Theory of Aerospace Propulsion, Second Edition, teaches engineering students how to utilize the fundamental principles of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics to analyze aircraft engines, understand the common gas turbine aircraft propulsion systems, be able to determine the applicability of each, perform system studies of aircraft engine systems for specified flight conditions and preliminary aerothermal design of turbomachinery components, and conceive, analyze, and optimize competing preliminary designs for conventional and unconventional missions. This updated edition has been fully revised, with new content, new examples and problems, and improved illustrations to better facilitate learning of key concepts.
1. 1.1 Introduction to Aerospace Propulsion Engines - p. 2 2. 1.2 Conservation Equations - p. 3 3. 1.3 Flow Machines With No Heat Addition: Propellers, Fans, Compressors, and Turbines - p. 5 4. 1.4 Flow Machines With No Net Power Addition: Turbojets, Ramjets, Scramjets, and Pulsejets - p. 10 5. 1.5 Flow Machines With P = 0, Q = Constant and A0 = 0: The Rocket - p. 20 6. 1.6 The Special Case of Combined Heat and Power: The Turbofan - p. 23 7. 1.7 Aerospace Propulsion Fuels - p. 28 8. 1.8 Space Propulsion Engines - p. 31 9. 1.9 The Force Field for Airbreathing Engines - p. 33 10. 1.10 Summary - p. 42 11. 1.11 Useful Constants and Conversion Factors - p. 43 12. 1.12 Nomenclature - p. 43 13. 1.13 Exercises - p. 45 14. Chapter 2: Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow Equations - p. 52 15. Chapter 3: Idealized Cycle Analysis of Jet Propulsion Engines - p. 84 16. Abstract - p. 85 17. 3.1 Introduction to Engine Cycle Analysis - p. 87 18. 3.2 General Jet Engine Cycle - p. 87 19. 3.3 Ideal Jet Engine Cycle Analysis - p. 90 20. 3.4 Ideal Turbojet in Maximum Power Takeoff - p. 91 21. 3.5 Ideal Turbojet in High Subsonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 99 22. 3.6 Ideal Turbojet in Supersonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 107 23. 3.7 Ideal Ramjet in High Supersonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 115 24. 3.8 Ideal Turbofan in Maximum Power Takeoff - p. 121 25. 3.9 Ideal Turbofan in High Subsonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 132 26. 3.10 Ideal Internal Turbofan in Supersonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 142 27. 3.11 Ideal Scramjet in Hypersonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 155 28. 3.12 Real Engine Operations - p. 166 29. 3.13 Summary - p. 168 30. 3.14 Nomenclature - p. 169 31. 3.15 Exercises - p. 170 32. Chapter 4: Combustion Chambers for Airbreathing Engines - p. 171 33. Abstract - p. 172 34. 4.1 Introduction to Combustion Chambers - p. 172 35. 4.2 Combustion Chamber Attributes - p. 173 36. 4.3 Modeling the Chemical Energy Release - p. 174 37. 4.4 Constant Area Combustors - p. 176 38. 4.5 Constant Pressure Combustors - p. 179 39. 4.6 Fuels for Airbreathing Engines - p. 183 40. 4.7 Combustor Efficiency - p. 185 41. 4.8 Combustor Configuration - p. 187 42. 4.9 Supersonic Combustion - p. 192 43. 4.10 Criteria for Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions - p. 195 44. 4.11 Calculation of Equilibrium Compositions - p. 196 45. 4.12 Adiabatic Flame Temperature - p. 202 46. 4.13 Summary - p. 210 47. 4.14 Nomenclature - p. 211 48. 4.15 Exercises - p. 211 49. Chapter 5: Nozzles for Airbreathing Engines - p. 215 50. Abstract - p. 216 51. 5.1 Introduction to Nozzles - p. 217 52. 5.2 Nozzle Characteristics and Simplifying Assumptions - p. 217 53. 5.3 Nozzle Flows With Simple Area Change - p. 220 54. 5.4 Mass Flow in an Isentropic Nozzle - p. 221 55. 5.5 Nozzle Operation - p. 225 56. 5.6 Normal Shock Inside the Nozzle - p. 227 57. 5.7 Two-Dimensional Considerations in Nozzle Flows - p. 230 58. 5.8 Conditions for Maximum Thrust - p. 234 59. 5.9 Afterburning for Increased Thrust - p. 241 60. 5.10 Nozzle Configurations - p. 243 61. 5.11 Nozzle Performance - p. 251 62. 5.12 Summary - p. 259 63. 5.13 Nomenclature - p. 259 64. 5.14 Exercises - p. 259 65. Chapter 6: Inlets for Airbreathing Engines - p. 268 66. Chapter 7: Turbomachinery - p. 315 67. Abstract - p. 316 68. 7.1 Introduction to Turbomachines for Propulsion - p. 317 69. 7.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of a Compressor and a Turbine - p. 318 70. 7.3 Energy Transfer Between a Fluid and a Rotor - p. 323 71. 7.4 The Centrifugal Compressor - p. 328 72. 7.5 Centrifugal Compressors, Radial Turbines, and Jet Engines - p. 342 73. 7.6 The Axial Flow Compressor - p. 343 74. 7.7 The Axial Flow Turbine - p. 356 75. 7.8 Axial Flow Compressor and Turbine Performance Maps - p. 362 76. 7.9 Three-Dimensional Considerations in Axial Flow Turbomachines - p. 372 77. 7.10 Summary - p. 374 78. 7.11 Nomenclature - p. 375 79. 7.12 Exercises - p. 377 80. Chapter 8: Blade Element Theory for Axial Flow Turbomachines - p. 382 81. Abstract - p. 383 82. 8.1 Introduction to Flows Through Blade Passages - p. 384 83. 8.2 Cascades - p. 384 84. 8.3 Straight Cascades - p. 386 85. 8.4 Elemental Blade Forces - p. 392 86. 8.5 Elemental Blade Power - p. 395 87. 8.6 Degree of Reaction and the Pressure Coefficient - p. 396 88. 8.7 Nondimensional Combined Velocity Diagram - p. 399 89. 8.8 Adiabatic Efficiency - p. 401 90. 8.9 Secondary Flow Losses in the Blade Passages - p. 404 91. 8.10 Compressor Blade Loading and Boundary Layer Separation - p. 407 92. 8.11 Characteristics of the Compressor Blade Pressure Field - p. 409 93. 8.12 Critical Mach Number and Compressibility Effects - p. 412 94. 8.13 Turbine Blade Heat Transfer - p. 417 95. 8.14 Summary - p. 431 96. 8.15 Nomenclature - p. 431 97. 8.16 Exercises - p. 431 98. Chapter 9: Airbreathing Engine Performance and Component Integration - p. 435 99. Chapter 10: Propellers - p. 486 100. Chapter 11: Liquid Propellant Rocket Motors - p. 524 101. Abstract - p. 525 102. 11.1 Introduction to Liquid Propellant Rocket Motors - p. 526 103. 11.2 Liquid Propellant Rocket Motor Nozzles - p. 527 104. 11.3 Specific Impulse - p. 539 105. 11.4 Liquid Propellants - p. 545 106. 11.5 Combustion Chambers for Liquid Propellant Rockets - p. 566 107. 11.6 Liquid Propellant Rocket Motor Operational Considerations - p. 568 108. 11.7 Characteristics of Real Liquid Propellant Rockets - p. 581 109. 11.8 Liquid Propellant Tanks and Feed Systems - p. 583 110. 11.9 Summary - p. 610 111. 11.10 Useful Constants, Definitions, and Conversion Factors - p. 610 112. 11.11 Nomenclature - p. 611 113. 11.12 Exercises - p. 611 114. Chapter 12: Solid Propellant Rocket Motors - p. 616 115. Abstract - p. 617 116. 12.1 Introduction to Solid Propellant Rocket Motors - p. 618 117. 12.2 Solid Propellant Rocket Description - p. 619 118. 12.3 Solid Propellant Grain Configurations - p. 620 119. 12.4 Burning Rate - p. 623 120. 12.5 Grain Design for Thrust-Time Tailoring - p. 625 121. 12.6 Combustion Chamber Pressure - p. 626 122. 12.7 Erosive Burning - p. 633 123. 12.8 Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Performance - p. 635 124. 12.9 Transient Operation of Solid Propellant Rocket Motors - p. 639 125. 12.10 Nozzle Heat Transfer - p. 645 126. 12.11 Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Sizing - p. 652 127. 12.12 Hybrid Rockets - p. 660 128. 12.13 Summary - p. 663 129. 12.14 Nomenclature - p. 664 130. 12.15 Exercises - p. 666 131. Chapter 13: Space Propulsion - p. 668 132. Appendix A: Shock Waves, Expansions, Tables and Charts - p. 711 133. Appendix B: Properties of Hydrocarbon Fuel Combustion - p. 729 134. Appendix C: Earth's Atmosphere - p. 735 135. Appendix D: Boost Phase and Staging of Rockets - p. 746 136. Appendix E: Safety, Reliability, and Risk Assessment - p. 760 137. Appendix F: Aircraft Performance - p. 778 138. Appendix G: Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Species - p. 794 139. Appendix H: Units and Conversion Factors - p. 811 140. Index - p. 815
Theory of Aerospace Propulsion, Second Edition, teaches engineering students how to utilize the fundamental principles of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics to analyze aircraft engines, understand the common gas turbine aircraft propulsion systems, be able to determine the applicability of each, perform system studies of aircraft engine systems for specified flight conditions and preliminary aerothermal design of turbomachinery components, and conceive, analyze, and optimize competing preliminary designs for conventional and unconventional missions. This updated edition has been fully revised, with new content, new examples and problems, and improved illustrations to better facilitate learning of key concepts.
1. 1.1 Introduction to Aerospace Propulsion Engines - p. 2 2. 1.2 Conservation Equations - p. 3 3. 1.3 Flow Machines With No Heat Addition: Propellers, Fans, Compressors, and Turbines - p. 5 4. 1.4 Flow Machines With No Net Power Addition: Turbojets, Ramjets, Scramjets, and Pulsejets - p. 10 5. 1.5 Flow Machines With P = 0, Q = Constant and A0 = 0: The Rocket - p. 20 6. 1.6 The Special Case of Combined Heat and Power: The Turbofan - p. 23 7. 1.7 Aerospace Propulsion Fuels - p. 28 8. 1.8 Space Propulsion Engines - p. 31 9. 1.9 The Force Field for Airbreathing Engines - p. 33 10. 1.10 Summary - p. 42 11. 1.11 Useful Constants and Conversion Factors - p. 43 12. 1.12 Nomenclature - p. 43 13. 1.13 Exercises - p. 45 14. Chapter 2: Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow Equations - p. 52 15. Chapter 3: Idealized Cycle Analysis of Jet Propulsion Engines - p. 84 16. Abstract - p. 85 17. 3.1 Introduction to Engine Cycle Analysis - p. 87 18. 3.2 General Jet Engine Cycle - p. 87 19. 3.3 Ideal Jet Engine Cycle Analysis - p. 90 20. 3.4 Ideal Turbojet in Maximum Power Takeoff - p. 91 21. 3.5 Ideal Turbojet in High Subsonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 99 22. 3.6 Ideal Turbojet in Supersonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 107 23. 3.7 Ideal Ramjet in High Supersonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 115 24. 3.8 Ideal Turbofan in Maximum Power Takeoff - p. 121 25. 3.9 Ideal Turbofan in High Subsonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 132 26. 3.10 Ideal Internal Turbofan in Supersonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 142 27. 3.11 Ideal Scramjet in Hypersonic Cruise in the Stratosphere - p. 155 28. 3.12 Real Engine Operations - p. 166 29. 3.13 Summary - p. 168 30. 3.14 Nomenclature - p. 169 31. 3.15 Exercises - p. 170 32. Chapter 4: Combustion Chambers for Airbreathing Engines - p. 171 33. Abstract - p. 172 34. 4.1 Introduction to Combustion Chambers - p. 172 35. 4.2 Combustion Chamber Attributes - p. 173 36. 4.3 Modeling the Chemical Energy Release - p. 174 37. 4.4 Constant Area Combustors - p. 176 38. 4.5 Constant Pressure Combustors - p. 179 39. 4.6 Fuels for Airbreathing Engines - p. 183 40. 4.7 Combustor Efficiency - p. 185 41. 4.8 Combustor Configuration - p. 187 42. 4.9 Supersonic Combustion - p. 192 43. 4.10 Criteria for Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions - p. 195 44. 4.11 Calculation of Equilibrium Compositions - p. 196 45. 4.12 Adiabatic Flame Temperature - p. 202 46. 4.13 Summary - p. 210 47. 4.14 Nomenclature - p. 211 48. 4.15 Exercises - p. 211 49. Chapter 5: Nozzles for Airbreathing Engines - p. 215 50. Abstract - p. 216 51. 5.1 Introduction to Nozzles - p. 217 52. 5.2 Nozzle Characteristics and Simplifying Assumptions - p. 217 53. 5.3 Nozzle Flows With Simple Area Change - p. 220 54. 5.4 Mass Flow in an Isentropic Nozzle - p. 221 55. 5.5 Nozzle Operation - p. 225 56. 5.6 Normal Shock Inside the Nozzle - p. 227 57. 5.7 Two-Dimensional Considerations in Nozzle Flows - p. 230 58. 5.8 Conditions for Maximum Thrust - p. 234 59. 5.9 Afterburning for Increased Thrust - p. 241 60. 5.10 Nozzle Configurations - p. 243 61. 5.11 Nozzle Performance - p. 251 62. 5.12 Summary - p. 259 63. 5.13 Nomenclature - p. 259 64. 5.14 Exercises - p. 259 65. Chapter 6: Inlets for Airbreathing Engines - p. 268 66. Chapter 7: Turbomachinery - p. 315 67. Abstract - p. 316 68. 7.1 Introduction to Turbomachines for Propulsion - p. 317 69. 7.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of a Compressor and a Turbine - p. 318 70. 7.3 Energy Transfer Between a Fluid and a Rotor - p. 323 71. 7.4 The Centrifugal Compressor - p. 328 72. 7.5 Centrifugal Compressors, Radial Turbines, and Jet Engines - p. 342 73. 7.6 The Axial Flow Compressor - p. 343 74. 7.7 The Axial Flow Turbine - p. 356 75. 7.8 Axial Flow Compressor and Turbine Performance Maps - p. 362 76. 7.9 Three-Dimensional Considerations in Axial Flow Turbomachines - p. 372 77. 7.10 Summary - p. 374 78. 7.11 Nomenclature - p. 375 79. 7.12 Exercises - p. 377 80. Chapter 8: Blade Element Theory for Axial Flow Turbomachines - p. 382 81. Abstract - p. 383 82. 8.1 Introduction to Flows Through Blade Passages - p. 384 83. 8.2 Cascades - p. 384 84. 8.3 Straight Cascades - p. 386 85. 8.4 Elemental Blade Forces - p. 392 86. 8.5 Elemental Blade Power - p. 395 87. 8.6 Degree of Reaction and the Pressure Coefficient - p. 396 88. 8.7 Nondimensional Combined Velocity Diagram - p. 399 89. 8.8 Adiabatic Efficiency - p. 401 90. 8.9 Secondary Flow Losses in the Blade Passages - p. 404 91. 8.10 Compressor Blade Loading and Boundary Layer Separation - p. 407 92. 8.11 Characteristics of the Compressor Blade Pressure Field - p. 409 93. 8.12 Critical Mach Number and Compressibility Effects - p. 412 94. 8.13 Turbine Blade Heat Transfer - p. 417 95. 8.14 Summary - p. 431 96. 8.15 Nomenclature - p. 431 97. 8.16 Exercises - p. 431 98. Chapter 9: Airbreathing Engine Performance and Component Integration - p. 435 99. Chapter 10: Propellers - p. 486 100. Chapter 11: Liquid Propellant Rocket Motors - p. 524 101. Abstract - p. 525 102. 11.1 Introduction to Liquid Propellant Rocket Motors - p. 526 103. 11.2 Liquid Propellant Rocket Motor Nozzles - p. 527 104. 11.3 Specific Impulse - p. 539 105. 11.4 Liquid Propellants - p. 545 106. 11.5 Combustion Chambers for Liquid Propellant Rockets - p. 566 107. 11.6 Liquid Propellant Rocket Motor Operational Considerations - p. 568 108. 11.7 Characteristics of Real Liquid Propellant Rockets - p. 581 109. 11.8 Liquid Propellant Tanks and Feed Systems - p. 583 110. 11.9 Summary - p. 610 111. 11.10 Useful Constants, Definitions, and Conversion Factors - p. 610 112. 11.11 Nomenclature - p. 611 113. 11.12 Exercises - p. 611 114. Chapter 12: Solid Propellant Rocket Motors - p. 616 115. Abstract - p. 617 116. 12.1 Introduction to Solid Propellant Rocket Motors - p. 618 117. 12.2 Solid Propellant Rocket Description - p. 619 118. 12.3 Solid Propellant Grain Configurations - p. 620 119. 12.4 Burning Rate - p. 623 120. 12.5 Grain Design for Thrust-Time Tailoring - p. 625 121. 12.6 Combustion Chamber Pressure - p. 626 122. 12.7 Erosive Burning - p. 633 123. 12.8 Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Performance - p. 635 124. 12.9 Transient Operation of Solid Propellant Rocket Motors - p. 639 125. 12.10 Nozzle Heat Transfer - p. 645 126. 12.11 Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Sizing - p. 652 127. 12.12 Hybrid Rockets - p. 660 128. 12.13 Summary - p. 663 129. 12.14 Nomenclature - p. 664 130. 12.15 Exercises - p. 666 131. Chapter 13: Space Propulsion - p. 668 132. Appendix A: Shock Waves, Expansions, Tables and Charts - p. 711 133. Appendix B: Properties of Hydrocarbon Fuel Combustion - p. 729 134. Appendix C: Earth's Atmosphere - p. 735 135. Appendix D: Boost Phase and Staging of Rockets - p. 746 136. Appendix E: Safety, Reliability, and Risk Assessment - p. 760 137. Appendix F: Aircraft Performance - p. 778 138. Appendix G: Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Species - p. 794 139. Appendix H: Units and Conversion Factors - p. 811 140. Index - p. 815
