Provide quality nursing care through each stage of child development! Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition uses an easy-to-follow, family-centered approach to describe the care of children at each age and stage of development. The book begins with a discussion of the influences on and assessment of child health, then provides chapters on child health promotion and health problems — all organized by age groups and body systems. Up-to-date, evidence-based information helps you develop critical thinking skills along with the sensitivity needed to become a compassionate, caring pediatric nurse. Written by a team of experts led by Marilyn J. Hockenberry, Wong’s continues to be the leading text in pediatric nursing.
1. Cover Image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Evolve Student Resources - p. IFC1 5. Brief Contents - p. IFC1 6. Copyright - p. iv 7. Contributors - p. ix 8. Reviewers - p. xi 9. Preface - p. xiii 10. Teaching and Learning Package - p. xvii 11. Special Features - p. xix 12. Acknowledgments - p. xxi 13. Section I: Children, Their Families, and the Nurse - p. 1 14. 1. Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing - p. 1a 15. 2. Family, Social, Cultural, and Religious Influences on Child Health Promotion - p. 14 16. 3. Hereditary Influences on Health of the Child and Family - p. 36 17. Genetic/Genomic Nursing Competencies - p. 36 18. Disorders of the Intrauterine Environment - p. 56 19. Inborn Errors of Metabolism - p. 56 20. Impact of Hereditary Disorders on the Family - p. 62 21. References - p. 72 22. Section II: Childhood and Family Assessment - p. 74 23. 4. Communication and Physical Assessment of the Child and Family - p. 74a 24. Guidelines For Communication And Interviewing - p. 74a 25. Communicating With Families - p. 75 26. History Taking - p. 81 27. Nutritional Assessment - p. 88 28. General Approaches Toward Examining The Child - p. 89 29. Physical Examination - p. 92 30. References - p. 130 31. 5. Pain Assessment in Children - p. 131 32. What is Pain, and How Does it Occur? - p. 131 33. What Does Pain Do Besides Hurt? - p. 132 34. Common Acute Pain Conditions in Children - p. 134 35. Common Chronic Pain Conditions in Children - p. 134 36. Common Mixed-Pain Conditions in Children - p. 136 37. Measuring Pain in Children - p. 137 38. Chronic and Recurrent Pain Assessment - p. 140 39. Prevention and Treatment of Pain in Children - p. 143 40. References - p. 161 41. 6. Childhood Communicable and Infectious Diseases - p. 167 42. Section III: Family-Centered Care of the Newborn - p. 196 43. 7. Health Promotion of the Newborn and Family - p. 196a 44. Adjustment to Extrauterine Life - p. 196a 45. Immediate Adjustments - p. 196a 46. Physiologic Status of Other Systems - p. 197 47. Nursing Care of the Newborn and Family - p. 199 48. Maintain a Patent Airway - p. 217 49. Maintain a Stable Body Temperature - p. 217 50. Protect from Infection and Injury - p. 218 51. Provide Optimum Nutrition - p. 223 52. Feeding Schedules - p. 230 53. Promote Parent-Infant Bonding (Attachment) - p. 231 54. Prepare for Discharge and Home Care - p. 233 55. References - p. 236 56. 8. Health Problems of Newborns - p. 239 57. 9. The High-Risk Newborn and Family - p. 270 58. General Management Of High-Risk Newborns - p. 270 59. Intensive Care Facilities - p. 272 60. Nursing Care Of High-Risk Newborns - p. 273 61. Assessment - p. 273 62. Monitoring Physiologic Data - p. 274 63. High-Risk Conditions Related To Dysmaturity - p. 295 64. Postterm Infants - p. 296 65. High Risk Related To Disturbed Respiratory Function - p. 296 66. Respiratory Distress Syndrome - p. 299 67. MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME - p. 306 68. Air Leak Syndromes - p. 307 69. Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Of The Newborn - p. 308 70. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia - p. 309 71. High Risk Related To Infectious Processes - p. 311 72. Necrotizing Enterocolitis - p. 313 73. High Risk Related To Cardiovascular And Hematologic Complications - p. 315 74. Anemia - p. 315 75. Polycythemia - p. 315 76. Retinopathy Of Prematurity - p. 316 77. High Risk Related To Neurologic Disturbance - p. 317 78. Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury - p. 317 79. Intraventricular Hemorrhage - p. 318 80. Intracranial Hemorrhage - p. 319 81. Neonatal/Perinatal Stroke - p. 319 82. Neonatal Seizures - p. 320 83. High Risk Related To Maternal Conditions - p. 321 84. Drug-Exposed Infants - p. 322 85. Maternal Infections - p. 328 86. References - p. 332 87. Section IV: Family-Centered Care of the Infant - p. 338 88. 10. Health Promotion of the Infant and Family - p. 338a 89. 11. Health Problems of the Infant - p. 375 90. Section V: Family-Centered Care of the Toddler and Preschooler - p. 396 91. 12. Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family - p. 396a 92. 13. Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family - p. 425 93. 14. Health Problems of Early Childhood - p. 442 94. Section VI: Family-Centered Care of the School-Age Child - p. 463 95. 15. Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family - p. 463a 96. 16. Health Problems of the School-Age Child - p. 483 97. Section VII: Family-Centered Care of the Adolescent - p. 510 98. 17. Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family - p. 510a 99. 18. Health Problems of the Adolescent - p. 537 100. Health Conditions of the Male Reproductive System - p. 537 101. Varicocele - p. 537 102. Epididymitis - p. 538 103. Testicular Torsion - p. 538 104. Gynecomastia - p. 538 105. Health Conditions of the Female Reproductive System - p. 538 106. Menstrual Disorders - p. 539 107. Nursing Care Management - p. 539 108. Endometriosis - p. 541 109. Premenstrual Syndrome - p. 542 110. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - p. 543 111. Vaginal Infections - p. 544 112. Sexually Transmitted Infections - p. 545 113. Sexually Transmitted Protozoa Infections - p. 546 114. Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Infections - p. 547 115. Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections - p. 549 116. Health Conditions Related to Reproduction - p. 551 117. Adolescent Pregnancy - p. 552 118. Contraception - p. 554 119. Sexual Assault (Rape) - p. 557 120. Health Conditions with a Behavioral Component - p. 559 121. Substance Abuse - p. 563 122. Motivation - p. 564 123. Types of Drugs Abused - p. 564 124. Tobacco - p. 564 125. Alcohol - p. 565 126. Cocaine - p. 566 127. Narcotics - p. 566 128. Central Nervous System Depressants - p. 566 129. Central Nervous System Stimulants - p. 566 130. Mind-Altering Drugs - p. 566 131. Nursing Care Management - p. 566 132. Self-Harm - p. 567 133. Etiology - p. 568 134. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 568 135. Therapeutic Management - p. 568 136. Suicide - p. 568 137. Etiology - p. 568 138. Methods - p. 568 139. Nursing Care Management - p. 570 140. References - p. 572 141. Section VIII: Family-Centered Care of the Child With Special Needs - p. 574 142. 19. Impact of Complex Chronic Illness, Disability, or End-of-Life Care on the Child and Family - p. 574a 143. Perspectives on the Care of Children and Families Living With or Dying from Chronic or Complex Diseases - p. 574a 144. Trends in Care - p. 575 145. The Family of the Child with a Chronic or Complex Condition - p. 577 146. Impact of the Child's Chronic Illness - p. 577 147. Coping with Ongoing Stress and Periodic Crises - p. 579 148. Assisting Family Members in Managing their Feelings - p. 580 149. Establishing a Support System - p. 581 150. The Child with a Chronic or Complex Condition - p. 581 151. Developmental Aspects - p. 581 152. Coping Mechanisms - p. 582 153. Nursing Care of the Family and Child with a Chronic or Complex Condition - p. 584 154. Provide Support at the Time of Diagnosis - p. 584 155. Support the Family's Coping Methods - p. 585 156. Educate about the Disorder and General Health Care - p. 588 157. Promote Normal Development - p. 588 158. Establish Realistic Future Goals - p. 590 159. Palliative Care in Childhood with Serious Conditions - p. 590 160. Principles of Palliative Care - p. 591 161. Goals of Care - p. 592 162. Awareness of Dying in Children with Life-Threatening Illness - p. 594 163. Children's Understanding of and Reactions to Dying - p. 596 164. Delivery of Palliative Care Services - p. 600 165. Nursing Care of the Child and Family at the End of Life - p. 601 166. Parents' and Siblings' Need for Education and Support Through the Caregiving Process - p. 603 167. Care at the Time of Death - p. 605 168. Postmortem Care - p. 606 169. Care of the Family Experiencing Unexpected Childhood Death - p. 607 170. Special Decisions at the Time of Dying and Death - p. 608 171. Right to Die and Do-Not-Attempt-Resuscitation Orders - p. 608 172. Viewing of the Body - p. 608 173. Organ or Tissue Donation and Autopsy - p. 608 174. Siblings' Attendance at Funeral Services - p. 609 175. Care of the Grieving Family - p. 609 176. Grief - p. 610 177. Mourning - p. 613 178. Bereavement Programs - p. 613 179. The Nurse and the Child with Life-Threatening Illness - p. 613 180. Coping with Stress - p. 614 181. References - p. 617 182. 20. Impact of Cognitive or Sensory Impairment on the Child and Family - p. 621 183. Section IX: The Child Who Is Hospitalized - p. 648 184. 21. Family-Centered Care of the Child During Illness and Hospitalization - p. 648a 185. 22. Pediatric Nursing Interventions and Skills - p. 668 186. General Concepts Related to Pediatric Procedures - p. 668 187. Preparation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures - p. 669 188. Surgical Procedures - p. 676 189. Compliance - p. 678 190. Skin Care and General Hygiene - p. 679 191. Bathing - p. 681 192. Oral Hygiene - p. 681 193. Hair Care - p. 681 194. Feeding the Sick Child - p. 682 195. Controlling Elevated Temperatures - p. 683 196. Family Teaching and Home Care - p. 684 197. Safety - p. 684 198. Environmental Factors - p. 684 199. Infection Control - p. 686 200. Transporting Infants and Children - p. 687 201. Restraining Methods - p. 688 202. Positioning for Procedures - p. 690 203. Femoral Venipuncture - p. 690 204. Extremity Venipuncture Or Injection - p. 690 205. Lumbar Puncture - p. 690 206. Bone Marrow Aspiration Or Biopsy - p. 691 207. Collection of Specimens - p. 691 208. Fundamental Steps Common to all Procedures - p. 691 209. Urine Specimens - p. 691 210. Stool Specimens - p. 695 211. Blood Specimens - p. 695 212. Respiratory Secretion Specimens - p. 698 213. Administration of Medication - p. 699 214. Oral Administration - p. 700 215. Administration - p. 701 216. Intramuscular Administration - p. 702 217. Subcutaneous and Intradermal Administration - p. 706 218. Intravenous Administration - p. 706 219. Maintaining Fluid Balance - p. 711 220. Parenteral Fluid Therapy - p. 712 221. Securement of a Peripheral Intravenous Line - p. 712 222. Safety Catheters and Needleless Systems - p. 713 223. Infusion Pumps - p. 714 224. Maintenance - p. 714 225. Complications - p. 714 226. Removal of a Peripheral Intravenous Line - p. 715 227. Rectal Administration - p. 715 228. OPTIC, OTIC, and Nasal Administration - p. 716 229. Aerosol Therapy - p. 717 230. Family Teaching and Home Care - p. 717 231. Alternative Feeding Techniques - p. 718 232. Nasogastric, Orogastric, and Gastrostomy Administration - p. 718 233. Gavage Feeding - p. 718 234. Gastrostomy Feeding - p. 722 235. Nasoduodenal and Nasojejunal Tubes - p. 723 236. Total Parenteral Nutrition - p. 724 237. Family Teaching and Home Care - p. 724 238. Procedures Related to Elimination - p. 724 239. Ostomies - p. 725 240. Family Teaching and Home Care - p. 725 241. Procedures for Maintaining Respiratory Function - p. 726 242. End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring - p. 727 243. Bronchial (Postural) Drainage - p. 727 244. Chest Physical Therapy - p. 728 245. Intubation - p. 728 246. Mechanical Ventilation - p. 728 247. Chest Tube Procedures - p. 732 248. Interventions - p. 733 249. References - p. 734 250. Section X: Childhood Nutrition and Elimination Problems - p. 739 251. 23. The Child With Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance - p. 739a 252. 24. The Child With Genitourinary Dysfunction - p. 762 253. Renal Structure and Function - p. 762 254. Renal Physiology - p. 762 255. Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Structure and Function - p. 764 256. Urethrovesical Unit: Structure and Function - p. 764 257. Genitourinary Tract Disorders - p. 766 258. Vesicoureteral Reflux - p. 775 259. Glomerular Disease - p. 776 260. Nephrotic Syndrome - p. 780 261. Renal Tubular Disorders - p. 783 262. Tubular Function - p. 784 263. Renal Tubular Acidosis - p. 784 264. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus - p. 785 265. Miscellaneous Renal Disorders - p. 785 266. Familial Nephritis (Alport Syndrome) - p. 786 267. Unexplained Proteinuria - p. 786 268. Renal Trauma - p. 786 269. Renal Failure - p. 787 270. Acute Kidney Injury - p. 787 271. Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 791 272. Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 796 273. Hemodialysis - p. 797 274. Peritoneal Dialysis - p. 798 275. Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration - p. 799 276. Transplantation - p. 800 277. Defects of the Genitourinary Tract - p. 801 278. Hydrocele - p. 802 279. Cryptorchidism - p. 802 280. Hypospadias - p. 803 281. Epispadias and Exstrophy Complex - p. 804 282. Disorders of Sex Development - p. 806 283. Pathophysiology - p. 806 284. Therapeutic Management - p. 806 285. Family Support - p. 806 286. Obstructive Uropathy - p. 806 287. References - p. 809 288. 25. The Child With Gastrointestinal Dysfunction - p. 812 289. Gastrointestinal Structure And Function - p. 812 290. Development Of The Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 812 291. Digestion - p. 813 292. Absorption - p. 813 293. Assessment Of Gastrointestinal Function - p. 815 294. Gastrointestinal Disorders - p. 815 295. Vomiting - p. 827 296. Ingestion Of Foreign Substances - p. 829 297. Pica - p. 829 298. Foreign Bodies - p. 830 299. Disorders Of Motility - p. 831 300. Gastroesophageal Reflux - p. 833 301. Irritable Bowel Syndrome - p. 835 302. Inflammatory Conditions - p. 835 303. Inflammatory Bowel Disease - p. 840 304. Peptic Ulcer Disease - p. 844 305. Obstructive Disorders - p. 846 306. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis - p. 846 307. Intussusception - p. 848 308. Malrotation And Volvulus - p. 849 309. Malabsorption Syndromes - p. 849 310. Celiac Disease (Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy) - p. 850 311. Short-Bowel Syndrome - p. 851 312. Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 852 313. Hepatic Disorders - p. 853 314. Acute Hepatitis - p. 853 315. Biliary Atresia - p. 857 316. Structural Defects - p. 860 317. Esophageal Atresia And Tracheoesophageal Fistula - p. 860 318. Abdominal Wall Defects - p. 862 319. Hernias - p. 864 320. Umbilical Hernia - p. 864 321. Inguinal Hernia - p. 865 322. Femoral Hernia - p. 866 323. Anorectal Malformations - p. 866 324. References - p. 869 325. Section XI: Childhood Oxygenation Problems - p. 871 326. 26. The Child With Respiratory Dysfunction - p. 871a 327. Respiratory Tract Structure - p. 871a 328. Respiratory Function - p. 871a 329. Assessment of Respiratory Function - p. 872 330. Diagnostic Procedures - p. 873 331. Defenses of the Respiratory Tract - p. 874 332. General Aspects of Respiratory Tract Infections - p. 875 333. Etiology and Characteristics - p. 875 334. Clinical Manifestations - p. 875 335. Nursing Care of the Child with a Respiratory Tract Infection - p. 875 336. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections - p. 878 337. Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis - p. 879 338. Tonsillitis - p. 881 339. Infectious Mononucleosis - p. 883 340. Influenza - p. 884 341. Otitis Media - p. 885 342. Croup Syndromes - p. 889 343. Acute Epiglottitis - p. 889 344. Acute Laryngitis - p. 891 345. Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis - p. 891 346. Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis - p. 892 347. Bacterial Tracheitis - p. 892 348. Infections of the Lower Airways - p. 892 349. Bronchitis - p. 892 350. Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bronchiolitis - p. 893 351. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2): COVID-19 - p. 897 352. Pneumonia - p. 898 353. Viral Pneumonia - p. 899 354. Primary Atypical Pneumonia - p. 899 355. Bacterial Pneumonia - p. 899 356. Neonatal Pneumonia - p. 902 357. Other Infections of the Respiratory Tract - p. 902 358. Tuberculosis - p. 902 359. Respiratory Disturbance Caused by Noninfectious Irritants - p. 906 360. Foreign Body in the Nose - p. 908 361. Aspiration Pneumonia - p. 908 362. Pulmonary Edema - p. 910 363. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Lung Injury - p. 910 364. Smoke Inhalation Injury - p. 911 365. Environmental Tobacco Exposure - p. 914 366. Structural Defects - p. 915 367. Pierre Robin Sequence - p. 917 368. Choanal Atresia - p. 917 369. Long-Term Respiratory Dysfunction - p. 917 370. Asthma - p. 919 371. Cystic Fibrosis - p. 934 372. Obstructive Sleep Apnea - p. 943 373. Respiratory Emergency - p. 943 374. Nursing Care Management - p. 944 375. References - p. 946 376. Section XII: Childhood Blood Production and Circulation Problems - p. 949 377. 27. The Child With Cardiovascular Dysfunction - p. 949a 378. Cardiac Structure and Function - p. 949a 379. Cardiac Development and Function - p. 949a 380. Assessment of Cardiac Function - p. 952 381. Tests of Cardiac Function - p. 953 382. Congenital Heart Disease - p. 957 383. Altered Hemodynamics - p. 958 384. Clinical Consequences of Congenital Heart Disease - p. 959 385. Congestive Heart Failure - p. 959 386. Classification of Congenital Heart Defects - p. 970 387. Defects with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow - p. 977 388. Obstructive Defects - p. 978 389. Defects with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow - p. 978 390. Mixed Defects - p. 979 391. Single Ventricle Anatomy - p. 979 392. Family-Centered Care Home Monitoring Program - p. 979 393. Nursing Care of the Child With Congenital Heart Disease and his or her Family - p. 979 394. Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders - p. 985 395. Bacterial (Infective) Endocarditis - p. 986 396. Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease - p. 987 397. Kawasaki Disease - p. 989 398. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome - p. 993 399. Systemic Hypertension - p. 993 400. Dyslipidemia (Abnormal Lipid Metabolism) - p. 997 401. Cardiac Dysrhythmias - p. 1002 402. Pulmonary Hypertension - p. 1004 403. Cardiomyopathy - p. 1006 404. Advanced Heart Failure - p. 1007 405. Heart Transplantation - p. 1007 406. References - p. 1009 407. 28. The Child With Hematologic or Immunologic Dysfunction - p. 1013 408. The Hematologic System and Its Function - p. 1013 409. Hematologic and Immunologic Dysfunction - p. 1018 410. Red Blood Cell Disorders - p. 1018 411. Blood Transfusion Therapy - p. 1020 412. Anemia Caused By Nutritional Deficiencies - p. 1024 413. Anemias Caused By Increased Destruction of Red Blood Cells - p. 1028 414. Hereditary Spherocytosis - p. 1028 415. Sickle Cell Anemia - p. 1028 416. Beta (β)-Thalassemia (Cooley Anemia) - p. 1041 417. Anemias Caused by Impaired or Decreased Production of Red Blood Cells - p. 1044 418. Aplastic Anemia - p. 1044 419. Mechanisms Involved In Normal Hemostasis - p. 1045 420. Hemophilia - p. 1046 421. Von Willebrand Disease - p. 1051 422. Immune Thrombocytopenia (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) - p. 1052 423. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - p. 1054 424. Other Hematologic Disorders - p. 1055 425. Immunoglobulin-A Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura) - p. 1055 426. Immunologic Deficiency Disorders - p. 1056 427. Mechanisms Involved In Immunity - p. 1056 428. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection And Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - p. 1057 429. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome - p. 1061 430. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease - p. 1062 431. References - p. 1064 432. Section XIII: Childhood Regulatory Problems - p. 1073 433. 29. The Child With Cancer - p. 1073a 434. Cancer in Children - p. 1073a 435. Epidemiology: Incidence Rates - p. 1073a 436. Etiology - p. 1073a 437. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 1074 438. Treatment Modalities - p. 1076 439. Complications of Therapy - p. 1079 440. General Nursing Care Management - p. 1080 441. Signs and Symptoms of Cancer in Children - p. 1080 442. Managing Common Acute Side Effects of Treatment - p. 1081 443. Nursing Care During Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - p. 1084 444. Preparation for Procedures - p. 1085 445. Pain Management - p. 1085 446. Health Promotion - p. 1085 447. Patient and Family Education - p. 1086 448. Completion of Therapy - p. 1086 449. Cancers of Blood and Lymph Systems - p. 1087 450. Lymphomas - p. 1091 451. Nervous System Tumors - p. 1094 452. Neuroblastoma - p. 1099 453. Bone Tumors - p. 1100 454. Prognosis - p. 1101 455. Osteosarcoma - p. 1101 456. Ewing Sarcoma (Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Bone) - p. 1102 457. Other Solid Tumors - p. 1102 458. Wilms Tumor - p. 1103 459. Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 1104 460. Retinoblastoma - p. 1105 461. Germ Cell Tumors - p. 1107 462. Liver Tumors - p. 1107 463. The Childhood Cancer Survivor - p. 1107 464. References - p. 1109 465. 30. The Child with Cerebral Dysfunction - p. 1111 466. Cerebral Structure and Function - p. 1111 467. Development of the Neurologic System - p. 1111 468. Central Nervous System - p. 1111 469. Increased Intracranial Pressure - p. 1113 470. Evaluation of Neurologic Status - p. 1114 471. Assessment: General Aspects - p. 1114 472. Altered States of Consciousness - p. 1115 473. Neurologic Examination - p. 1117 474. Vital Signs - p. 1117 475. Skin - p. 1118 476. Eyes - p. 1118 477. Motor Function - p. 1119 478. Posturing - p. 1119 479. Reflexes - p. 1119 480. Special Diagnostic Procedures - p. 1119 481. The Child With Cerebral Compromise - p. 1120 482. Head Injury - p. 1126 483. Submersion Injury - p. 1135 484. Intracranial Infections - p. 1136 485. Bacterial Meningitis - p. 1136 486. Nonbacterial (Aseptic) Meningitis - p. 1141 487. Tuberculous Meningitis - p. 1142 488. Brain Abscess - p. 1142 489. Encephalitis - p. 1142 490. Rabies - p. 1143 491. Reye Syndrome - p. 1144 492. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalopathy - p. 1144 493. Seizures and Epilepsy - p. 1145 494. Epilepsy - p. 1145 495. Headache - p. 1160 496. Assessment - p. 1160 497. Migraine Headache - p. 1161 498. Cerebral Malformation - p. 1162 499. References - p. 1168 500. 31. The Child With Endocrine Dysfunction - p. 1172 501. The Endocrine System - p. 1172 502. Hormones - p. 1172 503. Neuroendocrine Interrelationships - p. 1172 504. Disorders of Pituitary Function - p. 1173 505. Hypopituitarism - p. 1173 506. Pituitary Hyperfunction - p. 1178 507. Precocious Puberty - p. 1179 508. Diabetes Insipidus - p. 1180 509. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone - p. 1181 510. Disorders of Thyroid Function - p. 1181 511. Juvenile Hypothyroidism - p. 1181 512. Goiter - p. 1182 513. Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis - p. 1182 514. Hyperthyroidism - p. 1183 515. Disorders of Parathyroid Function - p. 1185 516. Hypoparathyroidism - p. 1185 517. Hyperparathyroidism - p. 1186 518. Disorders of Adrenal Function - p. 1186 519. Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency - p. 1187 520. Cushing Syndrome - p. 1189 521. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - p. 1191 522. Hyperaldosteronism - p. 1193 523. Pheochromocytoma - p. 1193 524. Disorders of Pancreatic Hormone Secretion - p. 1193 525. References - p. 1208 526. Section XIV: Childhood Physical Mobility Problems - p. 1210 527. 32. The Child With Integumentary Dysfunction - p. 1210a 528. Integumentary Dysfunction - p. 1210a 529. Wounds - p. 1211 530. Infections of the Skin - p. 1217 531. Viral Infections - p. 1219 532. Dermatophytoses (Fungal Infections) - p. 1219 533. Systemic Mycotic (Fungal) Infections - p. 1222 534. Skin Disorders Related to Chemical or Physical Contacts - p. 1223 535. Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac - p. 1224 536. Drug Reactions - p. 1225 537. Foreign Bodies - p. 1226 538. Skin Disorders Related to Animal Contacts - p. 1226 539. Scabies - p. 1228 540. Pediculosis Capitis - p. 1228 541. Rickettsial Diseases - p. 1230 542. Lyme Disease - p. 1230 543. Pet Bites - p. 1232 544. Human Bites - p. 1232 545. Cat Scratch Disease - p. 1232 546. Miscellaneous Skin Disorders - p. 1233 547. Skin Disorders Associated With Specific Age-Groups - p. 1233 548. Diaper Dermatitis - p. 1234 549. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - p. 1235 550. Seborrheic Dermatitis - p. 1237 551. Acne - p. 1237 552. Burns - p. 1239 553. Burn Wound Characteristics - p. 1240 554. Pathophysiology - p. 1242 555. Therapeutic Management - p. 1247 556. Nursing Care Management - p. 1254 557. Future Research Needs - p. 1259 558. Sunburn - p. 1259 559. Cold Injury - p. 1260 560. References - p. 1261 561. 33. The Child With Musculoskeletal or Articular Dysfunction - p. 1263 562. The Child and Trauma - p. 1263 563. Assessment of Trauma - p. 1264 564. The Immobilized Child - p. 1266 565. The Child in a Cast - p. 1274 566. The Child in Traction - p. 1277 567. Distraction - p. 1280 568. Amputation - p. 1280 569. Obilization Devices - p. 1281 570. The Child With a Fracture - p. 1284 571. Fracture Complications - p. 1289 572. Injuries and Health Problems Related to Sports Participation - p. 1293 573. Preparation for Sports - p. 1293 574. Types of Injury - p. 1294 575. Contusions - p. 1294 576. Dislocations - p. 1295 577. Sprains and Strains - p. 1295 578. Overuse Injury - p. 1296 579. Exercise-Induced Heat Stress - p. 1297 580. Health Concerns Associated with Sports - p. 1297 581. Nurse’S Role in Children’s Sports - p. 1300 582. Musculoskeletal Dysfunction - p. 1301 583. Kyphosis and Lordosis - p. 1301 584. Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 1302 585. Skeletal Limb Deficiency - p. 1305 586. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip - p. 1305 587. Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease - p. 1308 588. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis - p. 1309 589. Metatarsus Adductus - p. 1309 590. Clubfoot - p. 1310 591. Orthopedic Infections - p. 1311 592. Septic Arthritis - p. 1312 593. Skeletal Tuberculosis - p. 1312 594. Skeletal and Articular Dysfunction - p. 1313 595. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis - p. 1314 596. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - p. 1318 597. References - p. 1322 598. 34. The Child With Neuromuscular or Muscular Dysfunction - p. 1324 599. Congenital Neuromuscular or Muscular Disorders - p. 1324 600. Classification and Diagnosis - p. 1324 601. Cerebral Palsy - p. 1325 602. Defects of Neural Tube Closure - p. 1337 603. Anencephaly - p. 1339 604. Spina Bifida and Myelodysplasia - p. 1339 605. Myelomeningocele (Meningomyelocele) - p. 1339 606. Latex Allergy - p. 1346 607. Hypotonia - p. 1346 608. Spinal Muscular Atrophy - p. 1347 609. Guillain-Barré Syndrome - p. 1350 610. Tetanus - p. 1352 611. Botulism - p. 1353 612. Myasthenia Gravis - p. 1354 613. Spinal Cord Injuries - p. 1355 614. Muscular Dysfunction - p. 1367 615. Muscular Dystrophies - p. 1368 616. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - p. 1369 617. References - p. 1375 618. Index - p. 1381 619. Blood Pressure Levels - p. IBC1
Provide quality nursing care through each stage of child development! Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition uses an easy-to-follow, family-centered approach to describe the care of children at each age and stage of development. The book begins with a discussion of the influences on and assessment of child health, then provides chapters on child health promotion and health problems — all organized by age groups and body systems. Up-to-date, evidence-based information helps you develop critical thinking skills along with the sensitivity needed to become a compassionate, caring pediatric nurse. Written by a team of experts led by Marilyn J. Hockenberry, Wong’s continues to be the leading text in pediatric nursing.
1. Cover Image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Evolve Student Resources - p. IFC1 5. Brief Contents - p. IFC1 6. Copyright - p. iv 7. Contributors - p. ix 8. Reviewers - p. xi 9. Preface - p. xiii 10. Teaching and Learning Package - p. xvii 11. Special Features - p. xix 12. Acknowledgments - p. xxi 13. Section I: Children, Their Families, and the Nurse - p. 1 14. 1. Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing - p. 1a 15. 2. Family, Social, Cultural, and Religious Influences on Child Health Promotion - p. 14 16. 3. Hereditary Influences on Health of the Child and Family - p. 36 17. Genetic/Genomic Nursing Competencies - p. 36 18. Disorders of the Intrauterine Environment - p. 56 19. Inborn Errors of Metabolism - p. 56 20. Impact of Hereditary Disorders on the Family - p. 62 21. References - p. 72 22. Section II: Childhood and Family Assessment - p. 74 23. 4. Communication and Physical Assessment of the Child and Family - p. 74a 24. Guidelines For Communication And Interviewing - p. 74a 25. Communicating With Families - p. 75 26. History Taking - p. 81 27. Nutritional Assessment - p. 88 28. General Approaches Toward Examining The Child - p. 89 29. Physical Examination - p. 92 30. References - p. 130 31. 5. Pain Assessment in Children - p. 131 32. What is Pain, and How Does it Occur? - p. 131 33. What Does Pain Do Besides Hurt? - p. 132 34. Common Acute Pain Conditions in Children - p. 134 35. Common Chronic Pain Conditions in Children - p. 134 36. Common Mixed-Pain Conditions in Children - p. 136 37. Measuring Pain in Children - p. 137 38. Chronic and Recurrent Pain Assessment - p. 140 39. Prevention and Treatment of Pain in Children - p. 143 40. References - p. 161 41. 6. Childhood Communicable and Infectious Diseases - p. 167 42. Section III: Family-Centered Care of the Newborn - p. 196 43. 7. Health Promotion of the Newborn and Family - p. 196a 44. Adjustment to Extrauterine Life - p. 196a 45. Immediate Adjustments - p. 196a 46. Physiologic Status of Other Systems - p. 197 47. Nursing Care of the Newborn and Family - p. 199 48. Maintain a Patent Airway - p. 217 49. Maintain a Stable Body Temperature - p. 217 50. Protect from Infection and Injury - p. 218 51. Provide Optimum Nutrition - p. 223 52. Feeding Schedules - p. 230 53. Promote Parent-Infant Bonding (Attachment) - p. 231 54. Prepare for Discharge and Home Care - p. 233 55. References - p. 236 56. 8. Health Problems of Newborns - p. 239 57. 9. The High-Risk Newborn and Family - p. 270 58. General Management Of High-Risk Newborns - p. 270 59. Intensive Care Facilities - p. 272 60. Nursing Care Of High-Risk Newborns - p. 273 61. Assessment - p. 273 62. Monitoring Physiologic Data - p. 274 63. High-Risk Conditions Related To Dysmaturity - p. 295 64. Postterm Infants - p. 296 65. High Risk Related To Disturbed Respiratory Function - p. 296 66. Respiratory Distress Syndrome - p. 299 67. MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME - p. 306 68. Air Leak Syndromes - p. 307 69. Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Of The Newborn - p. 308 70. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia - p. 309 71. High Risk Related To Infectious Processes - p. 311 72. Necrotizing Enterocolitis - p. 313 73. High Risk Related To Cardiovascular And Hematologic Complications - p. 315 74. Anemia - p. 315 75. Polycythemia - p. 315 76. Retinopathy Of Prematurity - p. 316 77. High Risk Related To Neurologic Disturbance - p. 317 78. Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury - p. 317 79. Intraventricular Hemorrhage - p. 318 80. Intracranial Hemorrhage - p. 319 81. Neonatal/Perinatal Stroke - p. 319 82. Neonatal Seizures - p. 320 83. High Risk Related To Maternal Conditions - p. 321 84. Drug-Exposed Infants - p. 322 85. Maternal Infections - p. 328 86. References - p. 332 87. Section IV: Family-Centered Care of the Infant - p. 338 88. 10. Health Promotion of the Infant and Family - p. 338a 89. 11. Health Problems of the Infant - p. 375 90. Section V: Family-Centered Care of the Toddler and Preschooler - p. 396 91. 12. Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family - p. 396a 92. 13. Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family - p. 425 93. 14. Health Problems of Early Childhood - p. 442 94. Section VI: Family-Centered Care of the School-Age Child - p. 463 95. 15. Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family - p. 463a 96. 16. Health Problems of the School-Age Child - p. 483 97. Section VII: Family-Centered Care of the Adolescent - p. 510 98. 17. Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family - p. 510a 99. 18. Health Problems of the Adolescent - p. 537 100. Health Conditions of the Male Reproductive System - p. 537 101. Varicocele - p. 537 102. Epididymitis - p. 538 103. Testicular Torsion - p. 538 104. Gynecomastia - p. 538 105. Health Conditions of the Female Reproductive System - p. 538 106. Menstrual Disorders - p. 539 107. Nursing Care Management - p. 539 108. Endometriosis - p. 541 109. Premenstrual Syndrome - p. 542 110. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - p. 543 111. Vaginal Infections - p. 544 112. Sexually Transmitted Infections - p. 545 113. Sexually Transmitted Protozoa Infections - p. 546 114. Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Infections - p. 547 115. Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections - p. 549 116. Health Conditions Related to Reproduction - p. 551 117. Adolescent Pregnancy - p. 552 118. Contraception - p. 554 119. Sexual Assault (Rape) - p. 557 120. Health Conditions with a Behavioral Component - p. 559 121. Substance Abuse - p. 563 122. Motivation - p. 564 123. Types of Drugs Abused - p. 564 124. Tobacco - p. 564 125. Alcohol - p. 565 126. Cocaine - p. 566 127. Narcotics - p. 566 128. Central Nervous System Depressants - p. 566 129. Central Nervous System Stimulants - p. 566 130. Mind-Altering Drugs - p. 566 131. Nursing Care Management - p. 566 132. Self-Harm - p. 567 133. Etiology - p. 568 134. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 568 135. Therapeutic Management - p. 568 136. Suicide - p. 568 137. Etiology - p. 568 138. Methods - p. 568 139. Nursing Care Management - p. 570 140. References - p. 572 141. Section VIII: Family-Centered Care of the Child With Special Needs - p. 574 142. 19. Impact of Complex Chronic Illness, Disability, or End-of-Life Care on the Child and Family - p. 574a 143. Perspectives on the Care of Children and Families Living With or Dying from Chronic or Complex Diseases - p. 574a 144. Trends in Care - p. 575 145. The Family of the Child with a Chronic or Complex Condition - p. 577 146. Impact of the Child's Chronic Illness - p. 577 147. Coping with Ongoing Stress and Periodic Crises - p. 579 148. Assisting Family Members in Managing their Feelings - p. 580 149. Establishing a Support System - p. 581 150. The Child with a Chronic or Complex Condition - p. 581 151. Developmental Aspects - p. 581 152. Coping Mechanisms - p. 582 153. Nursing Care of the Family and Child with a Chronic or Complex Condition - p. 584 154. Provide Support at the Time of Diagnosis - p. 584 155. Support the Family's Coping Methods - p. 585 156. Educate about the Disorder and General Health Care - p. 588 157. Promote Normal Development - p. 588 158. Establish Realistic Future Goals - p. 590 159. Palliative Care in Childhood with Serious Conditions - p. 590 160. Principles of Palliative Care - p. 591 161. Goals of Care - p. 592 162. Awareness of Dying in Children with Life-Threatening Illness - p. 594 163. Children's Understanding of and Reactions to Dying - p. 596 164. Delivery of Palliative Care Services - p. 600 165. Nursing Care of the Child and Family at the End of Life - p. 601 166. Parents' and Siblings' Need for Education and Support Through the Caregiving Process - p. 603 167. Care at the Time of Death - p. 605 168. Postmortem Care - p. 606 169. Care of the Family Experiencing Unexpected Childhood Death - p. 607 170. Special Decisions at the Time of Dying and Death - p. 608 171. Right to Die and Do-Not-Attempt-Resuscitation Orders - p. 608 172. Viewing of the Body - p. 608 173. Organ or Tissue Donation and Autopsy - p. 608 174. Siblings' Attendance at Funeral Services - p. 609 175. Care of the Grieving Family - p. 609 176. Grief - p. 610 177. Mourning - p. 613 178. Bereavement Programs - p. 613 179. The Nurse and the Child with Life-Threatening Illness - p. 613 180. Coping with Stress - p. 614 181. References - p. 617 182. 20. Impact of Cognitive or Sensory Impairment on the Child and Family - p. 621 183. Section IX: The Child Who Is Hospitalized - p. 648 184. 21. Family-Centered Care of the Child During Illness and Hospitalization - p. 648a 185. 22. Pediatric Nursing Interventions and Skills - p. 668 186. General Concepts Related to Pediatric Procedures - p. 668 187. Preparation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures - p. 669 188. Surgical Procedures - p. 676 189. Compliance - p. 678 190. Skin Care and General Hygiene - p. 679 191. Bathing - p. 681 192. Oral Hygiene - p. 681 193. Hair Care - p. 681 194. Feeding the Sick Child - p. 682 195. Controlling Elevated Temperatures - p. 683 196. Family Teaching and Home Care - p. 684 197. Safety - p. 684 198. Environmental Factors - p. 684 199. Infection Control - p. 686 200. Transporting Infants and Children - p. 687 201. Restraining Methods - p. 688 202. Positioning for Procedures - p. 690 203. Femoral Venipuncture - p. 690 204. Extremity Venipuncture Or Injection - p. 690 205. Lumbar Puncture - p. 690 206. Bone Marrow Aspiration Or Biopsy - p. 691 207. Collection of Specimens - p. 691 208. Fundamental Steps Common to all Procedures - p. 691 209. Urine Specimens - p. 691 210. Stool Specimens - p. 695 211. Blood Specimens - p. 695 212. Respiratory Secretion Specimens - p. 698 213. Administration of Medication - p. 699 214. Oral Administration - p. 700 215. Administration - p. 701 216. Intramuscular Administration - p. 702 217. Subcutaneous and Intradermal Administration - p. 706 218. Intravenous Administration - p. 706 219. Maintaining Fluid Balance - p. 711 220. Parenteral Fluid Therapy - p. 712 221. Securement of a Peripheral Intravenous Line - p. 712 222. Safety Catheters and Needleless Systems - p. 713 223. Infusion Pumps - p. 714 224. Maintenance - p. 714 225. Complications - p. 714 226. Removal of a Peripheral Intravenous Line - p. 715 227. Rectal Administration - p. 715 228. OPTIC, OTIC, and Nasal Administration - p. 716 229. Aerosol Therapy - p. 717 230. Family Teaching and Home Care - p. 717 231. Alternative Feeding Techniques - p. 718 232. Nasogastric, Orogastric, and Gastrostomy Administration - p. 718 233. Gavage Feeding - p. 718 234. Gastrostomy Feeding - p. 722 235. Nasoduodenal and Nasojejunal Tubes - p. 723 236. Total Parenteral Nutrition - p. 724 237. Family Teaching and Home Care - p. 724 238. Procedures Related to Elimination - p. 724 239. Ostomies - p. 725 240. Family Teaching and Home Care - p. 725 241. Procedures for Maintaining Respiratory Function - p. 726 242. End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring - p. 727 243. Bronchial (Postural) Drainage - p. 727 244. Chest Physical Therapy - p. 728 245. Intubation - p. 728 246. Mechanical Ventilation - p. 728 247. Chest Tube Procedures - p. 732 248. Interventions - p. 733 249. References - p. 734 250. Section X: Childhood Nutrition and Elimination Problems - p. 739 251. 23. The Child With Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance - p. 739a 252. 24. The Child With Genitourinary Dysfunction - p. 762 253. Renal Structure and Function - p. 762 254. Renal Physiology - p. 762 255. Renal Pelvis and Ureters: Structure and Function - p. 764 256. Urethrovesical Unit: Structure and Function - p. 764 257. Genitourinary Tract Disorders - p. 766 258. Vesicoureteral Reflux - p. 775 259. Glomerular Disease - p. 776 260. Nephrotic Syndrome - p. 780 261. Renal Tubular Disorders - p. 783 262. Tubular Function - p. 784 263. Renal Tubular Acidosis - p. 784 264. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus - p. 785 265. Miscellaneous Renal Disorders - p. 785 266. Familial Nephritis (Alport Syndrome) - p. 786 267. Unexplained Proteinuria - p. 786 268. Renal Trauma - p. 786 269. Renal Failure - p. 787 270. Acute Kidney Injury - p. 787 271. Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 791 272. Renal Replacement Therapy - p. 796 273. Hemodialysis - p. 797 274. Peritoneal Dialysis - p. 798 275. Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration - p. 799 276. Transplantation - p. 800 277. Defects of the Genitourinary Tract - p. 801 278. Hydrocele - p. 802 279. Cryptorchidism - p. 802 280. Hypospadias - p. 803 281. Epispadias and Exstrophy Complex - p. 804 282. Disorders of Sex Development - p. 806 283. Pathophysiology - p. 806 284. Therapeutic Management - p. 806 285. Family Support - p. 806 286. Obstructive Uropathy - p. 806 287. References - p. 809 288. 25. The Child With Gastrointestinal Dysfunction - p. 812 289. Gastrointestinal Structure And Function - p. 812 290. Development Of The Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 812 291. Digestion - p. 813 292. Absorption - p. 813 293. Assessment Of Gastrointestinal Function - p. 815 294. Gastrointestinal Disorders - p. 815 295. Vomiting - p. 827 296. Ingestion Of Foreign Substances - p. 829 297. Pica - p. 829 298. Foreign Bodies - p. 830 299. Disorders Of Motility - p. 831 300. Gastroesophageal Reflux - p. 833 301. Irritable Bowel Syndrome - p. 835 302. Inflammatory Conditions - p. 835 303. Inflammatory Bowel Disease - p. 840 304. Peptic Ulcer Disease - p. 844 305. Obstructive Disorders - p. 846 306. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis - p. 846 307. Intussusception - p. 848 308. Malrotation And Volvulus - p. 849 309. Malabsorption Syndromes - p. 849 310. Celiac Disease (Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy) - p. 850 311. Short-Bowel Syndrome - p. 851 312. Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 852 313. Hepatic Disorders - p. 853 314. Acute Hepatitis - p. 853 315. Biliary Atresia - p. 857 316. Structural Defects - p. 860 317. Esophageal Atresia And Tracheoesophageal Fistula - p. 860 318. Abdominal Wall Defects - p. 862 319. Hernias - p. 864 320. Umbilical Hernia - p. 864 321. Inguinal Hernia - p. 865 322. Femoral Hernia - p. 866 323. Anorectal Malformations - p. 866 324. References - p. 869 325. Section XI: Childhood Oxygenation Problems - p. 871 326. 26. The Child With Respiratory Dysfunction - p. 871a 327. Respiratory Tract Structure - p. 871a 328. Respiratory Function - p. 871a 329. Assessment of Respiratory Function - p. 872 330. Diagnostic Procedures - p. 873 331. Defenses of the Respiratory Tract - p. 874 332. General Aspects of Respiratory Tract Infections - p. 875 333. Etiology and Characteristics - p. 875 334. Clinical Manifestations - p. 875 335. Nursing Care of the Child with a Respiratory Tract Infection - p. 875 336. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections - p. 878 337. Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis - p. 879 338. Tonsillitis - p. 881 339. Infectious Mononucleosis - p. 883 340. Influenza - p. 884 341. Otitis Media - p. 885 342. Croup Syndromes - p. 889 343. Acute Epiglottitis - p. 889 344. Acute Laryngitis - p. 891 345. Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis - p. 891 346. Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis - p. 892 347. Bacterial Tracheitis - p. 892 348. Infections of the Lower Airways - p. 892 349. Bronchitis - p. 892 350. Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bronchiolitis - p. 893 351. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2): COVID-19 - p. 897 352. Pneumonia - p. 898 353. Viral Pneumonia - p. 899 354. Primary Atypical Pneumonia - p. 899 355. Bacterial Pneumonia - p. 899 356. Neonatal Pneumonia - p. 902 357. Other Infections of the Respiratory Tract - p. 902 358. Tuberculosis - p. 902 359. Respiratory Disturbance Caused by Noninfectious Irritants - p. 906 360. Foreign Body in the Nose - p. 908 361. Aspiration Pneumonia - p. 908 362. Pulmonary Edema - p. 910 363. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Lung Injury - p. 910 364. Smoke Inhalation Injury - p. 911 365. Environmental Tobacco Exposure - p. 914 366. Structural Defects - p. 915 367. Pierre Robin Sequence - p. 917 368. Choanal Atresia - p. 917 369. Long-Term Respiratory Dysfunction - p. 917 370. Asthma - p. 919 371. Cystic Fibrosis - p. 934 372. Obstructive Sleep Apnea - p. 943 373. Respiratory Emergency - p. 943 374. Nursing Care Management - p. 944 375. References - p. 946 376. Section XII: Childhood Blood Production and Circulation Problems - p. 949 377. 27. The Child With Cardiovascular Dysfunction - p. 949a 378. Cardiac Structure and Function - p. 949a 379. Cardiac Development and Function - p. 949a 380. Assessment of Cardiac Function - p. 952 381. Tests of Cardiac Function - p. 953 382. Congenital Heart Disease - p. 957 383. Altered Hemodynamics - p. 958 384. Clinical Consequences of Congenital Heart Disease - p. 959 385. Congestive Heart Failure - p. 959 386. Classification of Congenital Heart Defects - p. 970 387. Defects with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow - p. 977 388. Obstructive Defects - p. 978 389. Defects with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow - p. 978 390. Mixed Defects - p. 979 391. Single Ventricle Anatomy - p. 979 392. Family-Centered Care Home Monitoring Program - p. 979 393. Nursing Care of the Child With Congenital Heart Disease and his or her Family - p. 979 394. Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders - p. 985 395. Bacterial (Infective) Endocarditis - p. 986 396. Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease - p. 987 397. Kawasaki Disease - p. 989 398. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome - p. 993 399. Systemic Hypertension - p. 993 400. Dyslipidemia (Abnormal Lipid Metabolism) - p. 997 401. Cardiac Dysrhythmias - p. 1002 402. Pulmonary Hypertension - p. 1004 403. Cardiomyopathy - p. 1006 404. Advanced Heart Failure - p. 1007 405. Heart Transplantation - p. 1007 406. References - p. 1009 407. 28. The Child With Hematologic or Immunologic Dysfunction - p. 1013 408. The Hematologic System and Its Function - p. 1013 409. Hematologic and Immunologic Dysfunction - p. 1018 410. Red Blood Cell Disorders - p. 1018 411. Blood Transfusion Therapy - p. 1020 412. Anemia Caused By Nutritional Deficiencies - p. 1024 413. Anemias Caused By Increased Destruction of Red Blood Cells - p. 1028 414. Hereditary Spherocytosis - p. 1028 415. Sickle Cell Anemia - p. 1028 416. Beta (β)-Thalassemia (Cooley Anemia) - p. 1041 417. Anemias Caused by Impaired or Decreased Production of Red Blood Cells - p. 1044 418. Aplastic Anemia - p. 1044 419. Mechanisms Involved In Normal Hemostasis - p. 1045 420. Hemophilia - p. 1046 421. Von Willebrand Disease - p. 1051 422. Immune Thrombocytopenia (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) - p. 1052 423. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - p. 1054 424. Other Hematologic Disorders - p. 1055 425. Immunoglobulin-A Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura) - p. 1055 426. Immunologic Deficiency Disorders - p. 1056 427. Mechanisms Involved In Immunity - p. 1056 428. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection And Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - p. 1057 429. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome - p. 1061 430. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease - p. 1062 431. References - p. 1064 432. Section XIII: Childhood Regulatory Problems - p. 1073 433. 29. The Child With Cancer - p. 1073a 434. Cancer in Children - p. 1073a 435. Epidemiology: Incidence Rates - p. 1073a 436. Etiology - p. 1073a 437. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 1074 438. Treatment Modalities - p. 1076 439. Complications of Therapy - p. 1079 440. General Nursing Care Management - p. 1080 441. Signs and Symptoms of Cancer in Children - p. 1080 442. Managing Common Acute Side Effects of Treatment - p. 1081 443. Nursing Care During Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - p. 1084 444. Preparation for Procedures - p. 1085 445. Pain Management - p. 1085 446. Health Promotion - p. 1085 447. Patient and Family Education - p. 1086 448. Completion of Therapy - p. 1086 449. Cancers of Blood and Lymph Systems - p. 1087 450. Lymphomas - p. 1091 451. Nervous System Tumors - p. 1094 452. Neuroblastoma - p. 1099 453. Bone Tumors - p. 1100 454. Prognosis - p. 1101 455. Osteosarcoma - p. 1101 456. Ewing Sarcoma (Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Bone) - p. 1102 457. Other Solid Tumors - p. 1102 458. Wilms Tumor - p. 1103 459. Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 1104 460. Retinoblastoma - p. 1105 461. Germ Cell Tumors - p. 1107 462. Liver Tumors - p. 1107 463. The Childhood Cancer Survivor - p. 1107 464. References - p. 1109 465. 30. The Child with Cerebral Dysfunction - p. 1111 466. Cerebral Structure and Function - p. 1111 467. Development of the Neurologic System - p. 1111 468. Central Nervous System - p. 1111 469. Increased Intracranial Pressure - p. 1113 470. Evaluation of Neurologic Status - p. 1114 471. Assessment: General Aspects - p. 1114 472. Altered States of Consciousness - p. 1115 473. Neurologic Examination - p. 1117 474. Vital Signs - p. 1117 475. Skin - p. 1118 476. Eyes - p. 1118 477. Motor Function - p. 1119 478. Posturing - p. 1119 479. Reflexes - p. 1119 480. Special Diagnostic Procedures - p. 1119 481. The Child With Cerebral Compromise - p. 1120 482. Head Injury - p. 1126 483. Submersion Injury - p. 1135 484. Intracranial Infections - p. 1136 485. Bacterial Meningitis - p. 1136 486. Nonbacterial (Aseptic) Meningitis - p. 1141 487. Tuberculous Meningitis - p. 1142 488. Brain Abscess - p. 1142 489. Encephalitis - p. 1142 490. Rabies - p. 1143 491. Reye Syndrome - p. 1144 492. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalopathy - p. 1144 493. Seizures and Epilepsy - p. 1145 494. Epilepsy - p. 1145 495. Headache - p. 1160 496. Assessment - p. 1160 497. Migraine Headache - p. 1161 498. Cerebral Malformation - p. 1162 499. References - p. 1168 500. 31. The Child With Endocrine Dysfunction - p. 1172 501. The Endocrine System - p. 1172 502. Hormones - p. 1172 503. Neuroendocrine Interrelationships - p. 1172 504. Disorders of Pituitary Function - p. 1173 505. Hypopituitarism - p. 1173 506. Pituitary Hyperfunction - p. 1178 507. Precocious Puberty - p. 1179 508. Diabetes Insipidus - p. 1180 509. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone - p. 1181 510. Disorders of Thyroid Function - p. 1181 511. Juvenile Hypothyroidism - p. 1181 512. Goiter - p. 1182 513. Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis - p. 1182 514. Hyperthyroidism - p. 1183 515. Disorders of Parathyroid Function - p. 1185 516. Hypoparathyroidism - p. 1185 517. Hyperparathyroidism - p. 1186 518. Disorders of Adrenal Function - p. 1186 519. Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency - p. 1187 520. Cushing Syndrome - p. 1189 521. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - p. 1191 522. Hyperaldosteronism - p. 1193 523. Pheochromocytoma - p. 1193 524. Disorders of Pancreatic Hormone Secretion - p. 1193 525. References - p. 1208 526. Section XIV: Childhood Physical Mobility Problems - p. 1210 527. 32. The Child With Integumentary Dysfunction - p. 1210a 528. Integumentary Dysfunction - p. 1210a 529. Wounds - p. 1211 530. Infections of the Skin - p. 1217 531. Viral Infections - p. 1219 532. Dermatophytoses (Fungal Infections) - p. 1219 533. Systemic Mycotic (Fungal) Infections - p. 1222 534. Skin Disorders Related to Chemical or Physical Contacts - p. 1223 535. Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac - p. 1224 536. Drug Reactions - p. 1225 537. Foreign Bodies - p. 1226 538. Skin Disorders Related to Animal Contacts - p. 1226 539. Scabies - p. 1228 540. Pediculosis Capitis - p. 1228 541. Rickettsial Diseases - p. 1230 542. Lyme Disease - p. 1230 543. Pet Bites - p. 1232 544. Human Bites - p. 1232 545. Cat Scratch Disease - p. 1232 546. Miscellaneous Skin Disorders - p. 1233 547. Skin Disorders Associated With Specific Age-Groups - p. 1233 548. Diaper Dermatitis - p. 1234 549. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - p. 1235 550. Seborrheic Dermatitis - p. 1237 551. Acne - p. 1237 552. Burns - p. 1239 553. Burn Wound Characteristics - p. 1240 554. Pathophysiology - p. 1242 555. Therapeutic Management - p. 1247 556. Nursing Care Management - p. 1254 557. Future Research Needs - p. 1259 558. Sunburn - p. 1259 559. Cold Injury - p. 1260 560. References - p. 1261 561. 33. The Child With Musculoskeletal or Articular Dysfunction - p. 1263 562. The Child and Trauma - p. 1263 563. Assessment of Trauma - p. 1264 564. The Immobilized Child - p. 1266 565. The Child in a Cast - p. 1274 566. The Child in Traction - p. 1277 567. Distraction - p. 1280 568. Amputation - p. 1280 569. Obilization Devices - p. 1281 570. The Child With a Fracture - p. 1284 571. Fracture Complications - p. 1289 572. Injuries and Health Problems Related to Sports Participation - p. 1293 573. Preparation for Sports - p. 1293 574. Types of Injury - p. 1294 575. Contusions - p. 1294 576. Dislocations - p. 1295 577. Sprains and Strains - p. 1295 578. Overuse Injury - p. 1296 579. Exercise-Induced Heat Stress - p. 1297 580. Health Concerns Associated with Sports - p. 1297 581. Nurse’S Role in Children’s Sports - p. 1300 582. Musculoskeletal Dysfunction - p. 1301 583. Kyphosis and Lordosis - p. 1301 584. Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 1302 585. Skeletal Limb Deficiency - p. 1305 586. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip - p. 1305 587. Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease - p. 1308 588. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis - p. 1309 589. Metatarsus Adductus - p. 1309 590. Clubfoot - p. 1310 591. Orthopedic Infections - p. 1311 592. Septic Arthritis - p. 1312 593. Skeletal Tuberculosis - p. 1312 594. Skeletal and Articular Dysfunction - p. 1313 595. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis - p. 1314 596. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - p. 1318 597. References - p. 1322 598. 34. The Child With Neuromuscular or Muscular Dysfunction - p. 1324 599. Congenital Neuromuscular or Muscular Disorders - p. 1324 600. Classification and Diagnosis - p. 1324 601. Cerebral Palsy - p. 1325 602. Defects of Neural Tube Closure - p. 1337 603. Anencephaly - p. 1339 604. Spina Bifida and Myelodysplasia - p. 1339 605. Myelomeningocele (Meningomyelocele) - p. 1339 606. Latex Allergy - p. 1346 607. Hypotonia - p. 1346 608. Spinal Muscular Atrophy - p. 1347 609. Guillain-Barré Syndrome - p. 1350 610. Tetanus - p. 1352 611. Botulism - p. 1353 612. Myasthenia Gravis - p. 1354 613. Spinal Cord Injuries - p. 1355 614. Muscular Dysfunction - p. 1367 615. Muscular Dystrophies - p. 1368 616. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - p. 1369 617. References - p. 1375 618. Index - p. 1381 619. Blood Pressure Levels - p. IBC1
