469. Introduction - p. 1465 470. Acute nursing: Scope of practice - p. 1466 471. Characteristics and impact of acute illness/injury - p. 1467 472. Acute disorders - p. 1468 473. Perioperative care - p. 1482 474. Surgery - p. 1483 475. Preoperative care - p. 1485 476. Providing information - p. 1486 477. Medical history - p. 1487 478. Physical examination - p. 1487 479. Informed consent - p. 1487 480. Laboratory and diagnostic testing - p. 1487 481. Psychological preparation - p. 1488 482. Teaching activities - p. 1489 483. Physical preparation - p. 1489 484. Preparation of the individual—immediately prior to surgery - p. 1490 485. Documentation - p. 1490 486. Intraoperative phase - p. 1495 487. Postoperative care - p. 1500 488. References - p. 1515 489. Recommended reading - p. 1518 490. Online resources - p. 1518 491. 43. Emergency care - p. 1519 492. Introduction - p. 1520 493. Recognising and responding to an emergency - p. 1524 494. Basic life support - p. 1527 495. Post-resuscitation care - p. 1536 496. Staff debriefing - p. 1538 497. Managing specific emergency situations - p. 1538 498. Cardiac emergencies - p. 1540 499. References - p. 1545 500. Recommended reading - p. 1547 501. Online resources - p. 1548 502. 44. Maternal and newborn care - p. 1549 503. Pregnancy - p. 1550 504. Prenatal care and preparation - p. 1556 505. Labour - p. 1558 506. Postnatal care - p. 1563 507. References - p. 1576 508. Recommended reading - p. 1577 509. Online resources - p. 1577 510. 45. Community, rural and remote - p. 1579 511. Introduction - p. 1580 512. The community health nurse’s role - p. 1584 513. Models of care in community health - p. 1585 514. Issues for community health nurses in home care - p. 1585 515. Standards and scope of practice of the community and primary healthcare nurse - p. 1586 516. The nursing process and community nursing - p. 1588 517. Nursing care in rural and remote areas - p. 1588 518. Remote and rural australia - p. 1590 519. Health and illness patterns in rural and remote australia - p. 1591 520. Remote area and rural nursing - p. 1593 521. Effective healthcare service delivery in remote settings - p. 1595 522. Stress related to working in a remote health context - p. 1597 523. Access to health services in rural and remote areas - p. 1602 524. Telehealth - p. 1602 525. Transferring to regional or metropolitan health services - p. 1602 526. References - p. 1606 527. Recommended reading - p. 1609 528. Online resources - p. 1610 529. Credits - p. 1611 530. Index - p. i-1
Must-have resource for all future Enrolled Nurses
Tabbner’s Nursing Care is the main resource for Diploma of Nursing students and instructors. This well-established and highly respected book provides the knowledge and skills learners need to qualify as Enrolled Nurses.
Written by a highly qualified team of editors and contributors, the book equips the learner to provide safe, competent and person-centred care. It teaches and prepares learners to apply critical and reflective thinking to decision-making, use healthcare technology and work as part of a healthcare team in a variety of settings.
Complete with an accompanying workbook and a host of features to support and facilitate teaching and learning, Tabbner’s Nursing Care is the ideal contemporary, evidenced-based resource to develop competent and safe Enrolled Nurses of the future.
Key Features:
Instructor resources on Evolve:
Learner and instructor resources on Evolve:
Gabrielle Koutoukidis, EdD (Research), MPH, BN (Mid), DipAppSci(Nurs), AdvDipN(Ed), DipBus, Voc Grad Cert Business (Transformational Management), International Specialised Skills Institute Fellow, Dean, Faculty Health Science, Community and Social Studies, Holmesglen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australianity Studies, Holmesglen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Kate Stainton, MA HlthSci(Nurs), GDipNurs(ed), BN(Mid), DipAppSci(Nurs), Cert IV TAE, MACN, Strategy and Innovation Consultant, Baptist Care, NSW, Australia; Sessional Academic, School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
1. Introduction - p. 3 2. Nursing practice in Australia - p. 9 3. Professional nursing organisations - p. 16 4. Nursing the profession - p. 17 5. Influences on nursing - p. 21 6. References - p. 22 7. Recommended reading - p. 25 8. Online resources - p. 25 9. 2. Legal and ethical frameworks - p. 25 10. Introduction - p. 27 11. Legal aspects of nursing practice - p. 27 12. Areas of legal liability in nursing - p. 33 13. Legal responsibilities of nursing students - p. 43 14. Legal issues in the nursing specialties - p. 44 15. Ethical aspects of nursing - p. 46 16. Ethics - p. 46 17. Ethics and morality - p. 48 18. Nursing ethics - p. 48 19. Ethical issues and moral dilemmas - p. 50 20. Ethical decision-making - p. 52 21. Advocacy - p. 53 22. References - p. 55 23. Recommended reading - p. 57 24. Online resources - p. 57 25. 3. Nursing research and evidence-based practice - p. 57 26. Unit 2. Professional practice in the contemporary environment - p. 83 27. 4. Australia’s healthcare delivery system - p. 83 28. 5. Understanding and promoting health - p. 104 29. Introduction - p. 106 30. What is health promotion? - p. 111 31. Nursing and health promotion - p. 127 32. References - p. 132 33. Recommended reading - p. 134 34. Online resources - p. 135 35. 6. Critical thinking, problem-based learning and reflective practice - p. 135 36. 7. Nursing process - p. 147 37. 8. Documentation, health informatics and technology - p. 164 38. Introduction - p. 166 39. Purpose of documentation and healthcare records - p. 167 40. Legal, ethical and professional considerations - p. 169 41. Documentation guidelines and principles - p. 171 42. Types of documentation and charting - p. 172 43. Electronic records and multidisciplinary care - p. 185 44. Documentation at transitions of care - p. 189 45. Health informatics - p. 191 46. Nursing informatics - p. 193 47. Nursing informatics competencies - p. 195 48. Basics of computers and information technology - p. 201 49. Health information systems - p. 206 50. Data standards and nursing minimum datasets - p. 209 51. Digital health - p. 211 52. Health data privacy and security - p. 215 53. Using information technology to support education and research - p. 217 54. References - p. 220 55. Recommended reading - p. 223 56. Online resources - p. 223 57. 9. Quality and safety - p. 223 58. 10. Communication and clinical handover - p. 238 59. Introduction - p. 240 60. Components of the communication process - p. 241 61. Elements of the communication process - p. 241 62. Factors that influence the communication process - p. 242 63. Forms of communication - p. 245 64. Passive, aggressive and assertive communication - p. 248 65. Therapeutic communication - p. 249 66. Skills to facilitate therapeutic communication - p. 250 67. Communicating with children, adolescents and older adults - p. 257 68. Barriers that interfere with therapeutic communication - p. 258 69. Culturally safe communication - p. 260 70. Individuals with special requirements - p. 261 71. Alterations to vision - p. 261 72. Alterations to hearing - p. 261 73. Alterations to cognitive abilities - p. 263 74. Individuals who are unable to respond - p. 264 75. Clinical handover - p. 266 76. References - p. 277 77. Recommended reading - p. 280 78. Online resources - p. 280 79. 11. Models of nursing care, management and leadership - p. 280 80. 12. Readiness for practice - p. 293 81. Unit 3. Cultural competence, safety and diversity - p. 309 82. 13. Cultural competence, safety and diversity - p. 309 83. Introduction - p. 311 84. Attitudes, beliefs and values - p. 312 85. What is culture? - p. 314 86. Effective communication - p. 316 87. Culture and wellbeing - p. 328 88. Culture, the individual and the profession - p. 333 89. Cultural diversity and individuals’ experiences of the system - p. 335 90. Culture in practice - p. 337 91. References - p. 342 92. Recommended reading - p. 347 93. Online resources - p. 347 94. Codes of conduct and ethics - p. 348 95. 14. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and principles of cultural safety - p. 348 96. Unit 4. Initial and ongoing health assessment - p. 369 97. 15. Health assessment frameworks - p. 369 98. Introduction - p. 371 99. Assessment techniques - p. 393 100. Routine shift assessment - p. 397 101. Diagnostic investigations - p. 398 102. Recording and reporting - p. 398 103. Teaching considerations - p. 399 104. Clinical handover - p. 399 105. Advance health directives - p. 400 106. References - p. 401 107. Recommended reading - p. 402 108. Online resources - p. 402 109. 16. Vital signs - p. 402 110. Introduction - p. 404 111. Recognising and responding to clinical deterioration in acute healthcare - p. 405 112. Respiration - p. 406 113. Pulse oximetry—measuring oxygen saturation - p. 412 114. Blood pressure - p. 413 115. Pulse - p. 424 116. Pain and consciousness - p. 430 117. Body temperature - p. 430 118. Accurate measurement of body temperature - p. 434 119. References - p. 442 120. Recommended reading - p. 443 121. 17. Admission, transfer and discharge - p. 444 122. Introduction - p. 446 123. Reactions to admission - p. 446 124. The admission process - p. 451 125. Admitting the person to the mental health unit - p. 461 126. Admitting a child to a healthcare facility - p. 461 127. Admitting an adolescent to a healthcare facility - p. 464 128. Discharge planning - p. 464 129. Preparing individuals to go home - p. 465 130. Teaching as a part of discharge planning - p. 467 131. Day of discharge - p. 470 132. Discharging the individual from the mental health unit - p. 470 133. Discharge against medical advice - p. 471 134. Transfer of care - p. 471 135. References - p. 477 136. Recommended reading - p. 479 137. Online resources - p. 480 138. Unit 5. Foundations of care - p. 483 139. 18. Infection prevention and control - p. 483 140. Introduction - p. 485 141. Preventing and controlling infections in healthcare in Australia - p. 486 142. Nature of infection - p. 486 143. Microoganisms - p. 486 144. Infection prevention and control in practice - p. 499 145. Standard precautions and transmission-based precautions - p. 500 146. Tier 1: Standard precautions - p. 500 147. Implementing standard precautions - p. 500 148. Standard precautions: Hand hygiene - p. 503 149. Standard precautions: Use of personal protective equipment - p. 510 150. Standard precautions: Safe handling and disposal of sharps - p. 511 151. Standard precautions: Implementing environmental controls - p. 515 152. Standard precautions: Reprocessing of reuseable instruments and equipment - p. 516 153. Routine cleaning of instruments - p. 516 154. Standard precautions: Asepsis and aseptic technique - p. 517 155. Standard precautions: Appropriate handling of waste and linen - p. 524 156. Standard precautions: Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette - p. 525 157. Tier 2: Transmission-based precautions applied in addition to standard precautions - p. 525 158. Infection prevention and control for healthcare workers - p. 532 159. Infection control and prevention of COVID-19 - p. 532 160. Role of the infection control and prevention nurse - p. 532 161. References - p. 536 162. Recommended reading - p. 538 163. Online resources - p. 539 164. 19. Personal care and comfort - p. 540 165. Introduction - p. 542 166. Skin and skin care - p. 543 167. Bathing and showering - p. 545 168. Hair care - p. 556 169. Eye, ear and nasal care - p. 557 170. Mouth care - p. 560 171. Nail care - p. 562 172. Hygiene summary - p. 566 173. Promoting comfort - p. 567 174. Bed making - p. 569 175. Making an unoccupied bed - p. 569 176. Key principles related to bed making - p. 570 177. Making a postoperative bed - p. 574 178. Making an occupied bed - p. 575 179. Making a divided bed - p. 578 180. Comfortable positioning - p. 578 181. References - p. 585 182. Recommended reading - p. 587 183. Online resources - p. 587 184. 20. Administration and monitoring of medications and intravenous therapy - p. 587 185. Introduction - p. 589 186. Pharmacokinetics - p. 596 187. Pharmacodynamics - p. 601 188. Safety and legal requirements in medication administration - p. 602 189. Systems of measurement - p. 614 190. SI units - p. 614 191. Medication calculations - p. 617 192. Conversions - p. 617 193. Calculating dosages - p. 617 194. Intravenous administration calculations - p. 619 195. Administering medications - p. 620 196. Administering enteral medications - p. 620 197. Administering parenteral medications - p. 626 198. Administering fluids and medications via the intravenous route - p. 636 199. Blood product administration - p. 654 200. Administration of subcutaneous infusions - p. 659 201. Administering topical medications - p. 659 202. Instilling eye drops and ointments - p. 664 203. Instilling ear drops - p. 667 204. Inserting vaginal medications - p. 667 205. Administering medications by inhalation - p. 671 206. Administering medication by intranasal absorption - p. 674 207. Monitoring the effects of medications - p. 679 208. Safe handling of hazardous substances - p. 685 209. Safe storage, administration and disposal of medications - p. 686 210. Medications and the older adult - p. 686 211. Medications and the child - p. 686 212. Continuation of medication regimen after discharge - p. 687 213. References - p. 694 214. Recommended reading - p. 696 215. Online resources - p. 697 216. Unit 6. Nursing care across the lifespan - p. 699 217. 21. Conception to late childhood - p. 699 218. 22. Late childhood to younger adulthood - p. 729 219. 23. Younger adulthood to older adulthood - p. 751 220. 24. Older adulthood - p. 771 221. Unit 7. Promoting health and wellbeing - p. 795 222. 25. Cardiovascular and respiratory health - p. 795 223. Introduction - p. 797 224. Scientific principles of ventilation and respiration - p. 801 225. Ventilation and respiration - p. 803 226. Structure of the cardiovascular system - p. 805 227. Circulation of blood - p. 812 228. Structure of the lymphatic system - p. 813 229. Factors affecting the respiratory system - p. 815 230. Pathophysiology related to the respiratory system - p. 817 231. Specific disorders of the respiratory system - p. 818 232. Factors affecting the cardiovascular system - p. 821 233. Changes in cardiac function - p. 821 234. Changes in the blood vessels - p. 822 235. Changes in the blood - p. 822 236. Changes in the lymphatic system - p. 822 237. Pathophysiology related to the circulatory system - p. 823 238. Specific disorders of the circulatory system - p. 825 239. Respiratory diagnostic tests - p. 829 240. Cardiovascular diagnostic tests - p. 830 241. Nursing an individual with a respiratory and/or cardiac system disorder - p. 836 242. The individual with an artificial airway - p. 849 243. Nursing an individual with an artificial airway - p. 850 244. Nursing a person with a tracheostomy - p. 851 245. The individual with thoracic drainage tubes - p. 854 246. Nursing a person with a chest drain - p. 858 247. Nursing practice and oxygen administration - p. 859 248. Education - p. 866 249. References - p. 868 250. Recommended reading - p. 870 251. Online resources - p. 870 252. 26. Fluids and electrolytes - p. 870 253. Introduction - p. 872 254. Fluid balance - p. 876 255. Electrolyte imbalances - p. 885 256. Nursing assessment of individuals with fluid and electrolyte needs - p. 887 257. Fluid and electrolyte replacement - p. 893 258. Intravenous therapy - p. 893 259. Intravenous fluids - p. 896 260. Acid–base balance - p. 900 261. Acid–base regulation - p. 901 262. References - p. 908 263. Recommended reading - p. 909 264. Online resources - p. 909 265. 27. Rest and sleep - p. 910 266. Introduction - p. 912 267. Physiology of sleep - p. 912 268. Sleep disorders - p. 916 269. Factors affecting sleep - p. 918 270. Assessing rest and sleep patterns - p. 919 271. References - p. 928 272. Recommended reading - p. 930 273. Online resources - p. 930 274. 28. Movement and exercise - p. 930 275. Introduction - p. 932 276. Body mechanics - p. 933 277. Disease processes that influence body mechanics - p. 933 278. Development of movement and exercise through the lifespan - p. 935 279. Overweight and obesity in Australia - p. 937 280. The benefits of physical activity - p. 937 281. Principles of muscle movement in exercise - p. 940 282. Assessment of movement, mobility and the musculoskeletal system - p. 941 283. Diagnosis of a musculoskeletal disorder - p. 948 284. Treatment of bone injuries and musculoskeletal disorders - p. 948 285. Nursing care of the individual with a musculoskeletal disorder - p. 951 286. General treatment of musculoskeletal disorders - p. 954 287. Ambulation after prolonged immobilisation - p. 956 288. Walking aids - p. 957 289. Complications associated with reduced mobility - p. 959 290. Pressure injuries - p. 960 291. Effects of immobility upon the musculoskeletal system - p. 960 292. Effects on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems - p. 961 293. Urinary stasis - p. 964 294. Constipation - p. 964 295. Psychological effects of reduced mobility - p. 964 296. References - p. 966 297. Recommended reading - p. 968 298. Online resources - p. 968 299. 29. Skin integrity and wound care - p. 968 300. Introduction - p. 970 301. Wound healing - p. 973 302. Wound management - p. 974 303. Types of wounds - p. 992 304. Pathophysiological effects and major manifestations of skin disorders - p. 994 305. Specific disorders of the skin - p. 996 306. Genetic disorders - p. 996 307. Idiopathic disorders - p. 996 308. Hypersensitivity disorders - p. 996 309. Trauma - p. 997 310. Neoplasia - p. 997 311. Infections and infestations - p. 997 312. Diagnostic tests - p. 998 313. Care of the individual with a skin disorder - p. 998 314. Pressure injuries - p. 1000 315. Leg ulcers - p. 1016 316. Burn injuries - p. 1019 317. Pathophysiology of burn injuries - p. 1022 318. Classification of burns - p. 1022 319. Assessing burn severity - p. 1022 320. Management of the individual with burn injuries - p. 1025 321. Complications of burns - p. 1029 322. Preparation for discharge - p. 1030 323. Surgical wounds - p. 1030 324. References - p. 1039 325. Recommended reading - p. 1042 326. Online resources - p. 1043 327. 30. Nutrition - p. 1044 328. Introduction - p. 1046 329. Nutrition assessment - p. 1047 330. Nutrients - p. 1056 331. Diets to meet individual needs - p. 1059 332. Nursing practice and nutritional needs - p. 1063 333. Common disorders associated with nutrition - p. 1069 334. References - p. 1082 335. Recommended reading - p. 1085 336. Online resources - p. 1086 337. 31. Urinary health - p. 1087 338. Introduction - p. 1088 339. Factors that affect urinary system functioning - p. 1090 340. Common disorders of the urinary system - p. 1091 341. Nursing assessment of urinary system function - p. 1096 342. Nursing interventions - p. 1104 343. Urinary catheterisation - p. 1114 344. Reasons for urinary catheterisation - p. 1114 345. Selection of an appropriate catheter - p. 1114 346. Catheter bags—the closed drainage system - p. 1114 347. Routine catheter care - p. 1117 348. Insertion and removal of a urinary catheter - p. 1118 349. References - p. 1128 350. Recommended reading - p. 1129 351. Online resources - p. 1130 352. 32. Bowel health - p. 1131 353. Introduction - p. 1132 354. Disorders of the digestive system - p. 1146 355. References - p. 1155 356. Recommended reading - p. 1157 357. Online resources - p. 1157 358. 33. Pain - p. 1158 359. 34. Sensory health - p. 1181 360. Introduction - p. 1182 361. Altered senses - p. 1183 362. Factors affecting sensory function - p. 1184 363. Assessing sensory function - p. 1185 364. Special sense organs - p. 1185 365. The eye - p. 1187 366. Disorders of the eye - p. 1189 367. Other disorders of the eye - p. 1194 368. The ear - p. 1202 369. References - p. 1211 370. Online resources - p. 1212 371. 35. Neurological health - p. 1213 372. Introduction - p. 1214 373. Pathophysiological influences and effects of disorders of the nervous system - p. 1222 374. Assessing neurological status - p. 1225 375. Diagnostic tests - p. 1230 376. Specific disorders of the nervous system - p. 1235 377. Congenital disorders - p. 1235 378. Genetic disorders - p. 1236 379. Disorders of multiple cause - p. 1237 380. Seizure disorders - p. 1238 381. Degenerative disorders - p. 1241 382. Immunological disorders - p. 1242 383. Infectious and inflammatory conditions - p. 1242 384. Neoplastic and obstructive disorders - p. 1243 385. Traumatic disorders - p. 1244 386. Care of the individual with a nervous system disorder - p. 1245 387. Care of the unconscious individual - p. 1250 388. Spinal cord injury - p. 1256 389. References - p. 1263 390. Recommended reading - p. 1265 391. Online resources - p. 1265 392. 36. Endocrine health - p. 1266 393. Introduction - p. 1267 394. Endocrine disorders - p. 1272 395. Care of the individual with an endocrine disorder - p. 1288 396. Effects of endocrine dysfunction - p. 1288 397. Care of the individual with diabetes mellitus - p. 1290 398. References - p. 1298 399. Recommended reading - p. 1300 400. Online resources - p. 1300 401. 37. Reproductive health - p. 1301 402. The male reproductive system - p. 1302 403. Disorders of the male reproductive system - p. 1302 404. Assessment and diagnostic tests - p. 1310 405. Nursing interventions in male reproductive health - p. 1311 406. The female reproductive system - p. 1311 407. Disorders of the female reproductive system - p. 1312 408. Assessment and diagnostic tests - p. 1322 409. Reproductive and sexual health promotion - p. 1324 410. Contraception - p. 1325 411. Disorders of reproduction - p. 1329 412. Sexual abuse - p. 1330 413. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - p. 1330 414. References - p. 1335 415. Recommended reading - p. 1336 416. Online resources - p. 1337 417. Unit 8. Specialised nursing practice - p. 1339 418. 38. Palliative care - p. 1340 419. Introduction - p. 1341 420. Palliative care - p. 1342 421. Person- and family-centred palliative care - p. 1343 422. Multidisciplinary palliative care - p. 1344 423. Symptom management - p. 1346 424. Loss and grief - p. 1351 425. Care of the dying - p. 1352 426. Voluntary assisted dying - p. 1354 427. Care after death - p. 1355 428. Care of the bereaved - p. 1358 429. Support for the nurse - p. 1358 430. References - p. 1359 431. Recommended reading - p. 1361 432. Online resources - p. 1362 433. 39. Mental health and mental illness - p. 1363 434. Introduction - p. 1365 435. What is mental health? - p. 1365 436. The provision of care - p. 1378 437. Historical perspectives and mental health care - p. 1383 438. Care of consumers with specific emotional or behavioural challenges - p. 1387 439. The consumer experiencing anxiety - p. 1387 440. The consumer experiencing depression - p. 1389 441. The consumer experiencing feelings of anger and hostility - p. 1393 442. The consumer who is at risk of self-destructive behaviour - p. 1395 443. Suicidal behaviour - p. 1396 444. The consumer who experiences elevation of mood - p. 1400 445. Consumers experiencing confusion or disorientation - p. 1404 446. Legal and ethical aspects of mental health nursing - p. 1409 447. Ethical issues and dilemmas - p. 1410 448. References - p. 1412 449. Recommended reading - p. 1414 450. Online resources - p. 1415 451. 40. Rehabilitation - p. 1416 452. 41. Chronicity and disability - p. 1434 453. Introduction - p. 1435 454. Conceptual models of chronic care - p. 1438 455. Disability - p. 1438 456. Prevalence and causes of disabilities - p. 1440 457. Classifications of disability - p. 1440 458. Conceptual models of disability - p. 1441 459. The philosophy of inclusion and normalisation - p. 1445 460. Continuing challenges - p. 1448 461. Approaches to management of individuals with chronic conditions or disabilities - p. 1448 462. National disability insurance scheme and national disability insurance agency - p. 1454 463. Health promotion: Disability prevention - p. 1456 464. Abuse and advocacy - p. 1456 465. References - p. 1458 466. Recommended reading - p. 1462 467. Online resources - p. 1462 468. 42. Acute and perioperative care - p. 1464 469. Introduction - p. 1465 470. Acute nursing: Scope of practice - p. 1466 471. Characteristics and impact of acute illness/injury - p. 1467 472. Acute disorders - p. 1468 473. Perioperative care - p. 1482 474. Surgery - p. 1483 475. Preoperative care - p. 1485 476. Providing information - p. 1486 477. Medical history - p. 1487 478. Physical examination - p. 1487 479. Informed consent - p. 1487 480. Laboratory and diagnostic testing - p. 1487 481. Psychological preparation - p. 1488 482. Teaching activities - p. 1489 483. Physical preparation - p. 1489 484. Preparation of the individual—immediately prior to surgery - p. 1490 485. Documentation - p. 1490 486. Intraoperative phase - p. 1495 487. Postoperative care - p. 1500 488. References - p. 1515 489. Recommended reading - p. 1518 490. Online resources - p. 1518 491. 43. Emergency care - p. 1519 492. Introduction - p. 1520 493. Recognising and responding to an emergency - p. 1524 494. Basic life support - p. 1527 495. Post-resuscitation care - p. 1536 496. Staff debriefing - p. 1538 497. Managing specific emergency situations - p. 1538 498. Cardiac emergencies - p. 1540 499. References - p. 1545 500. Recommended reading - p. 1547 501. Online resources - p. 1548 502. 44. Maternal and newborn care - p. 1549 503. Pregnancy - p. 1550 504. Prenatal care and preparation - p. 1556 505. Labour - p. 1558 506. Postnatal care - p. 1563 507. References - p. 1576 508. Recommended reading - p. 1577 509. Online resources - p. 1577 510. 45. Community, rural and remote - p. 1579 511. Introduction - p. 1580 512. The community health nurse’s role - p. 1584 513. Models of care in community health - p. 1585 514. Issues for community health nurses in home care - p. 1585 515. Standards and scope of practice of the community and primary healthcare nurse - p. 1586 516. The nursing process and community nursing - p. 1588 517. Nursing care in rural and remote areas - p. 1588 518. Remote and rural australia - p. 1590 519. Health and illness patterns in rural and remote australia - p. 1591 520. Remote area and rural nursing - p. 1593 521. Effective healthcare service delivery in remote settings - p. 1595 522. Stress related to working in a remote health context - p. 1597 523. Access to health services in rural and remote areas - p. 1602 524. Telehealth - p. 1602 525. Transferring to regional or metropolitan health services - p. 1602 526. References - p. 1606 527. Recommended reading - p. 1609 528. Online resources - p. 1610 529. Credits - p. 1611 530. Index - p. i-1
