The History of Composites: People, Science, Technology and Society introduces the reader to key milestones in the discovery and technological development of composite materials, including their processes and applications. Sections give a “bird’s eye view” that surveys the basic concept of composites from ancient times right through to the crucial inventions of glass fibers and manmade plastics in the 1930’s. Further content explores the revolution of carbon fibers and their nano-descendants graphene and carbon nanotubes while also analyzing the dynamics of innovations to further illustrate how fundamental discoveries have led to the creation of new products or improved existing ones.
By presenting these fundamental discoveries, the authors hope to inspire both researchers and engineers in their quest to develop further innovations in composite materials in the future, including both their processes and applications.
1. Part I. An introduction to the book - p. P1 2. 1.1. General history of composites, a “bird's eye view” - p. 3 3. 1 Introduction - p. 3 4. 2 The prehistory, distinguishing myths and facts - p. 4 5. 3 A definition for composites? - p. 9 6. 4 Early history: the founding fathers: 1650–1930 - p. 11 7. 5 The era of enabling inventions: making material revolutions industrial and creating processes “out of the blue” (1930–1950) - p. 19 8. 6 The first 2decades (1940–60) of developing applications with hesitating enthusiasm (engineers) and (un)limited imagination (designers) - p. 24 9. 7 The second materials breakthrough: carbon fibres (1959–69) - p. 29 10. 8 Application developments in the 1970s - p. 51 11. 9 1970 till 2000: the era of steady growth - p. 58 12. 10 The new millennium: 2000–22: continued innovations, huge expansion in applications - p. 78 13. 1.2. Challenges and opportunities for composites in the next decades - p. 123 14. Specific aspects of the history of composites - p. P2 15. Section 1. Materials - p. S1 16. 1.1. The history of glass fibres as a reinforcement for composites - p. 141 17. 1.2. History of carbon fibres: Origins and evolution - p. 173 18. 1.3. A brief history of high-performance polymer fibres - p. 195 19. 1.4. The evolution of natural fibre composites through history - p. 233 20. 1.5. Nano and nanoengineered composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes - p. 259 21. 1.6. Graphene Composites - p. 289 22. 1.7. Fibre-hybrid composites: A history of discrepancies between industry and academia - p. 321 23. 1.8. The history of advanced composites in the United States – A personal story - p. 335 24. 1.9. History of discontinuous fibre composites - p. 355 25. Section 2. Processes - p. S2 26. 2.1. A short history of composites manufacture - p. 381 27. 2.2. The story of pultrusion - p. 401 28. 2.3. Textile technologies contribution to composites - p. 427 29. 1 Introduction - p. 427 30. 2 The research landscape - p. 427 31. 3 Textile reinforcements - p. 431 32. 4 Experimental and modelling studies of textile reinforcements - p. 449 33. 5 Conclusion - p. 465 34. 2.4. The era of automation and robotisation of composite manufacturing - p. 495 35. 2.5. The emergence of high-performance thermoplastic composites - p. 517 36. 2.6. Historical perspective on modelling of processing of polymer composites - p. 545 37. Section 3. Applications - p. S3 38. 3.1. The incredible, triumphant advance of carbon composites to airframe structures in Europe - p. 579 39. 3.2. Composite applications and technology at Boeing - p. 597 40. 3.3. No wind energy without composites: The early years as seen from Denmark - p. 621 41. 3.4. Citius, altius, fortius: The crucial role of composites in sports - p. 663 42. 3.5. Light weighting for automotive with composite technologies and its limitations in mass production vehicles - p. 703 43. 3.6. Composites in structural engineering and architecture - p. 727 44. Section 4. The theory behind composites, and how it evolved - p. S4 45. 4.1. On the evolution of the laminated plate theory for composite materials: From trace via quad to double-double - p. 765 46. 4.2. No composites without computers: The key role of software tools - p. 789 47. 4.3. From micro/meso-mechanics to FEM analysis of aerospace structural details - p. 819 48. 4.4. Historical development of damage mechanics for composite materials - p. 845 49. 4.5. Evolution of experimental methods for characterisation of the mechanical properties of composites - p. 871 50. 4.6. The history of nondestructive testing (NDT) on fibre-reinforced polymer composites - p. 905 51. Chapter 4.7. History of composites organisations - p. 937 52. Index - p. 953
The History of Composites: People, Science, Technology and Society introduces the reader to key milestones in the discovery and technological development of composite materials, including their processes and applications. Sections give a “bird’s eye view” that surveys the basic concept of composites from ancient times right through to the crucial inventions of glass fibers and manmade plastics in the 1930’s. Further content explores the revolution of carbon fibers and their nano-descendants graphene and carbon nanotubes while also analyzing the dynamics of innovations to further illustrate how fundamental discoveries have led to the creation of new products or improved existing ones.
By presenting these fundamental discoveries, the authors hope to inspire both researchers and engineers in their quest to develop further innovations in composite materials in the future, including both their processes and applications.
1. Part I. An introduction to the book - p. P1 2. 1.1. General history of composites, a “bird's eye view” - p. 3 3. 1 Introduction - p. 3 4. 2 The prehistory, distinguishing myths and facts - p. 4 5. 3 A definition for composites? - p. 9 6. 4 Early history: the founding fathers: 1650–1930 - p. 11 7. 5 The era of enabling inventions: making material revolutions industrial and creating processes “out of the blue” (1930–1950) - p. 19 8. 6 The first 2decades (1940–60) of developing applications with hesitating enthusiasm (engineers) and (un)limited imagination (designers) - p. 24 9. 7 The second materials breakthrough: carbon fibres (1959–69) - p. 29 10. 8 Application developments in the 1970s - p. 51 11. 9 1970 till 2000: the era of steady growth - p. 58 12. 10 The new millennium: 2000–22: continued innovations, huge expansion in applications - p. 78 13. 1.2. Challenges and opportunities for composites in the next decades - p. 123 14. Specific aspects of the history of composites - p. P2 15. Section 1. Materials - p. S1 16. 1.1. The history of glass fibres as a reinforcement for composites - p. 141 17. 1.2. History of carbon fibres: Origins and evolution - p. 173 18. 1.3. A brief history of high-performance polymer fibres - p. 195 19. 1.4. The evolution of natural fibre composites through history - p. 233 20. 1.5. Nano and nanoengineered composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes - p. 259 21. 1.6. Graphene Composites - p. 289 22. 1.7. Fibre-hybrid composites: A history of discrepancies between industry and academia - p. 321 23. 1.8. The history of advanced composites in the United States – A personal story - p. 335 24. 1.9. History of discontinuous fibre composites - p. 355 25. Section 2. Processes - p. S2 26. 2.1. A short history of composites manufacture - p. 381 27. 2.2. The story of pultrusion - p. 401 28. 2.3. Textile technologies contribution to composites - p. 427 29. 1 Introduction - p. 427 30. 2 The research landscape - p. 427 31. 3 Textile reinforcements - p. 431 32. 4 Experimental and modelling studies of textile reinforcements - p. 449 33. 5 Conclusion - p. 465 34. 2.4. The era of automation and robotisation of composite manufacturing - p. 495 35. 2.5. The emergence of high-performance thermoplastic composites - p. 517 36. 2.6. Historical perspective on modelling of processing of polymer composites - p. 545 37. Section 3. Applications - p. S3 38. 3.1. The incredible, triumphant advance of carbon composites to airframe structures in Europe - p. 579 39. 3.2. Composite applications and technology at Boeing - p. 597 40. 3.3. No wind energy without composites: The early years as seen from Denmark - p. 621 41. 3.4. Citius, altius, fortius: The crucial role of composites in sports - p. 663 42. 3.5. Light weighting for automotive with composite technologies and its limitations in mass production vehicles - p. 703 43. 3.6. Composites in structural engineering and architecture - p. 727 44. Section 4. The theory behind composites, and how it evolved - p. S4 45. 4.1. On the evolution of the laminated plate theory for composite materials: From trace via quad to double-double - p. 765 46. 4.2. No composites without computers: The key role of software tools - p. 789 47. 4.3. From micro/meso-mechanics to FEM analysis of aerospace structural details - p. 819 48. 4.4. Historical development of damage mechanics for composite materials - p. 845 49. 4.5. Evolution of experimental methods for characterisation of the mechanical properties of composites - p. 871 50. 4.6. The history of nondestructive testing (NDT) on fibre-reinforced polymer composites - p. 905 51. Chapter 4.7. History of composites organisations - p. 937 52. Index - p. 953
