Use THE definitive reference for laboratory medicine and clinical pathology! Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine, 7th Edition provides the guidance necessary to select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests. Comprehensive coverage includes the latest advances in topics such as clinical chemistry, genetic metabolic disorders, molecular diagnostics, hematology and coagulation, clinical microbiology, transfusion medicine, and clinical immunology. From a team of expert contributors led by Nader Rifai, this reference includes access to wide-ranging online resources on Expert Consult — featuring the comprehensive product with fully searchable text, regular content updates, animations, podcasts, over 1300 clinical case studies, lecture series, and more.
1. Introduction - p. 886 2. Influencing factors - p. 888 3. Interference factors - p. 896 4. Specific considerations - p. 919 5. Management of the quality of the preanalytical phase - p. 931 6. Multiple choice questions - p. 932 7. Suggested reading - p. 933 8. References - p. 934 9. 6. Quality control of the analytical examination process - p. 952 10. Abstract - p. 952 11. Introduction - p. 952 12. Measurement procedure performance as a prerequisite for a quality control plan - p. 954 13. Developing a quality control plan and implementing quality control procedures - p. 958 14. Using patient data in quality control procedures - p. 972 15. External quality assessment or proficiency testing - p. 975 16. Multiple choice questions - p. 984 17. Selected references - p. 984 18. References - p. 985 19. 7. Standardization and harmonization of analytical examination results - p. 989 20. 8. Biological variation and analytical performance specifications - p. 1003 21. 9. Establishment and use of reference intervals - p. 1024 22. Abstract - p. 1024 23. Concept of reference limits - p. 1024 24. Selection of reference individuals - p. 1027 25. Specimen collection - p. 1031 26. Analytical procedures and quality control - p. 1032 27. Statistical treatment of reference values - p. 1033 28. Transferability of reference limits from other sources - p. 1043 29. Process of selecting reference intervals - p. 1044 30. Presentation of an observed value in relation to reference values - p. 1045 31. Additional topics - p. 1046 32. Conclusion - p. 1051 33. Multiple choice questions - p. 1051 34. Selected references - p. 1052 35. References - p. 1052 36. 10. Evidence-based laboratory medicine - p. 1058 37. 11. Biobanking - p. 1079 38. Abstract - p. 1079 39. Introduction and historical perspective - p. 1079 40. Best practices in biobanking - p. 1081 41. Biobank administration - p. 1096 42. Ethical, legal, and social issues and policy - p. 1099 43. Conclusion - p. 1104 44. Multiple choice questions - p. 1105 45. Selected references - p. 1105 46. References - p. 1106 47. 12. Laboratory support of pharmaceutical, in vitro diagnostics, and epidemiologic studies - p. 1115 48. 13. Machine learning and big data in laboratory medicine - p. 1129 49. Abstract - p. 1129 50. Introduction - p. 1129 51. Data sources - p. 1133 52. Training and validation - p. 1135 53. Common machine learning algorithms - p. 1140 54. Additional principles and limitations of machine learning - p. 1145 55. Computational infrastructure - p. 1148 56. Regulatory environment - p. 1149 57. Applications - p. 1150 58. Multiple choice questions - p. 1152 59. Selected references - p. 1153 60. References - p. 1154 61. 14. Laboratory stewardship and test utilization - p. 1158 62. 15. Principles of basic techniques and laboratory safety - p. 1172 63. Abstract - p. 1172 64. Concept of solute and solvent - p. 1172 65. Units of measurement - p. 1173 66. Chemicals - p. 1174 67. Reference materials - p. 1176 68. Basic techniques and procedures - p. 1177 69. Safety - p. 1184 70. Laboratory safety assessment tools and techniques - p. 1184 71. Medical and microbiological safety measures - p. 1184 72. Environmental, chemical, radiation, and relevant safety measures - p. 1184 73. Multiple choice questions - p. 1184 74. Selected references - p. 1184 75. References - p. 1186 76. Section II. Analytical Techniques - p. 1187 77. 16. Optical techniques - p. 1188 78. 17. Electrochemistry and chemical sensors - p. 1209 79. Abstract - p. 1209 80. Introduction - p. 1209 81. Potentiometry and ion-selective electrodes - p. 1210 82. Voltammetry and/or amperometry - p. 1210 83. Conductometry - p. 1214 84. Coulometry - p. 1214 85. Optical chemical sensors - p. 1215 86. Biosensors - p. 1216 87. Chemical sensors based on nanotechnology - p. 1224 88. In vivo and minimally invasive sensors - p. 1224 89. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors - p. 1226 90. Future trends - p. 1227 91. Multiple choice questions - p. 1227 92. Selected references - p. 1229 93. References - p. 1229 94. 18. Electrophoresis - p. 1235 95. 19. Chromatography - p. 1253 96. Abstract - p. 1253 97. Basic principles of chromatography - p. 1253 98. Gas chromatography - p. 1258 99. Liquid chromatography - p. 1264 100. Other chromatographic methods - p. 1272 101. Multiple choice questions - p. 1274 102. Selected references - p. 1275 103. References - p. 1275 104. 20. Mass spectrometry - p. 1279 105. 21. Sample preparation for mass spectrometry - p. 1308 106. Abstract - p. 1308 107. Background - p. 1308 108. General techniques - p. 1310 109. Separation techniques - p. 1313 110. Precipitation techniques - p. 1317 111. Enrichment techniques - p. 1318 112. Extraction techniques - p. 1319 113. Chromatographic techniques - p. 1323 114. Evolving techniques - p. 1325 115. Multiple choice questions - p. 1326 116. Selected references - p. 1326 117. References - p. 1328 118. 22. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry applications in infectious diseases - p. 1337 119. Abstract - p. 1337 120. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry - p. 1337 121. Analysis of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry data - p. 1343 122. Conclusions - p. 1354 123. Multiple choice questions - p. 1354 124. Selected references - p. 1355 125. References - p. 1357 126. 23. Development and validation of small molecule analytes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry - p. 1363 127. Abstract - p. 1363 128. Practical considerations for liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assays - p. 1364 129. Sample preparation - p. 1376 130. Multiple choice questions - p. 1409 131. Selected references - p. 1410 132. References - p. 1411 133. 24. Proteomics - p. 1414 134. 25. Enzyme and rate analysis - p. 1438 135. 26. Immunochemical techniques - p. 1462 136. 27. Microfabrication and microfluidics and their application in clinical diagnostics - p. 1486 137. Abstract - p. 1486 138. Microdevice fabrication - p. 1487 139. Polymeric materials - p. 1487 140. Separation and detection of clinically relevant analytes - p. 1488 141. Sample preparation and integration - p. 1491 142. Manipulating cells - p. 1493 143. Pathogen detection - p. 1495 144. Proteins - p. 1495 145. Limitations of microfluidic systems - p. 1497 146. Future of microfluidics in clinical diagnostics - p. 1498 147. Multiple choice questions - p. 1499 148. Selected references - p. 1499 149. References - p. 1501 150. 28. Cytometry - p. 1509 151. 29. Automation in the clinical laboratory - p. 1536 152. 30. Point-of-care testing - p. 1553 153. Abstract - p. 1553 154. Introduction - p. 1553 155. Technology aspects - p. 1554 156. Quality management - p. 1563 157. Evidence of effectiveness - p. 1567 158. Adoption and implementation - p. 1570 159. Conclusions - p. 1571 160. Multiple choice questions - p. 1571 161. Selected references - p. 1572 162. References - p. 1574 163. Section III. Clinical Chemistry-Analytes - p. 1579 164. 31. Amino acids, peptides, and proteins - p. 1580 165. Abstract - p. 1580 166. Introduction - p. 1580 167. Amino acids - p. 1581 168. Peptides - p. 1589 169. Gastrointestinal peptide hormones - p. 1593 170. Proteins - p. 1593 171. Intrathecal protein synthesis - p. 1611 172. Multiple choice questions - p. 1613 173. Selected references - p. 1613 174. References - p. 1614 175. 32. Serum enzymes - p. 1621 176. Abstract - p. 1621 177. Introduction - p. 1621 178. Diagnostic enzymology - p. 1621 179. Muscle enzymes - p. 1625 180. Liver enzymes - p. 1628 181. Pancreatic enzymes - p. 1639 182. Bone enzymes - p. 1646 183. Miscellaneous enzymes - p. 1648 184. Multiple choice questions - p. 1653 185. Selected references - p. 1654 186. References - p. 1654 187. 33. Tumor markers - p. 1660 188. Abstract - p. 1660 189. Cancer: An overview - p. 1660 190. Historical background - p. 1662 191. General principles guiding the use of all tumor markers - p. 1663 192. Quality requirements for tumor marker use in the clinic - p. 1670 193. Conclusion - p. 1706 194. Multiple-choice questions - p. 1706 195. Selected references - p. 1707 196. References - p. 1708 197. 34. Kidney function tests - p. 1718 198. Abstract - p. 1718 199. Introduction - p. 1718 200. Urine analysis - p. 1718 201. Quantitative assessment of proteinuria: Total protein and albumin - p. 1719 202. Quantitative assessment of proteinuria: Other urinary proteins - p. 1725 203. Creatinine - p. 1727 204. Cystatin C - p. 1734 205. Urea - p. 1735 206. Uric acid (urate) - p. 1738 207. Measurement of urinary metabolites related to kidney stone formation - p. 1743 208. Assessment of kidney function: Estimation of glomerular filtration rate - p. 1744 209. Acknowledgements - p. 1757 210. Multiple choice questions (please indicate the “best” response) - p. 1757 211. Selected references - p. 1758 212. References - p. 1760 213. 35. Carbohydrates - p. 1780 214. 36. Lipids and lipoproteins - p. 1803 215. Abstract - p. 1803 216. Historical perspective - p. 1803 217. Lipids - p. 1804 218. Lipoproteins - p. 1813 219. Reference lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein concentrations - p. 1820 220. Clinical significance of lipids and lipoproteins - p. 1822 221. Screening for and diagnosis of lipoprotein disorders - p. 1834 222. Management of lipoprotein disorders: - p. 1834 223. Measurement of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins - p. 1838 224. Other cardiac risk factors - p. 1855 225. Multiple choice questions - p. 1857 226. Selected references - p. 1858 227. References - p. 1859 228. 37. Electrolytes and blood gases - p. 1871 229. Abstract - p. 1871 230. Electrolytes - p. 1871 231. Sweat chloride - p. 1877 232. Blood gases and pH - p. 1883 233. Multiple choice questions - p. 1894 234. Selected references - p. 1894 235. References - p. 1896 236. 38. Hormones - p. 1899 237. 39. Vitamins and trace elements - p. 1910 238. Abstract - p. 1910 239. Historical perspective - p. 1910 240. Vitamin and trace element status - p. 1910 241. General considerations in the analyses of vitamins - p. 1912 242. Free radicals and antioxidants - p. 1914 243. Vitamins - p. 1915 244. Special cases for vitamin and trace element measurement - p. 1961 245. Trace elements - p. 1962 246. Multiple choice questions - p. 1994 247. Selected references - p. 1994 248. References - p. 1996 249. 40. Iron metabolism - p. 2026 250. Abstract - p. 2026 251. Iron - p. 2026 252. Multiple choice questions - p. 2053 253. Selected references - p. 2054 254. References - p. 2055 255. 41. Porphyrins and the porphyrias - p. 2070 256. Abstract - p. 2070 257. Historical perspective - p. 2070 258. Porphyrin chemistry - p. 2071 259. Heme biosynthesis - p. 2072 260. Regulation of heme biosynthesis - p. 2073 261. Function of heme - p. 2073 262. Excretion of heme precursors - p. 2073 263. Porphyrias - p. 2074 264. Laboratory diagnosis of porphyria - p. 2082 265. Laboratory analysis - p. 2086 266. Multiple choice questions - p. 2091 267. Selected references - p. 2091 268. References - p. 2093 269. 42. Therapeutic drugs and their management - p. 2101 270. Abstract - p. 2101 271. Introduction - p. 2101 272. Fundamental principles of applied pharmacokinetics - p. 2102 273. Characterizing drug exposure with minimal assumptions: The noncompartmental analysis of concentration data over time - p. 2107 274. Predicting drug concentrations using a compartmental model - p. 2109 275. General considerations for the clinical use of therapeutic drug monitoring - p. 2112 276. Therapeutic drug monitoring of specific drugs in common clinical use - p. 2115 277. Summary and conclusion - p. 2135 278. Multiple choice questions - p. 2136 279. Selected references - p. 2136 280. References - p. 2136 281. 43. Clinical toxicology - p. 2147 282. Abstract - p. 2147 283. Basic information - p. 2147 284. Ancillary tests - p. 2151 285. Screening procedures for detection of drugs - p. 2153 286. Pharmacology and analysis of specific drugs and toxic agents - p. 2154 287. Acknowledgements - p. 2201 288. Multiple choice questions - p. 2201 289. Selected references - p. 2202 290. References - p. 2202 291. 44. Toxic elements - p. 2234 292. Abstract - p. 2234 293. Introduction to toxic elements - p. 2234 294. Classification of toxic elements - p. 2237 295. Prevalence of elemental toxicities - p. 2237 296. Diagnosing and monitoring for elemental toxicity - p. 2238 297. Treatments for elemental toxicities - p. 2238 298. Overview of analytical techniques - p. 2239 299. Specific elements - p. 2239 300. Multiple choice questions - p. 2276 301. Selected references - p. 2276 302. References - p. 2278 303. 45. Body fluids - p. 2298 304. Abstract - p. 2298 305. Background information - p. 2298 306. Specimen acquisition - p. 2299 307. Specimen containers, transport, and processing - p. 2301 308. Body fluids and clinical laboratory testing - p. 2302 309. Conclusions - p. 2324 310. Multiple choice questions - p. 2324 311. Selected references - p. 2325 312. References - p. 2326 313. Section IV. Clinical Chemistry-Pathophysiology - p. 2338 314. 46. Nutrition: Laboratory and clinical aspects - p. 2339 315. Abstract - p. 2339 316. Introduction: The scope of clinical nutrition - p. 2339 317. Nutrient requirements - p. 2340 318. A classification of nutrients - p. 2340 319. Macronutrients - p. 2341 320. Vitamins - p. 2347 321. Inorganic micronutrients - p. 2359 322. The assessment of nutritional status - p. 2363 323. Nutrition support - p. 2366 324. Obesity - p. 2372 325. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa - p. 2377 326. Other aspects of clinical nutrition - p. 2378 327. Multiple choice questions - p. 2379 328. Selected references - p. 2379 329. References - p. 2380 330. 47. Diabetes mellitus - p. 2387 331. Abstract - p. 2387 332. Classification - p. 2388 333. Hormones that regulate blood glucose concentration - p. 2390 334. Clinical utility of measuring insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and glucagon - p. 2396 335. Methods for the measurement of specific hormones - p. 2398 336. Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus - p. 2400 337. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus - p. 2402 338. Diagnosis - p. 2404 339. Gestational diabetes mellitus - p. 2406 340. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus - p. 2407 341. Role of the clinical laboratory in diabetes mellitus - p. 2408 342. Self-monitoring of blood glucose - p. 2410 343. Continuous glucose monitoring - p. 2414 344. Ketone bodies - p. 2414 345. Glycated proteins - p. 2416 346. 1,5-Anhydroglucitol - p. 2425 347. Albuminuria - p. 2426 348. Multiple choice questions - p. 2429 349. Selected references - p. 2429 350. References - p. 2431 351. 48. Cardiac function - p. 2445 352. Abstract - p. 2445 353. Basic anatomy - p. 2446 354. Physiology - p. 2447 355. Cardiac disease - p. 2448 356. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome - p. 2455 357. Other causes of acute cardiac troponin elevation in the absence of acute ischemic heart disease - p. 2475 358. Congestive heart failure - p. 2480 359. Analytical considerations of biomarkers assays in heart failure - p. 2487 360. Biomarkers of interest (although they are not currently used routinely) - p. 2497 361. Myeloperoxidase - p. 2499 362. Multiple choice questions - p. 2500 363. Selected references - p. 2501 364. References - p. 2502 365. 49. Kidney disease - p. 2523 366. Abstract - p. 2523 367. Introduction - p. 2523 368. Anatomy - p. 2523 369. Kidney function and physiology - p. 2527 370. Glomerular and tubular protein handling - p. 2527 371. Pathophysiology of kidney disease - p. 2528 372. Diseases of the kidney - p. 2547 373. Renal replacement therapy - p. 2571 374. Acknowledgements - p. 2582 375. Multiple choice questions - p. 2584 376. Selected references - p. 2585 377. References - p. 2587 378. 50. Disorders of water, electrolytes, and acid-base metabolism - p. 2606 379. Abstract - p. 2606 380. Total body water: Volume and distribution - p. 2606 381. Water and electrolytes: Composition of body fluids - p. 2607 382. Acid-base physiology - p. 2615 383. Multiple choice questions - p. 2628 384. Selected references - p. 2629 385. References - p. 2630 386. 51. Liver disease - p. 2631 387. Abstract - p. 2631 388. Introduction - p. 2631 389. Anatomy of the liver - p. 2632 390. Biochemical functions of the liver - p. 2634 391. Clinical manifestations of liver disease - p. 2647 392. Diseases of the liver - p. 2652 393. Diagnostic strategy - p. 2688 394. Liver transplantation - p. 2692 395. Multiple choice questions - p. 2693 396. Selected references - p. 2693 397. References - p. 2695 398. 52. Gastric, intestinal, and pancreatic function - p. 2720 399. Abstract - p. 2720 400. Introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract - p. 2720 401. Phases of digestion - p. 2721 402. Stomach: Diseases and laboratory investigations - p. 2724 403. Intestinal disorders and their laboratory investigation - p. 2727 404. Pancreas: Disease and assessment of exocrine pancreatic function - p. 2734 405. Multiple choice questions - p. 2740 406. Selected references - p. 2741 407. References - p. 2742 408. 53. Monoamine-producing tumors - p. 2747 409. Abstract - p. 2747 410. Peripheral monoamine systems - p. 2747 411. Neuroblastoma - p. 2756 412. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma - p. 2763 413. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors - p. 2777 414. Multiple choice questions - p. 2777 415. Selected references - p. 2777 416. Peripheral monoamine systems - p. 2777 417. Neuroblastoma - p. 2777 418. Pheochromocytoma - p. 2777 419. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroeendocrine tumors - p. 2777 420. References - p. 2779 421. 54. Bone and mineral metabolism - p. 2793 422. Abstract - p. 2793 423. Overview of skeletal metabolism - p. 2793 424. Biochemical measurements in metabolic bone disease - p. 2796 425. Phosphate - p. 2809 426. Magnesium - p. 2812 427. Hormones regulating bone and mineral metabolism - p. 2816 428. Fibroblast growth factor 23 - p. 2832 429. Calcitonin - p. 2836 430. Sclerostin - p. 2840 431. Summary of integrated control of mineral metabolism - p. 2840 432. Biochemical markers of bone turnover - p. 2841 433. Metabolic bone diseases - p. 2854 434. Multiple choice questions - p. 2859 435. Selected references - p. 2859 436. References - p. 2861 437. 55. Pituitary function and pathophysiology - p. 2879 438. Abstract - p. 2879 439. Anatomy - p. 2880 440. Pituitary embryology - p. 2881 441. Hypothalamic regulation - p. 2882 442. Summary of pituitary-related disorders - p. 2915 443. Multiple choice questions - p. 2915 444. Selected references - p. 2917 445. References - p. 2917 446. 56. Adrenal cortex - p. 2927 447. Abstract - p. 2927 448. Introduction - p. 2927 449. Adrenal anatomy and physiology - p. 2927 450. Regulation of adrenocortical hormones - p. 2932 451. Adrenocortical insufficiency - p. 2935 452. Disorders producing excess adrenocortical hormones - p. 2941 453. Laboratory investigation of adrenocortical dysfunction - p. 2944 454. Analytical methods - p. 2950 455. Summary - p. 2951 456. Multiple choice questions - p. 2952 457. Selected references - p. 2952 458. References - p. 2953 459. 57. Thyroid disorders - p. 2961 460. Abstract - p. 2961 461. Historical landmarks - p. 2961 462. Anatomy - p. 2962 463. Thyroid hormones - p. 2964 464. Iodine - p. 2967 465. Extrathyroidal factors that affect thyroid function - p. 2969 466. Thyroid disease - p. 2972 467. Genetics - p. 2992 468. Evaluation of thyroid function - p. 2993 469. Multiple choice questions - p. 3001 470. Selected references - p. 3001 471. References - p. 3003 472. 58. Reproductive endocrinology and related disorders - p. 3018 473. Abstract - p. 3018 474. Male reproductive biology - p. 3018 475. Female reproductive biology - p. 3022 476. Infertility - p. 3036 477. Analytical methods for reproductive hormones - p. 3043 478. Multiple choice questions - p. 3050 479. Selected references - p. 3051 480. References - p. 3052 481. 59. Pregnancy and its disorders - p. 3064 482. Abstract - p. 3064 483. Human pregnancy - p. 3064 484. Maternal and fetal health assessment - p. 3070 485. Complications of pregnancy - p. 3071 486. Prenatal screening for fetal defects - p. 3077 487. Laboratory tests - p. 3091 488. Multiple choice questions - p. 3101 489. Selected references - p. 3102 490. References - p. 3103 491. Section V. Genetic Metabolic Disorders - p. 3115 492. 60. Newborn screening and inborn errors of metabolism - p. 3116 493. Abstract - p. 3116 494. Introduction - p. 3116 495. Inborn errors of metabolism: Clinical presentation - p. 3116 496. Inborn errors of metabolism: Diagnosis - p. 3117 497. Prenatal diagnosis - p. 3118 498. Newborn screening - p. 3118 499. Evaluation of symptomatic patients - p. 3118 500. Postmortem screening - p. 3118 501. Biochemical genetics tests: Analytical considerations - p. 3119 502. Disorders of amino acid metabolism - p. 3123 503. Organic acidemias - p. 3123 504. Disorders of the carnitine cycle and fatty acid oxidation - p. 3126 505. Multiple choice questions - p. 3133 506. Selected references - p. 3134 507. References - p. 3134 508. 61. Inborn errors of metabolism: Disorders of complex molecules - p. 3138 509. Abstract - p. 3138 510. Lysosomal storage disorders - p. 3138 511. Peroxisomal disorders - p. 3158 512. Congenital disorders of glycosylation - p. 3163 513. Multiple choice questions - p. 3170 514. Selected references - p. 3171 515. References - p. 3171 516. Section VI. Molecular Diagnostics - p. 3180 517. 62. Principles of molecular biology - p. 3181 518. 63. Nucleic acid isolation - p. 3200 519. 64. Nucleic acid techniques - p. 3216 520. Abstract - p. 3216 521. Introduction - p. 3216 522. Nucleic acid preparation - p. 3218 523. Amplification techniques - p. 3219 524. Detection techniques - p. 3229 525. Discrimination techniques - p. 3230 526. Multiple choice questions - p. 3245 527. Selected references - p. 3247 528. References - p. 3247 529. 65. Genomes, variants, and massively parallel methods - p. 3253 530. 66. Clinical genome sequencing - p. 3278 531. 67. Molecular microbiology - p. 3293 532. Abstract - p. 3293 533. Introduction and historical perspective - p. 3293 534. Overview of methodologies - p. 3293 535. Probe hybridization - p. 3294 536. Liquid-phase hybridization - p. 3294 537. Solid-phase hybridization - p. 3294 538. In situ hybridization - p. 3295 539. Hybridization arrays - p. 3297 540. Target nucleic acid amplification strategies - p. 3299 541. Real-time polymerase chain reaction - p. 3299 542. Digital polymerase chain reaction - p. 3301 543. Non–polymerase chain reaction target and signal amplification approaches - p. 3301 544. Signal amplification techniques - p. 3301 545. Non–polymerase chain reaction target amplification - p. 3302 546. Sequencing - p. 3304 547. Mass spectrometry - p. 3307 548. Health care–associated infections - p. 3308 549. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus - p. 3309 550. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci - p. 3309 551. β-lactam resistant gram-negative bacilli - p. 3310 552. Syndromic panels - p. 3311 553. Pneumonia panels - p. 3314 554. Emerging technologies - p. 3318 555. Cell-free nucleic acid for microbial identification - p. 3320 556. Gene expression analysis (transcriptomics) - p. 3322 557. Host protein signature (proteomics) - p. 3322 558. CRISPR-CAS applications - p. 3322 559. Summary and future directions - p. 3323 560. Multiple choice questions - p. 3324 561. Selected references - p. 3324 562. References - p. 3324 563. 68. Genetics - p. 3338 564. Abstract - p. 3338 565. Diseases with mendelian inheritance - p. 3338 566. Mitochondrial DNA diseases - p. 3372 567. Imprinting - p. 3375 568. Expanded carrier screening - p. 3378 569. Massively parallel sequencing - p. 3379 570. Noninvasive prenatal testing - p. 3380 571. Whole-exome sequencing - p. 3381 572. Cytogenomics - p. 3383 573. Reporting of test results - p. 3385 574. Laboratory regulation - p. 3385 575. Multiple choice questions - p. 3386 576. Selected references - p. 3387 577. References - p. 3389 578. 69. Solid tumors - p. 3414 579. 70. Hematopathology - p. 3429 580. Abstract - p. 3429 581. Recurrent translocations and structural chromosomal abnormalities - p. 3429 582. Gene mutations in hematopoietic malignancies - p. 3441 583. Role of genetic regulatory mechanisms in hematopoietic malignancies - p. 3446 584. Clonality testing in hematopoietic malignancies - p. 3447 585. Conclusion - p. 3452 586. Multiple choice questions - p. 3452 587. Selected references - p. 3452 588. References - p. 3453 589. 71. Circulating tumor cells and circulating nucleic acids in oncology - p. 3461 590. Abstract - p. 3461 591. Circulating tumor cells - p. 3463 592. Circulating tumor DNA - p. 3482 593. ctDNA historical background - p. 3483 594. Combined discussion of circulating tumor cells and ctDNA - p. 3496 595. Conclusions - p. 3496 596. Multiple-choice questions - p. 3496 597. Selected references - p. 3496 598. References - p. 3498 599. 72. Circulating nucleic acids for prenatal diagnostics - p. 3516 600. 73. Pharmacogenetics - p. 3530 601. Abstract - p. 3530 602. Principles of pharmacogenetics - p. 3530 603. Pharmacogenes - p. 3539 604. Thiopurine s-methyltransferase and nudix hydrolase 15 (TPMT and NUDT15) - p. 3542 605. MU-opioid receptor (OPRM1) - p. 3543 606. Clinical applications - p. 3544 607. Future directions - p. 3548 608. Multiple-choice questions - p. 3548 609. Selected references - p. 3549 610. References - p. 3550 611. Section VII. Hematology and Coagulation - p. 3557 612. 74. Automated hematology - p. 3558 613. 75. Leukocyte morphology in blood and bone marrow - p. 3574 614. 76. Red blood cell morphology and indices: The clinical chemistry interface - p. 3597 615. 77. Hemoglobin and hemoglobinopathies - p. 3611 616. Abstract - p. 3611 617. Biochemistry, genetics, and physiology of hemoglobin - p. 3611 618. Thalassemia syndromes - p. 3615 619. Hemoglobinopathies - p. 3620 620. Analytical methods - p. 3627 621. Multiple choice questions - p. 3642 622. Selected references - p. 3642 623. References - p. 3643 624. 78. Enzymes of the red blood cell - p. 3648 625. Abstract - p. 3648 626. Introduction - p. 3648 627. The embden-meyerhof pathway - p. 3650 628. Hexose monophosphate pathway - p. 3654 629. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.44) - p. 3656 630. Rapoport-luebering shunt - p. 3656 631. Glutathione pathway - p. 3656 632. Purine-pyrimidine metabolism - p. 3657 633. Methemoglobin reduction - p. 3658 634. Detection of hereditary red cell enzyme deficiencies - p. 3659 635. Methods - p. 3659 636. Multiple choice questions - p. 3660 637. Selected references - p. 3661 638. References - p. 3662 639. 79. Physiology of hemostasis - p. 3672 640. 80. Platelets and von Willebrand factor - p. 3684 641. 81. Coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis - p. 3704 642. Abstract - p. 3704 643. General considerations for coagulation testing - p. 3704 644. Test methods for coagulation - p. 3706 645. Clinical application of laboratory tests for coagulation disorders - p. 3714 646. Test methods and their clinical application for fibrinolysis - p. 3721 647. Thrombosis - p. 3723 648. Test methods and their clinical application for thrombotic risk - p. 3724 649. Thrombophilia testing - p. 3724 650. Monitoring anticoagulant therapy - p. 3728 651. Multiple choice questions - p. 3735 652. Selected references - p. 3735 653. References - p. 3736 654. Section VIII. Microbiology - p. 3742 655. 82. Introduction to infectious diseases - p. 3743 656. Abstract - p. 3743 657. Introduction - p. 3743 658. Bloodstream and endovascular infections - p. 3744 659. Central nervous system infections - p. 3747 660. Eye infections - p. 3749 661. Upper respiratory tract infections - p. 3753 662. Lower respiratory tract infections - p. 3756 663. Gastrointestinal and intra-abdominal infections - p. 3759 664. Genitourinary tract infections - p. 3763 665. Bone and joint infections - p. 3766 666. Skin and soft tissue infections - p. 3768 667. Multi-systemic infections - p. 3772 668. Congenital infections - p. 3774 669. Multiple choice questions - p. 3775 670. Selected references - p. 3776 671. References - p. 3776 672. 83. The role of the clinical laboratory in infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship - p. 3782 673. Abstract - p. 3782 674. Introduction - p. 3782 675. Roles and objectives of key stakeholders - p. 3782 676. Clinical laboratory role for ASP - p. 3783 677. Clinical laboratory role for IPC - p. 3784 678. Workflow and communication between the laboratory, infection prevention and control, and antimicrobial stewardship program - p. 3786 679. Laboratory diagnostic methods to support infection prevention and control and antimicrobial stewardship program - p. 3786 680. Karius test - p. 3788 681. Septifast - p. 3789 682. Summary of rapid bloodstream infection identification - p. 3789 683. Summary for other multiplex syndromic panels - p. 3790 684. mecA, vanA, and vanB - p. 3790 685. Carbapenemase genes - p. 3791 686. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing considerations - p. 3794 687. Biomarkers - p. 3795 688. Screening tests for infection prevention and control - p. 3798 689. Translating microbiological results into clinical impact - p. 3800 690. Diagnostic stewardship - p. 3800 691. Summary - p. 3801 692. Multiple choice questions - p. 3801 693. Selected references - p. 3802 694. References - p. 3803 695. 84. Bacteriology - p. 3822 696. Abstract - p. 3822 697. Introduction - p. 3822 698. Overview of the laboratory’s role in the diagnosis of bacterial infections - p. 3823 699. Methods of organism identification - p. 3823 700. Postanalytical considerations - p. 3833 701. Clinical syndromes - p. 3833 702. Summary - p. 3850 703. Multiple-choice questions - p. 3850 704. Selected references - p. 3850 705. References - p. 3851 706. 85. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing - p. 3858 707. Abstract - p. 3858 708. Introduction - p. 3858 709. Key antibacterial agents used in clinical practice - p. 3858 710. Performance of the antimicrobial susceptibility test - p. 3863 711. Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for key bacterial pathogens - p. 3872 712. Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for mycobacteria and aerobic actinomycetes - p. 3872 713. Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for fungi - p. 3873 714. Susceptibility testing of yeast - p. 3873 715. Multiple choice questions - p. 3875 716. Selected references - p. 3877 717. References - p. 3877 718. 86. Mycobacteriology - p. 3883 719. 87. Mycology - p. 3909 720. Abstract - p. 3909 721. Introduction - p. 3909 722. Fungal taxonomy and nomenclature - p. 3910 723. Epidemiology of fungal infections - p. 3911 724. Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections: Introduction - p. 3915 725. Laboratory diagnosis: Preanalytical phase - p. 3916 726. Laboratory diagnosis: Analytical phase - p. 3917 727. Laboratory diagnosis: Postanalytical phase - p. 3962 728. Antifungal agents and therapeutic drug monitoring - p. 3963 729. Introduction to fungal infections - p. 3968 730. Bloodstream infections and endocarditis - p. 3968 731. Respiratory tract infections - p. 3973 732. Central nervous system infections - p. 3982 733. Bone and joint infections - p. 3987 734. Intra-abdominal infections - p. 3989 735. Gastrointestinal infections - p. 3990 736. Urinary tract infections - p. 3992 737. Genital infections - p. 3994 738. Eye infections - p. 3995 739. Ear infections - p. 3997 740. Skin, hair, and nail infections - p. 3998 741. Subcutaneous infections - p. 4003 742. Microsporidiosis and rare infections - p. 4005 743. Multiple choice questions - p. 4009 744. Selected references - p. 4009 745. References - p. 4011 746. 88. Parasitology - p. 4055 747. Abstract - p. 4055 748. Introduction - p. 4055 749. Parasite classification and taxonomy - p. 4058 750. Laboratory methods - p. 4058 751. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in the diagnosis of parasitic infections - p. 4066 752. Blood and tissue protozoa - p. 4070 753. Intestinal and urogenital protozoa - p. 4096 754. Intestinal helminths - p. 4115 755. Miscellaneous uncommon cestodes - p. 4129 756. Blood and tissue helminths - p. 4133 757. Medically important arthropods - p. 4152 758. Delusional parasitosis - p. 4160 759. Multiple choice questions - p. 4160 760. Selected references - p. 4161 761. References - p. 4162 762. 89. Virology - p. 4173 763. Abstract - p. 4173 764. Introduction and historical perspective - p. 4173 765. Viral infections of the respiratory tract - p. 4174 766. Viral infections in immunocompromised populations - p. 4179 767. Sexually transmitted infections - p. 4191 768. Viral infections of the central nervous system - p. 4199 769. Arthropod borne viruses associated with fever and rash - p. 4203 770. Viral gastroenteritis - p. 4205 771. Viral hepatitis - p. 4207 772. Viral hemorrhagic fevers - p. 4212 773. Re-emerging vaccine-preventable viral illness - p. 4214 774. Summary and conclusion - p. 4216 775. Multiple choice questions - p. 4216 776. Selected References - p. 4217 777. References - p. 4219 778. Section IX. Transfusion Medicine - p. 4243 779. 90. Blood group systems and pretransfusion testing - p. 4244 780. 91. Blood components, product modifications, and blood donor screening - p. 4258 781. 92. Indications for transfusion: RBCs, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate - p. 4275 782. 93. Transfusion reactions and adverse events associated with transfusion - p. 4288 783. Section X. Clinical Immunology - p. 4306 784. 94. Systemic autoimmune disease - p. 4307 785. Abstract - p. 4307 786. Introduction to systemic autoimmunity - p. 4307 787. Antinuclear antibody-associated rheumatic diseases - p. 4316 788. Mixed connective tissue disease - p. 4320 789. Rheumatoid arthritis - p. 4326 790. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies - p. 4327 791. Antiphospholipid syndrome - p. 4328 792. Vasculitis - p. 4336 793. Summary - p. 4340 794. Multiple choice questions - p. 4340 795. Selected references - p. 4341 796. References - p. 4342 797. 95. Transplant, solid organ - p. 4359 798. Abstract - p. 4359 799. Introduction - p. 4359 800. Immunobiology of allotransplantation and barriers - p. 4360 801. Immunosuppression in transplantation—the past, present, and future - p. 4360 802. Solid organ-specific challenges - p. 4365 803. Outcomes in organ transplantation - p. 4368 804. Complications in transplantation - p. 4369 805. Future transplant practice - p. 4375 806. Summary - p. 4377 807. Multiple choice questions - p. 4377 808. Selected references - p. 4377 809. References - p. 4379 810. 96. Hematopoietic cell transplantation - p. 4388 811. Abstract - p. 4388 812. Introduction - p. 4388 813. Donor selection - p. 4389 814. Graft sources - p. 4391 815. Conditioning - p. 4393 816. Graft-versus-host disease - p. 4395 817. Acute graft-versus-host disease - p. 4395 818. Chronic graft-versus-host disease - p. 4396 819. Infectious complications - p. 4397 820. Noninfectious complications - p. 4398 821. Late effects - p. 4400 822. Conclusion - p. 4401 823. Multiple choice questions - p. 4402 824. Selected references - p. 4402 825. References - p. 4403 826. 97. Transplant compatibility testing - p. 4413 827. 98. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics and immunogenicity - p. 4422 828. Abstract - p. 4422 829. Biology of antibodies - p. 4422 830. Therapeutic antibodies - p. 4423 831. The use of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in clinical medicine - p. 4429 832. Clinical laboratory testing for tumor necrosis factor antagonists - p. 4433 833. Test guided strategy in tumor necrosis factor antagonist treatment - p. 4440 834. Clinical laboratory testing interference by monoclonal antibody therapeutics - p. 4441 835. Multiple choice questions - p. 4446 836. Selected references - p. 4447 837. References - p. 4448 838. 99. Allergy testing - p. 4453 839. Abstract - p. 4453 840. Atopy, sensitization, and allergy - p. 4453 841. Hypersensitivity reactions and classification - p. 4453 842. Cells involved with allergy - p. 4454 843. Th1 versus Th2 immune response - p. 4455 844. Fetal origins of allergy - p. 4456 845. Biology of immunoglobulin E - p. 4457 846. Immunoglobulin E receptors - p. 4458 847. Relationship between immunoglobulin E and allergic disease - p. 4458 848. Allergy tests - p. 4458 849. Allergen and component nomenclature - p. 4466 850. Allergy component testing - p. 4466 851. Food allergy - p. 4466 852. Food allergies resulting from immunologic cross-reactivity with inhalant allergens - p. 4472 853. Ocular allergy - p. 4474 854. Occupational allergy - p. 4475 855. Latex allergy - p. 4477 856. Pet allergy - p. 4478 857. Rodent (mouse and rat) allergy - p. 4480 858. Pollen allergy - p. 4480 859. Red meat allergy - p. 4484 860. Non–immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy - p. 4485 861. Mixed immunoglobulin E– and non–immunoglobulin E–mediated reactions - p. 4486 862. Allergy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - p. 4488 863. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - p. 4489 864. Rhinitis - p. 4490 865. Urticaria (hives) - p. 4491 866. Urticaria associated with vasculitis/immune complex - p. 4491 867. Hereditary angioedema and acquired angioedema - p. 4492 868. Management of allergic disease during pregnancy - p. 4493 869. Multiple choice questions - p. 4494 870. Selected references - p. 4494 871. References - p. 4495 872. 100. Primary immunodeficiencies and secondary immunodeficiencies - p. 4502 873. Abstract - p. 4502 874. Introduction - p. 4502 875. Group 1. Combined immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity - p. 4504 876. Group 2. Combined immunodeficiencies with syndromic or associated features—DiGeorge syndrome - p. 4504 877. Group 2. Combined immunodeficiencies with syndromic or associated features—Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome - p. 4505 878. Group 3. Antibody deficiencies—common variable immunodeficiency - p. 4506 879. Group 4. Diseases of immune dysregulation—autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome - p. 4509 880. Group 5. Phagocytic defects—chronic granulomatous disease - p. 4511 881. Group 6. Defects of innate immunity - p. 4513 882. Group 7. Autoinflammatory conditions - p. 4514 883. Group 8. Complement deficiencies - p. 4515 884. Group 9. Bone marrow failure syndromes—dyskeratosis congenita - p. 4516 885. Group 10. Phenocopies of primary immunodeficiencies - p. 4517 886. Multiple choice questions - p. 4527 887. Selected references - p. 4528 888. References - p. 4528 889. Appendix A: Reference information for the clinical laboratory - p. 4542 890. Appendix B: Answers to multiple choice questions - p. 4590 891. Index - p. 4591
Use THE definitive reference for laboratory medicine and clinical pathology! Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine, 7th Edition provides the guidance necessary to select, perform, and evaluate the results of new and established laboratory tests. Comprehensive coverage includes the latest advances in topics such as clinical chemistry, genetic metabolic disorders, molecular diagnostics, hematology and coagulation, clinical microbiology, transfusion medicine, and clinical immunology. From a team of expert contributors led by Nader Rifai, this reference includes access to wide-ranging online resources on Expert Consult — featuring the comprehensive product with fully searchable text, regular content updates, animations, podcasts, over 1300 clinical case studies, lecture series, and more.
1. Introduction - p. 886 2. Influencing factors - p. 888 3. Interference factors - p. 896 4. Specific considerations - p. 919 5. Management of the quality of the preanalytical phase - p. 931 6. Multiple choice questions - p. 932 7. Suggested reading - p. 933 8. References - p. 934 9. 6. Quality control of the analytical examination process - p. 952 10. Abstract - p. 952 11. Introduction - p. 952 12. Measurement procedure performance as a prerequisite for a quality control plan - p. 954 13. Developing a quality control plan and implementing quality control procedures - p. 958 14. Using patient data in quality control procedures - p. 972 15. External quality assessment or proficiency testing - p. 975 16. Multiple choice questions - p. 984 17. Selected references - p. 984 18. References - p. 985 19. 7. Standardization and harmonization of analytical examination results - p. 989 20. 8. Biological variation and analytical performance specifications - p. 1003 21. 9. Establishment and use of reference intervals - p. 1024 22. Abstract - p. 1024 23. Concept of reference limits - p. 1024 24. Selection of reference individuals - p. 1027 25. Specimen collection - p. 1031 26. Analytical procedures and quality control - p. 1032 27. Statistical treatment of reference values - p. 1033 28. Transferability of reference limits from other sources - p. 1043 29. Process of selecting reference intervals - p. 1044 30. Presentation of an observed value in relation to reference values - p. 1045 31. Additional topics - p. 1046 32. Conclusion - p. 1051 33. Multiple choice questions - p. 1051 34. Selected references - p. 1052 35. References - p. 1052 36. 10. Evidence-based laboratory medicine - p. 1058 37. 11. Biobanking - p. 1079 38. Abstract - p. 1079 39. Introduction and historical perspective - p. 1079 40. Best practices in biobanking - p. 1081 41. Biobank administration - p. 1096 42. Ethical, legal, and social issues and policy - p. 1099 43. Conclusion - p. 1104 44. Multiple choice questions - p. 1105 45. Selected references - p. 1105 46. References - p. 1106 47. 12. Laboratory support of pharmaceutical, in vitro diagnostics, and epidemiologic studies - p. 1115 48. 13. Machine learning and big data in laboratory medicine - p. 1129 49. Abstract - p. 1129 50. Introduction - p. 1129 51. Data sources - p. 1133 52. Training and validation - p. 1135 53. Common machine learning algorithms - p. 1140 54. Additional principles and limitations of machine learning - p. 1145 55. Computational infrastructure - p. 1148 56. Regulatory environment - p. 1149 57. Applications - p. 1150 58. Multiple choice questions - p. 1152 59. Selected references - p. 1153 60. References - p. 1154 61. 14. Laboratory stewardship and test utilization - p. 1158 62. 15. Principles of basic techniques and laboratory safety - p. 1172 63. Abstract - p. 1172 64. Concept of solute and solvent - p. 1172 65. Units of measurement - p. 1173 66. Chemicals - p. 1174 67. Reference materials - p. 1176 68. Basic techniques and procedures - p. 1177 69. Safety - p. 1184 70. Laboratory safety assessment tools and techniques - p. 1184 71. Medical and microbiological safety measures - p. 1184 72. Environmental, chemical, radiation, and relevant safety measures - p. 1184 73. Multiple choice questions - p. 1184 74. Selected references - p. 1184 75. References - p. 1186 76. Section II. Analytical Techniques - p. 1187 77. 16. Optical techniques - p. 1188 78. 17. Electrochemistry and chemical sensors - p. 1209 79. Abstract - p. 1209 80. Introduction - p. 1209 81. Potentiometry and ion-selective electrodes - p. 1210 82. Voltammetry and/or amperometry - p. 1210 83. Conductometry - p. 1214 84. Coulometry - p. 1214 85. Optical chemical sensors - p. 1215 86. Biosensors - p. 1216 87. Chemical sensors based on nanotechnology - p. 1224 88. In vivo and minimally invasive sensors - p. 1224 89. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors - p. 1226 90. Future trends - p. 1227 91. Multiple choice questions - p. 1227 92. Selected references - p. 1229 93. References - p. 1229 94. 18. Electrophoresis - p. 1235 95. 19. Chromatography - p. 1253 96. Abstract - p. 1253 97. Basic principles of chromatography - p. 1253 98. Gas chromatography - p. 1258 99. Liquid chromatography - p. 1264 100. Other chromatographic methods - p. 1272 101. Multiple choice questions - p. 1274 102. Selected references - p. 1275 103. References - p. 1275 104. 20. Mass spectrometry - p. 1279 105. 21. Sample preparation for mass spectrometry - p. 1308 106. Abstract - p. 1308 107. Background - p. 1308 108. General techniques - p. 1310 109. Separation techniques - p. 1313 110. Precipitation techniques - p. 1317 111. Enrichment techniques - p. 1318 112. Extraction techniques - p. 1319 113. Chromatographic techniques - p. 1323 114. Evolving techniques - p. 1325 115. Multiple choice questions - p. 1326 116. Selected references - p. 1326 117. References - p. 1328 118. 22. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry applications in infectious diseases - p. 1337 119. Abstract - p. 1337 120. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry - p. 1337 121. Analysis of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry data - p. 1343 122. Conclusions - p. 1354 123. Multiple choice questions - p. 1354 124. Selected references - p. 1355 125. References - p. 1357 126. 23. Development and validation of small molecule analytes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry - p. 1363 127. Abstract - p. 1363 128. Practical considerations for liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assays - p. 1364 129. Sample preparation - p. 1376 130. Multiple choice questions - p. 1409 131. Selected references - p. 1410 132. References - p. 1411 133. 24. Proteomics - p. 1414 134. 25. Enzyme and rate analysis - p. 1438 135. 26. Immunochemical techniques - p. 1462 136. 27. Microfabrication and microfluidics and their application in clinical diagnostics - p. 1486 137. Abstract - p. 1486 138. Microdevice fabrication - p. 1487 139. Polymeric materials - p. 1487 140. Separation and detection of clinically relevant analytes - p. 1488 141. Sample preparation and integration - p. 1491 142. Manipulating cells - p. 1493 143. Pathogen detection - p. 1495 144. Proteins - p. 1495 145. Limitations of microfluidic systems - p. 1497 146. Future of microfluidics in clinical diagnostics - p. 1498 147. Multiple choice questions - p. 1499 148. Selected references - p. 1499 149. References - p. 1501 150. 28. Cytometry - p. 1509 151. 29. Automation in the clinical laboratory - p. 1536 152. 30. Point-of-care testing - p. 1553 153. Abstract - p. 1553 154. Introduction - p. 1553 155. Technology aspects - p. 1554 156. Quality management - p. 1563 157. Evidence of effectiveness - p. 1567 158. Adoption and implementation - p. 1570 159. Conclusions - p. 1571 160. Multiple choice questions - p. 1571 161. Selected references - p. 1572 162. References - p. 1574 163. Section III. Clinical Chemistry-Analytes - p. 1579 164. 31. Amino acids, peptides, and proteins - p. 1580 165. Abstract - p. 1580 166. Introduction - p. 1580 167. Amino acids - p. 1581 168. Peptides - p. 1589 169. Gastrointestinal peptide hormones - p. 1593 170. Proteins - p. 1593 171. Intrathecal protein synthesis - p. 1611 172. Multiple choice questions - p. 1613 173. Selected references - p. 1613 174. References - p. 1614 175. 32. Serum enzymes - p. 1621 176. Abstract - p. 1621 177. Introduction - p. 1621 178. Diagnostic enzymology - p. 1621 179. Muscle enzymes - p. 1625 180. Liver enzymes - p. 1628 181. Pancreatic enzymes - p. 1639 182. Bone enzymes - p. 1646 183. Miscellaneous enzymes - p. 1648 184. Multiple choice questions - p. 1653 185. Selected references - p. 1654 186. References - p. 1654 187. 33. Tumor markers - p. 1660 188. Abstract - p. 1660 189. Cancer: An overview - p. 1660 190. Historical background - p. 1662 191. General principles guiding the use of all tumor markers - p. 1663 192. Quality requirements for tumor marker use in the clinic - p. 1670 193. Conclusion - p. 1706 194. Multiple-choice questions - p. 1706 195. Selected references - p. 1707 196. References - p. 1708 197. 34. Kidney function tests - p. 1718 198. Abstract - p. 1718 199. Introduction - p. 1718 200. Urine analysis - p. 1718 201. Quantitative assessment of proteinuria: Total protein and albumin - p. 1719 202. Quantitative assessment of proteinuria: Other urinary proteins - p. 1725 203. Creatinine - p. 1727 204. Cystatin C - p. 1734 205. Urea - p. 1735 206. Uric acid (urate) - p. 1738 207. Measurement of urinary metabolites related to kidney stone formation - p. 1743 208. Assessment of kidney function: Estimation of glomerular filtration rate - p. 1744 209. Acknowledgements - p. 1757 210. Multiple choice questions (please indicate the “best” response) - p. 1757 211. Selected references - p. 1758 212. References - p. 1760 213. 35. Carbohydrates - p. 1780 214. 36. Lipids and lipoproteins - p. 1803 215. Abstract - p. 1803 216. Historical perspective - p. 1803 217. Lipids - p. 1804 218. Lipoproteins - p. 1813 219. Reference lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein concentrations - p. 1820 220. Clinical significance of lipids and lipoproteins - p. 1822 221. Screening for and diagnosis of lipoprotein disorders - p. 1834 222. Management of lipoprotein disorders: - p. 1834 223. Measurement of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins - p. 1838 224. Other cardiac risk factors - p. 1855 225. Multiple choice questions - p. 1857 226. Selected references - p. 1858 227. References - p. 1859 228. 37. Electrolytes and blood gases - p. 1871 229. Abstract - p. 1871 230. Electrolytes - p. 1871 231. Sweat chloride - p. 1877 232. Blood gases and pH - p. 1883 233. Multiple choice questions - p. 1894 234. Selected references - p. 1894 235. References - p. 1896 236. 38. Hormones - p. 1899 237. 39. Vitamins and trace elements - p. 1910 238. Abstract - p. 1910 239. Historical perspective - p. 1910 240. Vitamin and trace element status - p. 1910 241. General considerations in the analyses of vitamins - p. 1912 242. Free radicals and antioxidants - p. 1914 243. Vitamins - p. 1915 244. Special cases for vitamin and trace element measurement - p. 1961 245. Trace elements - p. 1962 246. Multiple choice questions - p. 1994 247. Selected references - p. 1994 248. References - p. 1996 249. 40. Iron metabolism - p. 2026 250. Abstract - p. 2026 251. Iron - p. 2026 252. Multiple choice questions - p. 2053 253. Selected references - p. 2054 254. References - p. 2055 255. 41. Porphyrins and the porphyrias - p. 2070 256. Abstract - p. 2070 257. Historical perspective - p. 2070 258. Porphyrin chemistry - p. 2071 259. Heme biosynthesis - p. 2072 260. Regulation of heme biosynthesis - p. 2073 261. Function of heme - p. 2073 262. Excretion of heme precursors - p. 2073 263. Porphyrias - p. 2074 264. Laboratory diagnosis of porphyria - p. 2082 265. Laboratory analysis - p. 2086 266. Multiple choice questions - p. 2091 267. Selected references - p. 2091 268. References - p. 2093 269. 42. Therapeutic drugs and their management - p. 2101 270. Abstract - p. 2101 271. Introduction - p. 2101 272. Fundamental principles of applied pharmacokinetics - p. 2102 273. Characterizing drug exposure with minimal assumptions: The noncompartmental analysis of concentration data over time - p. 2107 274. Predicting drug concentrations using a compartmental model - p. 2109 275. General considerations for the clinical use of therapeutic drug monitoring - p. 2112 276. Therapeutic drug monitoring of specific drugs in common clinical use - p. 2115 277. Summary and conclusion - p. 2135 278. Multiple choice questions - p. 2136 279. Selected references - p. 2136 280. References - p. 2136 281. 43. Clinical toxicology - p. 2147 282. Abstract - p. 2147 283. Basic information - p. 2147 284. Ancillary tests - p. 2151 285. Screening procedures for detection of drugs - p. 2153 286. Pharmacology and analysis of specific drugs and toxic agents - p. 2154 287. Acknowledgements - p. 2201 288. Multiple choice questions - p. 2201 289. Selected references - p. 2202 290. References - p. 2202 291. 44. Toxic elements - p. 2234 292. Abstract - p. 2234 293. Introduction to toxic elements - p. 2234 294. Classification of toxic elements - p. 2237 295. Prevalence of elemental toxicities - p. 2237 296. Diagnosing and monitoring for elemental toxicity - p. 2238 297. Treatments for elemental toxicities - p. 2238 298. Overview of analytical techniques - p. 2239 299. Specific elements - p. 2239 300. Multiple choice questions - p. 2276 301. Selected references - p. 2276 302. References - p. 2278 303. 45. Body fluids - p. 2298 304. Abstract - p. 2298 305. Background information - p. 2298 306. Specimen acquisition - p. 2299 307. Specimen containers, transport, and processing - p. 2301 308. Body fluids and clinical laboratory testing - p. 2302 309. Conclusions - p. 2324 310. Multiple choice questions - p. 2324 311. Selected references - p. 2325 312. References - p. 2326 313. Section IV. Clinical Chemistry-Pathophysiology - p. 2338 314. 46. Nutrition: Laboratory and clinical aspects - p. 2339 315. Abstract - p. 2339 316. Introduction: The scope of clinical nutrition - p. 2339 317. Nutrient requirements - p. 2340 318. A classification of nutrients - p. 2340 319. Macronutrients - p. 2341 320. Vitamins - p. 2347 321. Inorganic micronutrients - p. 2359 322. The assessment of nutritional status - p. 2363 323. Nutrition support - p. 2366 324. Obesity - p. 2372 325. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa - p. 2377 326. Other aspects of clinical nutrition - p. 2378 327. Multiple choice questions - p. 2379 328. Selected references - p. 2379 329. References - p. 2380 330. 47. Diabetes mellitus - p. 2387 331. Abstract - p. 2387 332. Classification - p. 2388 333. Hormones that regulate blood glucose concentration - p. 2390 334. Clinical utility of measuring insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and glucagon - p. 2396 335. Methods for the measurement of specific hormones - p. 2398 336. Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus - p. 2400 337. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus - p. 2402 338. Diagnosis - p. 2404 339. Gestational diabetes mellitus - p. 2406 340. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus - p. 2407 341. Role of the clinical laboratory in diabetes mellitus - p. 2408 342. Self-monitoring of blood glucose - p. 2410 343. Continuous glucose monitoring - p. 2414 344. Ketone bodies - p. 2414 345. Glycated proteins - p. 2416 346. 1,5-Anhydroglucitol - p. 2425 347. Albuminuria - p. 2426 348. Multiple choice questions - p. 2429 349. Selected references - p. 2429 350. References - p. 2431 351. 48. Cardiac function - p. 2445 352. Abstract - p. 2445 353. Basic anatomy - p. 2446 354. Physiology - p. 2447 355. Cardiac disease - p. 2448 356. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome - p. 2455 357. Other causes of acute cardiac troponin elevation in the absence of acute ischemic heart disease - p. 2475 358. Congestive heart failure - p. 2480 359. Analytical considerations of biomarkers assays in heart failure - p. 2487 360. Biomarkers of interest (although they are not currently used routinely) - p. 2497 361. Myeloperoxidase - p. 2499 362. Multiple choice questions - p. 2500 363. Selected references - p. 2501 364. References - p. 2502 365. 49. Kidney disease - p. 2523 366. Abstract - p. 2523 367. Introduction - p. 2523 368. Anatomy - p. 2523 369. Kidney function and physiology - p. 2527 370. Glomerular and tubular protein handling - p. 2527 371. Pathophysiology of kidney disease - p. 2528 372. Diseases of the kidney - p. 2547 373. Renal replacement therapy - p. 2571 374. Acknowledgements - p. 2582 375. Multiple choice questions - p. 2584 376. Selected references - p. 2585 377. References - p. 2587 378. 50. Disorders of water, electrolytes, and acid-base metabolism - p. 2606 379. Abstract - p. 2606 380. Total body water: Volume and distribution - p. 2606 381. Water and electrolytes: Composition of body fluids - p. 2607 382. Acid-base physiology - p. 2615 383. Multiple choice questions - p. 2628 384. Selected references - p. 2629 385. References - p. 2630 386. 51. Liver disease - p. 2631 387. Abstract - p. 2631 388. Introduction - p. 2631 389. Anatomy of the liver - p. 2632 390. Biochemical functions of the liver - p. 2634 391. Clinical manifestations of liver disease - p. 2647 392. Diseases of the liver - p. 2652 393. Diagnostic strategy - p. 2688 394. Liver transplantation - p. 2692 395. Multiple choice questions - p. 2693 396. Selected references - p. 2693 397. References - p. 2695 398. 52. Gastric, intestinal, and pancreatic function - p. 2720 399. Abstract - p. 2720 400. Introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract - p. 2720 401. Phases of digestion - p. 2721 402. Stomach: Diseases and laboratory investigations - p. 2724 403. Intestinal disorders and their laboratory investigation - p. 2727 404. Pancreas: Disease and assessment of exocrine pancreatic function - p. 2734 405. Multiple choice questions - p. 2740 406. Selected references - p. 2741 407. References - p. 2742 408. 53. Monoamine-producing tumors - p. 2747 409. Abstract - p. 2747 410. Peripheral monoamine systems - p. 2747 411. Neuroblastoma - p. 2756 412. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma - p. 2763 413. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors - p. 2777 414. Multiple choice questions - p. 2777 415. Selected references - p. 2777 416. Peripheral monoamine systems - p. 2777 417. Neuroblastoma - p. 2777 418. Pheochromocytoma - p. 2777 419. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroeendocrine tumors - p. 2777 420. References - p. 2779 421. 54. Bone and mineral metabolism - p. 2793 422. Abstract - p. 2793 423. Overview of skeletal metabolism - p. 2793 424. Biochemical measurements in metabolic bone disease - p. 2796 425. Phosphate - p. 2809 426. Magnesium - p. 2812 427. Hormones regulating bone and mineral metabolism - p. 2816 428. Fibroblast growth factor 23 - p. 2832 429. Calcitonin - p. 2836 430. Sclerostin - p. 2840 431. Summary of integrated control of mineral metabolism - p. 2840 432. Biochemical markers of bone turnover - p. 2841 433. Metabolic bone diseases - p. 2854 434. Multiple choice questions - p. 2859 435. Selected references - p. 2859 436. References - p. 2861 437. 55. Pituitary function and pathophysiology - p. 2879 438. Abstract - p. 2879 439. Anatomy - p. 2880 440. Pituitary embryology - p. 2881 441. Hypothalamic regulation - p. 2882 442. Summary of pituitary-related disorders - p. 2915 443. Multiple choice questions - p. 2915 444. Selected references - p. 2917 445. References - p. 2917 446. 56. Adrenal cortex - p. 2927 447. Abstract - p. 2927 448. Introduction - p. 2927 449. Adrenal anatomy and physiology - p. 2927 450. Regulation of adrenocortical hormones - p. 2932 451. Adrenocortical insufficiency - p. 2935 452. Disorders producing excess adrenocortical hormones - p. 2941 453. Laboratory investigation of adrenocortical dysfunction - p. 2944 454. Analytical methods - p. 2950 455. Summary - p. 2951 456. Multiple choice questions - p. 2952 457. Selected references - p. 2952 458. References - p. 2953 459. 57. Thyroid disorders - p. 2961 460. Abstract - p. 2961 461. Historical landmarks - p. 2961 462. Anatomy - p. 2962 463. Thyroid hormones - p. 2964 464. Iodine - p. 2967 465. Extrathyroidal factors that affect thyroid function - p. 2969 466. Thyroid disease - p. 2972 467. Genetics - p. 2992 468. Evaluation of thyroid function - p. 2993 469. Multiple choice questions - p. 3001 470. Selected references - p. 3001 471. References - p. 3003 472. 58. Reproductive endocrinology and related disorders - p. 3018 473. Abstract - p. 3018 474. Male reproductive biology - p. 3018 475. Female reproductive biology - p. 3022 476. Infertility - p. 3036 477. Analytical methods for reproductive hormones - p. 3043 478. Multiple choice questions - p. 3050 479. Selected references - p. 3051 480. References - p. 3052 481. 59. Pregnancy and its disorders - p. 3064 482. Abstract - p. 3064 483. Human pregnancy - p. 3064 484. Maternal and fetal health assessment - p. 3070 485. Complications of pregnancy - p. 3071 486. Prenatal screening for fetal defects - p. 3077 487. Laboratory tests - p. 3091 488. Multiple choice questions - p. 3101 489. Selected references - p. 3102 490. References - p. 3103 491. Section V. Genetic Metabolic Disorders - p. 3115 492. 60. Newborn screening and inborn errors of metabolism - p. 3116 493. Abstract - p. 3116 494. Introduction - p. 3116 495. Inborn errors of metabolism: Clinical presentation - p. 3116 496. Inborn errors of metabolism: Diagnosis - p. 3117 497. Prenatal diagnosis - p. 3118 498. Newborn screening - p. 3118 499. Evaluation of symptomatic patients - p. 3118 500. Postmortem screening - p. 3118 501. Biochemical genetics tests: Analytical considerations - p. 3119 502. Disorders of amino acid metabolism - p. 3123 503. Organic acidemias - p. 3123 504. Disorders of the carnitine cycle and fatty acid oxidation - p. 3126 505. Multiple choice questions - p. 3133 506. Selected references - p. 3134 507. References - p. 3134 508. 61. Inborn errors of metabolism: Disorders of complex molecules - p. 3138 509. Abstract - p. 3138 510. Lysosomal storage disorders - p. 3138 511. Peroxisomal disorders - p. 3158 512. Congenital disorders of glycosylation - p. 3163 513. Multiple choice questions - p. 3170 514. Selected references - p. 3171 515. References - p. 3171 516. Section VI. Molecular Diagnostics - p. 3180 517. 62. Principles of molecular biology - p. 3181 518. 63. Nucleic acid isolation - p. 3200 519. 64. Nucleic acid techniques - p. 3216 520. Abstract - p. 3216 521. Introduction - p. 3216 522. Nucleic acid preparation - p. 3218 523. Amplification techniques - p. 3219 524. Detection techniques - p. 3229 525. Discrimination techniques - p. 3230 526. Multiple choice questions - p. 3245 527. Selected references - p. 3247 528. References - p. 3247 529. 65. Genomes, variants, and massively parallel methods - p. 3253 530. 66. Clinical genome sequencing - p. 3278 531. 67. Molecular microbiology - p. 3293 532. Abstract - p. 3293 533. Introduction and historical perspective - p. 3293 534. Overview of methodologies - p. 3293 535. Probe hybridization - p. 3294 536. Liquid-phase hybridization - p. 3294 537. Solid-phase hybridization - p. 3294 538. In situ hybridization - p. 3295 539. Hybridization arrays - p. 3297 540. Target nucleic acid amplification strategies - p. 3299 541. Real-time polymerase chain reaction - p. 3299 542. Digital polymerase chain reaction - p. 3301 543. Non–polymerase chain reaction target and signal amplification approaches - p. 3301 544. Signal amplification techniques - p. 3301 545. Non–polymerase chain reaction target amplification - p. 3302 546. Sequencing - p. 3304 547. Mass spectrometry - p. 3307 548. Health care–associated infections - p. 3308 549. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus - p. 3309 550. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci - p. 3309 551. β-lactam resistant gram-negative bacilli - p. 3310 552. Syndromic panels - p. 3311 553. Pneumonia panels - p. 3314 554. Emerging technologies - p. 3318 555. Cell-free nucleic acid for microbial identification - p. 3320 556. Gene expression analysis (transcriptomics) - p. 3322 557. Host protein signature (proteomics) - p. 3322 558. CRISPR-CAS applications - p. 3322 559. Summary and future directions - p. 3323 560. Multiple choice questions - p. 3324 561. Selected references - p. 3324 562. References - p. 3324 563. 68. Genetics - p. 3338 564. Abstract - p. 3338 565. Diseases with mendelian inheritance - p. 3338 566. Mitochondrial DNA diseases - p. 3372 567. Imprinting - p. 3375 568. Expanded carrier screening - p. 3378 569. Massively parallel sequencing - p. 3379 570. Noninvasive prenatal testing - p. 3380 571. Whole-exome sequencing - p. 3381 572. Cytogenomics - p. 3383 573. Reporting of test results - p. 3385 574. Laboratory regulation - p. 3385 575. Multiple choice questions - p. 3386 576. Selected references - p. 3387 577. References - p. 3389 578. 69. Solid tumors - p. 3414 579. 70. Hematopathology - p. 3429 580. Abstract - p. 3429 581. Recurrent translocations and structural chromosomal abnormalities - p. 3429 582. Gene mutations in hematopoietic malignancies - p. 3441 583. Role of genetic regulatory mechanisms in hematopoietic malignancies - p. 3446 584. Clonality testing in hematopoietic malignancies - p. 3447 585. Conclusion - p. 3452 586. Multiple choice questions - p. 3452 587. Selected references - p. 3452 588. References - p. 3453 589. 71. Circulating tumor cells and circulating nucleic acids in oncology - p. 3461 590. Abstract - p. 3461 591. Circulating tumor cells - p. 3463 592. Circulating tumor DNA - p. 3482 593. ctDNA historical background - p. 3483 594. Combined discussion of circulating tumor cells and ctDNA - p. 3496 595. Conclusions - p. 3496 596. Multiple-choice questions - p. 3496 597. Selected references - p. 3496 598. References - p. 3498 599. 72. Circulating nucleic acids for prenatal diagnostics - p. 3516 600. 73. Pharmacogenetics - p. 3530 601. Abstract - p. 3530 602. Principles of pharmacogenetics - p. 3530 603. Pharmacogenes - p. 3539 604. Thiopurine s-methyltransferase and nudix hydrolase 15 (TPMT and NUDT15) - p. 3542 605. MU-opioid receptor (OPRM1) - p. 3543 606. Clinical applications - p. 3544 607. Future directions - p. 3548 608. Multiple-choice questions - p. 3548 609. Selected references - p. 3549 610. References - p. 3550 611. Section VII. Hematology and Coagulation - p. 3557 612. 74. Automated hematology - p. 3558 613. 75. Leukocyte morphology in blood and bone marrow - p. 3574 614. 76. Red blood cell morphology and indices: The clinical chemistry interface - p. 3597 615. 77. Hemoglobin and hemoglobinopathies - p. 3611 616. Abstract - p. 3611 617. Biochemistry, genetics, and physiology of hemoglobin - p. 3611 618. Thalassemia syndromes - p. 3615 619. Hemoglobinopathies - p. 3620 620. Analytical methods - p. 3627 621. Multiple choice questions - p. 3642 622. Selected references - p. 3642 623. References - p. 3643 624. 78. Enzymes of the red blood cell - p. 3648 625. Abstract - p. 3648 626. Introduction - p. 3648 627. The embden-meyerhof pathway - p. 3650 628. Hexose monophosphate pathway - p. 3654 629. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.44) - p. 3656 630. Rapoport-luebering shunt - p. 3656 631. Glutathione pathway - p. 3656 632. Purine-pyrimidine metabolism - p. 3657 633. Methemoglobin reduction - p. 3658 634. Detection of hereditary red cell enzyme deficiencies - p. 3659 635. Methods - p. 3659 636. Multiple choice questions - p. 3660 637. Selected references - p. 3661 638. References - p. 3662 639. 79. Physiology of hemostasis - p. 3672 640. 80. Platelets and von Willebrand factor - p. 3684 641. 81. Coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis - p. 3704 642. Abstract - p. 3704 643. General considerations for coagulation testing - p. 3704 644. Test methods for coagulation - p. 3706 645. Clinical application of laboratory tests for coagulation disorders - p. 3714 646. Test methods and their clinical application for fibrinolysis - p. 3721 647. Thrombosis - p. 3723 648. Test methods and their clinical application for thrombotic risk - p. 3724 649. Thrombophilia testing - p. 3724 650. Monitoring anticoagulant therapy - p. 3728 651. Multiple choice questions - p. 3735 652. Selected references - p. 3735 653. References - p. 3736 654. Section VIII. Microbiology - p. 3742 655. 82. Introduction to infectious diseases - p. 3743 656. Abstract - p. 3743 657. Introduction - p. 3743 658. Bloodstream and endovascular infections - p. 3744 659. Central nervous system infections - p. 3747 660. Eye infections - p. 3749 661. Upper respiratory tract infections - p. 3753 662. Lower respiratory tract infections - p. 3756 663. Gastrointestinal and intra-abdominal infections - p. 3759 664. Genitourinary tract infections - p. 3763 665. Bone and joint infections - p. 3766 666. Skin and soft tissue infections - p. 3768 667. Multi-systemic infections - p. 3772 668. Congenital infections - p. 3774 669. Multiple choice questions - p. 3775 670. Selected references - p. 3776 671. References - p. 3776 672. 83. The role of the clinical laboratory in infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship - p. 3782 673. Abstract - p. 3782 674. Introduction - p. 3782 675. Roles and objectives of key stakeholders - p. 3782 676. Clinical laboratory role for ASP - p. 3783 677. Clinical laboratory role for IPC - p. 3784 678. Workflow and communication between the laboratory, infection prevention and control, and antimicrobial stewardship program - p. 3786 679. Laboratory diagnostic methods to support infection prevention and control and antimicrobial stewardship program - p. 3786 680. Karius test - p. 3788 681. Septifast - p. 3789 682. Summary of rapid bloodstream infection identification - p. 3789 683. Summary for other multiplex syndromic panels - p. 3790 684. mecA, vanA, and vanB - p. 3790 685. Carbapenemase genes - p. 3791 686. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing considerations - p. 3794 687. Biomarkers - p. 3795 688. Screening tests for infection prevention and control - p. 3798 689. Translating microbiological results into clinical impact - p. 3800 690. Diagnostic stewardship - p. 3800 691. Summary - p. 3801 692. Multiple choice questions - p. 3801 693. Selected references - p. 3802 694. References - p. 3803 695. 84. Bacteriology - p. 3822 696. Abstract - p. 3822 697. Introduction - p. 3822 698. Overview of the laboratory’s role in the diagnosis of bacterial infections - p. 3823 699. Methods of organism identification - p. 3823 700. Postanalytical considerations - p. 3833 701. Clinical syndromes - p. 3833 702. Summary - p. 3850 703. Multiple-choice questions - p. 3850 704. Selected references - p. 3850 705. References - p. 3851 706. 85. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing - p. 3858 707. Abstract - p. 3858 708. Introduction - p. 3858 709. Key antibacterial agents used in clinical practice - p. 3858 710. Performance of the antimicrobial susceptibility test - p. 3863 711. Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for key bacterial pathogens - p. 3872 712. Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for mycobacteria and aerobic actinomycetes - p. 3872 713. Antimicrobial resistance and testing considerations for fungi - p. 3873 714. Susceptibility testing of yeast - p. 3873 715. Multiple choice questions - p. 3875 716. Selected references - p. 3877 717. References - p. 3877 718. 86. Mycobacteriology - p. 3883 719. 87. Mycology - p. 3909 720. Abstract - p. 3909 721. Introduction - p. 3909 722. Fungal taxonomy and nomenclature - p. 3910 723. Epidemiology of fungal infections - p. 3911 724. Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections: Introduction - p. 3915 725. Laboratory diagnosis: Preanalytical phase - p. 3916 726. Laboratory diagnosis: Analytical phase - p. 3917 727. Laboratory diagnosis: Postanalytical phase - p. 3962 728. Antifungal agents and therapeutic drug monitoring - p. 3963 729. Introduction to fungal infections - p. 3968 730. Bloodstream infections and endocarditis - p. 3968 731. Respiratory tract infections - p. 3973 732. Central nervous system infections - p. 3982 733. Bone and joint infections - p. 3987 734. Intra-abdominal infections - p. 3989 735. Gastrointestinal infections - p. 3990 736. Urinary tract infections - p. 3992 737. Genital infections - p. 3994 738. Eye infections - p. 3995 739. Ear infections - p. 3997 740. Skin, hair, and nail infections - p. 3998 741. Subcutaneous infections - p. 4003 742. Microsporidiosis and rare infections - p. 4005 743. Multiple choice questions - p. 4009 744. Selected references - p. 4009 745. References - p. 4011 746. 88. Parasitology - p. 4055 747. Abstract - p. 4055 748. Introduction - p. 4055 749. Parasite classification and taxonomy - p. 4058 750. Laboratory methods - p. 4058 751. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in the diagnosis of parasitic infections - p. 4066 752. Blood and tissue protozoa - p. 4070 753. Intestinal and urogenital protozoa - p. 4096 754. Intestinal helminths - p. 4115 755. Miscellaneous uncommon cestodes - p. 4129 756. Blood and tissue helminths - p. 4133 757. Medically important arthropods - p. 4152 758. Delusional parasitosis - p. 4160 759. Multiple choice questions - p. 4160 760. Selected references - p. 4161 761. References - p. 4162 762. 89. Virology - p. 4173 763. Abstract - p. 4173 764. Introduction and historical perspective - p. 4173 765. Viral infections of the respiratory tract - p. 4174 766. Viral infections in immunocompromised populations - p. 4179 767. Sexually transmitted infections - p. 4191 768. Viral infections of the central nervous system - p. 4199 769. Arthropod borne viruses associated with fever and rash - p. 4203 770. Viral gastroenteritis - p. 4205 771. Viral hepatitis - p. 4207 772. Viral hemorrhagic fevers - p. 4212 773. Re-emerging vaccine-preventable viral illness - p. 4214 774. Summary and conclusion - p. 4216 775. Multiple choice questions - p. 4216 776. Selected References - p. 4217 777. References - p. 4219 778. Section IX. Transfusion Medicine - p. 4243 779. 90. Blood group systems and pretransfusion testing - p. 4244 780. 91. Blood components, product modifications, and blood donor screening - p. 4258 781. 92. Indications for transfusion: RBCs, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate - p. 4275 782. 93. Transfusion reactions and adverse events associated with transfusion - p. 4288 783. Section X. Clinical Immunology - p. 4306 784. 94. Systemic autoimmune disease - p. 4307 785. Abstract - p. 4307 786. Introduction to systemic autoimmunity - p. 4307 787. Antinuclear antibody-associated rheumatic diseases - p. 4316 788. Mixed connective tissue disease - p. 4320 789. Rheumatoid arthritis - p. 4326 790. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies - p. 4327 791. Antiphospholipid syndrome - p. 4328 792. Vasculitis - p. 4336 793. Summary - p. 4340 794. Multiple choice questions - p. 4340 795. Selected references - p. 4341 796. References - p. 4342 797. 95. Transplant, solid organ - p. 4359 798. Abstract - p. 4359 799. Introduction - p. 4359 800. Immunobiology of allotransplantation and barriers - p. 4360 801. Immunosuppression in transplantation—the past, present, and future - p. 4360 802. Solid organ-specific challenges - p. 4365 803. Outcomes in organ transplantation - p. 4368 804. Complications in transplantation - p. 4369 805. Future transplant practice - p. 4375 806. Summary - p. 4377 807. Multiple choice questions - p. 4377 808. Selected references - p. 4377 809. References - p. 4379 810. 96. Hematopoietic cell transplantation - p. 4388 811. Abstract - p. 4388 812. Introduction - p. 4388 813. Donor selection - p. 4389 814. Graft sources - p. 4391 815. Conditioning - p. 4393 816. Graft-versus-host disease - p. 4395 817. Acute graft-versus-host disease - p. 4395 818. Chronic graft-versus-host disease - p. 4396 819. Infectious complications - p. 4397 820. Noninfectious complications - p. 4398 821. Late effects - p. 4400 822. Conclusion - p. 4401 823. Multiple choice questions - p. 4402 824. Selected references - p. 4402 825. References - p. 4403 826. 97. Transplant compatibility testing - p. 4413 827. 98. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics and immunogenicity - p. 4422 828. Abstract - p. 4422 829. Biology of antibodies - p. 4422 830. Therapeutic antibodies - p. 4423 831. The use of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in clinical medicine - p. 4429 832. Clinical laboratory testing for tumor necrosis factor antagonists - p. 4433 833. Test guided strategy in tumor necrosis factor antagonist treatment - p. 4440 834. Clinical laboratory testing interference by monoclonal antibody therapeutics - p. 4441 835. Multiple choice questions - p. 4446 836. Selected references - p. 4447 837. References - p. 4448 838. 99. Allergy testing - p. 4453 839. Abstract - p. 4453 840. Atopy, sensitization, and allergy - p. 4453 841. Hypersensitivity reactions and classification - p. 4453 842. Cells involved with allergy - p. 4454 843. Th1 versus Th2 immune response - p. 4455 844. Fetal origins of allergy - p. 4456 845. Biology of immunoglobulin E - p. 4457 846. Immunoglobulin E receptors - p. 4458 847. Relationship between immunoglobulin E and allergic disease - p. 4458 848. Allergy tests - p. 4458 849. Allergen and component nomenclature - p. 4466 850. Allergy component testing - p. 4466 851. Food allergy - p. 4466 852. Food allergies resulting from immunologic cross-reactivity with inhalant allergens - p. 4472 853. Ocular allergy - p. 4474 854. Occupational allergy - p. 4475 855. Latex allergy - p. 4477 856. Pet allergy - p. 4478 857. Rodent (mouse and rat) allergy - p. 4480 858. Pollen allergy - p. 4480 859. Red meat allergy - p. 4484 860. Non–immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy - p. 4485 861. Mixed immunoglobulin E– and non–immunoglobulin E–mediated reactions - p. 4486 862. Allergy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - p. 4488 863. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - p. 4489 864. Rhinitis - p. 4490 865. Urticaria (hives) - p. 4491 866. Urticaria associated with vasculitis/immune complex - p. 4491 867. Hereditary angioedema and acquired angioedema - p. 4492 868. Management of allergic disease during pregnancy - p. 4493 869. Multiple choice questions - p. 4494 870. Selected references - p. 4494 871. References - p. 4495 872. 100. Primary immunodeficiencies and secondary immunodeficiencies - p. 4502 873. Abstract - p. 4502 874. Introduction - p. 4502 875. Group 1. Combined immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity - p. 4504 876. Group 2. Combined immunodeficiencies with syndromic or associated features—DiGeorge syndrome - p. 4504 877. Group 2. Combined immunodeficiencies with syndromic or associated features—Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome - p. 4505 878. Group 3. Antibody deficiencies—common variable immunodeficiency - p. 4506 879. Group 4. Diseases of immune dysregulation—autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome - p. 4509 880. Group 5. Phagocytic defects—chronic granulomatous disease - p. 4511 881. Group 6. Defects of innate immunity - p. 4513 882. Group 7. Autoinflammatory conditions - p. 4514 883. Group 8. Complement deficiencies - p. 4515 884. Group 9. Bone marrow failure syndromes—dyskeratosis congenita - p. 4516 885. Group 10. Phenocopies of primary immunodeficiencies - p. 4517 886. Multiple choice questions - p. 4527 887. Selected references - p. 4528 888. References - p. 4528 889. Appendix A: Reference information for the clinical laboratory - p. 4542 890. Appendix B: Answers to multiple choice questions - p. 4590 891. Index - p. 4591
