Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology
1. Introduction - p. 23 2. Gonadotropins - p. 23 3. Gonadotropin Receptors - p. 32 4. 3. Prolactin in Human Reproduction - p. 55.e18 5. Introduction - p. 56 6. Lactotroph Development - p. 56 7. Prolactin Gene - p. 57 8. Prolactin Synthesis in Pituitary Lactotrophs - p. 57 9. Prolactin Synthesis in the Decidua and Other Tissues - p. 57 10. Prolactin Assays - p. 58 11. Prolactin Secretion - p. 58 12. Regulation of Systemic Prolactin Levels - p. 59 13. Prolactin Actions - p. 60 14. Pathological States of Prolactin Deficiency and Excess - p. 63 15. Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas (Prolactinomas) - p. 64 16. Pregnancy and Prolactinomas - p. 69 17. 4. Steroid Hormones and Other Lipid Molecules Involved in Human Reproduction - p. 72.e10 18. Steroid Hormones: Structure and Nomenclature - p. 73 19. Organization of Steroidogenic Organs and Cells - p. 74 20. Acquisition, Storage, and Trafficking of Cholesterol - p. 74 21. Regulation of Cellular Cholesterol Balance - p. 77 22. Overview of Steroidogenesis - p. 77 23. Other Steroid Hormone Metabolic Pathways - p. 88 24. Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolism - p. 91 25. Regulation of Expression of the Steroidogenic Machinery - p. 92 26. Examples of Extraglandular Steroidogenesis - p. 92 27. Steroid Hormone Metabolism in Skin - p. 93 28. Secretion, Production, and Metabolic Clearance Rates of Steroid Hormones - p. 93 29. Plasma Steroid Hormone-Binding Proteins - p. 94 30. Inhibitors of Enzymes Involved in Synthesis or Metabolism of Sex Steroids - p. 95 31. Eicosanoids: Other Bioactive Lipids Playing a Role in Reproduction - p. 96 32. Major Products of the COX Pathway: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Prostacyclin - p. 98 33. Major Products of the Lipoxygenase Pathway: The Leukotrienes and HETEs - p. 99 34. Transport and Metabolism of Eicosanoids - p. 100 35. Pharmacologic Regulation of Eicosanoid Synthesis - p. 100 36. Eicosanoid Receptors - p. 101 37. Eicosanoids and Reproduction - p. 102 38. Other Lipid Mediators: Lysophosphatidic Acid and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate - p. 108 39. 5. Steroid Hormone Action - p. 109.e8 40. 6. Growth Factors and Reproduction - p. 124.e6 41. 7. Neuroendocrine Control of the Menstrual Cycle - p. 141.e4 42. 8. The Ovarian Life Cycle - p. 157.e5 43. Introduction - p. 158 44. Primordial Germ Cells - p. 158 45. Ovarian Morphogenesis - p. 159 46. Epigenetic Programming and Germ Cell Development - p. 162 47. The Follicle and Its Surroundings - p. 163 48. Ovarian Stem Cells - p. 170 49. Follicular Life Cycle - p. 170 50. Ovarian Aging and Insufficiency - p. 183 51. Assessment of Ovarian Reserve and Prediction of Reproductive Age - p. 186 52. Endocrine Activity of the Postmenopausal Ovary - p. 186 53. 9. Meiosis, Fertilization, and Preimplantation Embryo Development - p. 187.e8 54. Introduction - p. 188 55. Meiosis Overview - p. 188 56. Meiotic Initiation - p. 189 57. Prophase I - p. 191 58. Oocyte Growth Phase - p. 193 59. Oocyte Meiotic Maturation - p. 194 60. Sperm Transport - p. 199 61. Sperm Capacitation - p. 200 62. Fertilization - p. 202 63. Egg Activation - p. 207 64. Cleavage Stage Development - p. 210 65. Compaction and Blastocyst Development - p. 212 66. 10. Structure, Function, and Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Tract - p. 216.e9 67. Structure and Function - p. 217 68. Menstrual Cycle - p. 224 69. Endometrium in the Cycle of Conception and Pregnancy - p. 232 70. Endometrial Microbiome - p. 246 71. Clinical Evaluation of the Endometrium - p. 246 72. Endometrium in Advancing Age - p. 253 73. 11. Endocrinology of Human Pregnancy and Fetal-Placental Neuroendocrine Development - p. 253.e14 74. Introduction - p. 254 75. Establishment of Pregnancy - p. 254 76. The Placenta as an Endocrine Organ - p. 258 77. Fetal Neuroendocrine Systems - p. 266 78. Fetal Maturation and the Timing of Parturition - p. 270 79. Uterine Stretch - p. 275 80. Evolutionary Perspective - p. 276 81. 12. The Breast - p. 276.e9 82. 13. The Hypothalamo-Pituitary Unit, Testis, and Male Accessory Organs - p. 284.e3 83. 14. Menopause and Aging - p. 299.e10 84. Epidemiology - p. 300 85. Premature Ovarian Insufficiency - p. 301 86. Menopausal Transition (Perimenopause) - p. 302 87. Effects on Various Organ Systems - p. 307 88. Breast Cancer - p. 321 89. Decision to Use Estrogen - p. 323 90. Endometrial Disease Risk and Other Cancers - p. 326 91. Hormone Regimens - p. 328 92. Aging - p. 330 93. 15. Male Reproductive Aging - p. 337.e11 94. 16. Immunology and Reproduction - p. 344.e2 95. Part 2. Pathophysiology and Therapy: Pediatric, Adolescent, and Adult - p. 364.e6 96. 17. Differences of Sex Development - p. 364.e6 97. Introduction - p. 365 98. Mechanisms of Human Sex Development - p. 366 99. Sex Chromosome DSD - p. 376 100. 46,XY Differences of Sex Development - p. 379 101. 46,XX Disorders of Sex Development - p. 385 102. General Management for Patients With Differences of Sex Development - p. 389 103. 18. Puberty: Gonadarche and Adrenarche - p. 394.e7 104. Introduction - p. 396 105. Stages of Pubertal Development, Secular Trends, and Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Onset and Tempo of Puberty - p. 396 106. Physiology of Puberty - p. 400 107. Neurobiology of Gonadarche - p. 404 108. Putative Physiological Control Systems Governing the Timing of Gonadarche - p. 411 109. Activation and Timing of Adrenarche - p. 412 110. Genetics and Puberty Genes - p. 413 111. Factors Modulating the Timing of Puberty - p. 414 112. Disorders of Puberty - p. 415 113. Disorders of Early Puberty - p. 417 114. Approach to the Child With Precocious Pubertal Development - p. 426 115. Delayed Puberty - p. 428 116. Constitutional Delay in Growth and Puberty - p. 428 117. Hypothalamic Hypogonadism - p. 428 118. Mutations in Genes Influencing Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Development and Migration - p. 429 119. Mutations in Genes Associated With Hypothalamic Hypogonadism and Neurologic Phenotypes - p. 433 120. Mutations in Genes Influencing Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Function - p. 433 121. Other Factors - p. 434 122. Other Syndromes Associated With Delayed Puberty - p. 436 123. Pituitary-Dependent (Pituitary Hypogonadism) - p. 437 124. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Receptor Gene Mutations - p. 437 125. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-β Gene Mutations - p. 437 126. Luteinizing Hormone-β Gene Mutations - p. 437 127. Immunoglobulin Superfamily Member 1 - p. 437 128. Steroid Receptor Ribonucleic Acid Activator - p. 437 129. Hyperprolactinemia - p. 438 130. Gonadal Causes of Delayed Puberty (Primary Gonadal Failure) - p. 438 131. Klinefelter Syndrome - p. 440 132. Testicular Regression Syndrome - p. 440 133. Autoimmune Ovarian Insufficiency - p. 440 134. Nonimmune Premature Ovarian Insufficiency - p. 441 135. Noonan Syndrome - p. 441 136. Galactosemia - p. 441 137. Down Syndrome - p. 441 138. Defects in Steroidogenesis or Steroid Hormone Action - p. 441 139. Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome - p. 443 140. Gynecomastia - p. 443 141. Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy - p. 444 142. Approach to the Child With Delayed Puberty - p. 444 143. Psychosocial Considerations for Precocious and Delayed Puberty - p. 447 144. Conclusion - p. 447 145. 19. Nutrition and Reproduction - p. 448.e17 146. 20. Environmental Factors and Reproduction - p. 460.e6 147. 21. Physiological and Pathophysiological Alterations of the Neuroendocrine Components of the Reproductive Axis - p. 474.e5 148. 22. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hyperandrogenic States - p. 515.e13 149. Introduction - p. 516 150. Diagnostic Criteria - p. 517 151. Epidemiology - p. 517 152. Clinical Description - p. 518 153. Fetal Origin of PCOS - p. 522 154. PCOS in Adolescence - p. 523 155. Altered Physiology - p. 525 156. Genetics of PCOS - p. 538 157. Long-Term Consequences - p. 540 158. Differential Diagnosis - p. 542 159. Evaluation - p. 542 160. Treatment - p. 544 161. 23. Female Infertility - p. 547.e15 162. A Statistical Model of Infertility - p. 548 163. Diseases Associated with Infertility - p. 549 164. Initial Infertility Evaluation - p. 551 165. Abnormalities in Oocyte Production - p. 551 166. Premature Ovarian Insufficiency - p. 563 167. Anatomical Factors in the Female - p. 563 168. Immunological Factors and Recurrent Abortion - p. 566 169. Genetic Causes of Infertility - p. 566 170. Unexplained Infertility - p. 567 171. Environmental Exposures Associated with Infertility - p. 572 172. Contraindications to Infertility Treatment - p. 572 173. Infertility Treatment and Pregnancy Outcomes - p. 572 174. Donor Gametes - p. 573 175. Adoption - p. 573 176. Psychosocial Aspects of Infertility - p. 573 177. Social and Ethical Issues - p. 574 178. 24. Male Infertility - p. 574.e9 179. 25. Endocrine Disturbances Affecting Reproduction - p. 586.e1 180. 26. Benign Uterine Diseases and Dysfunction - p. 600.e5 181. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - p. 601 182. Uterine Leiomyomata (Fibroids) - p. 603 183. Adenomyosis - p. 612 184. Endometrial Polyps - p. 613 185. Intrauterine Adhesions - p. 615 186. Pain with Menstruation (Dysmenorrhea) - p. 616 187. 27. Endometriosis - p. 618.e16 188. Introduction - p. 619 189. Epidemiology - p. 623 190. Pathology - p. 623 191. Mechanism - p. 623 192. Clinical Aspects - p. 640 193. 28. Recurrent Pregnancy Loss - p. 649.e8 194. 29. Endocrine Diseases of Pregnancy - p. 664.e6 195. Diabetes Mellitus - p. 665 196. Obesity and Pregnancy - p. 678 197. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases - p. 679 198. Disorders of Thyroid Function - p. 684 199. Disorders of Calcium Metabolism - p. 693 200. Adrenal Diseases - p. 694 201. Ovarian Endocrine Tumors - p. 699 202. Preeclampsia - p. 700 203. Parturition - p. 704 204. 30. Hormone-Responsive Cancers - p. 711.e19 205. Breast Cancer - p. 712 206. Endocrine Treatments - p. 716 207. Chemotherapy Treatment in HR-Positive Breast Cancers - p. 720 208. Prostate Cancer - p. 720 209. Clinical Therapies in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Disease - p. 726 210. Mechanisms of Endocrine Therapy Resistance - p. 729 211. Endometrial Carcinoma - p. 729 212. 31. Transgender Hormonal Treatment - p. 734.e8 213. Part 3. Reproductive Technologies - p. 741.e2 214. 32. Evaluation of Hormonal Status - p. 741.e2 215. 33. Pelvic Imaging in Reproductive Endocrinology - p. 771.e5 216. Ultrasound Examination Technique - p. 772 217. Palm-Coein - p. 780 218. Postmenopausal Bleeding - p. 789 219. Müllerian Anomalies - p. 791 220. Ovarian Assessment - p. 795 221. Assessment of Fallopian Tube Patency - p. 797 222. Evaluation of Deeply Invasive Endometriosis - p. 800 223. Early Pregnancy - p. 805 224. Conclusion - p. 811 225. 34. Medical Approaches to Ovarian Stimulation for Infertility - p. 812.e5 226. Concepts of Ovarian Stimulation - p. 813 227. Classification of Anovulation - p. 813 228. Concepts of Follicle Development Relevant to Ovarian Stimulation - p. 814 229. Preparations Used for Ovarian Stimulation - p. 815 230. Other Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMS) - p. 816 231. Aromatase Inhibitors - p. 817 232. Outcomes of Ovarian Stimulation - p. 820 233. Induction of Ovulation in Anovulatory Women - p. 823 234. Preparations for Treating Anovulation - p. 825 235. Antiestrogens - p. 825 236. Side effects - p. 828 237. Acupuncture - p. 833 238. Ovarian Stimulation in the Empirical Treatment of Unexplained Subfertility (See Chapter 23) - p. 835 239. Preparations for Empirical Ovarian Stimulation - p. 836 240. Alternative and Adjunctive Therapies - p. 837 241. Effect of Weight Loss on Women with Obesity and Unexplained Infertility - p. 837 242. Health Economics of Ovarian Stimulation - p. 840 243. Conclusions and Future Perspective - p. 840 244. 35. Assisted Reproduction: Clinical Practice - p. 841.e8 245. Introduction - p. 842 246. A Brief History of Art - p. 843 247. Pre-IVF Evaluation - p. 843 248. Indications For IVF - p. 843 249. Overview of IVF Statistics - p. 848 250. Patient Counseling for IVF - p. 849 251. Ovarian Stimulation - p. 850 252. Cycle Monitoring in Fresh IVF Cycles - p. 856 253. Oocyte Retrieval - p. 858 254. Indications for In Vitro Oocyte Maturation - p. 858 255. Indications for ICSI - p. 859 256. Embryo Transfer - p. 859 257. Embryo Cryopreservation and FET - p. 863 258. Repeat IVF Cycles - p. 864 259. Recurrent Implantation Failure - p. 864 260. Third-Party Reproduction - p. 865 261. IVF Risks and Their Management - p. 866 262. Obstetric, Neonatal, and Childhood Outcomes Following IVF - p. 869 263. Paternal Contributions to IVF Outcomes - p. 872 264. Environmental Exposures and Lifestyle Factors in ART - p. 872 265. Concluding Remarks - p. 875 266. 36. Gamete and Embryo Manipulation - p. 875.e11 267. Laboratory Environment - p. 876 268. Procedures - p. 877 269. Cryopreservation of Human Oocyte, Embryo, Ovarian Tissue, and Sperm - p. 903 270. 37. Fertility Preservation - p. 906.e18 271. Introduction - p. 907 272. Fertility Preservation in Nononcologic and Oncologic Conditions - p. 908 273. Fertility Preservation Strategies - p. 913 274. Translational Approaches in Fertility Preservation - p. 926 275. Oncofertility Patient Management - p. 929 276. Summary and Future Outlook - p. 933 277. 38. Emerging Technologies: In Vitro-Derived Germ Cells and Gametogenesis - p. 934.e9 278. 39. Emerging Technologies: Genetic Interventions in the Human Germ Line: Mitochondrial Replacement and Gene Editing - p. 947.e6 279. 40. Emerging Technologies: Uterus Transplantation - p. 954.e1 280. 41. Contraception - p. 969.e5 281. Index - p. 985
Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology
1. Introduction - p. 23 2. Gonadotropins - p. 23 3. Gonadotropin Receptors - p. 32 4. 3. Prolactin in Human Reproduction - p. 55.e18 5. Introduction - p. 56 6. Lactotroph Development - p. 56 7. Prolactin Gene - p. 57 8. Prolactin Synthesis in Pituitary Lactotrophs - p. 57 9. Prolactin Synthesis in the Decidua and Other Tissues - p. 57 10. Prolactin Assays - p. 58 11. Prolactin Secretion - p. 58 12. Regulation of Systemic Prolactin Levels - p. 59 13. Prolactin Actions - p. 60 14. Pathological States of Prolactin Deficiency and Excess - p. 63 15. Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas (Prolactinomas) - p. 64 16. Pregnancy and Prolactinomas - p. 69 17. 4. Steroid Hormones and Other Lipid Molecules Involved in Human Reproduction - p. 72.e10 18. Steroid Hormones: Structure and Nomenclature - p. 73 19. Organization of Steroidogenic Organs and Cells - p. 74 20. Acquisition, Storage, and Trafficking of Cholesterol - p. 74 21. Regulation of Cellular Cholesterol Balance - p. 77 22. Overview of Steroidogenesis - p. 77 23. Other Steroid Hormone Metabolic Pathways - p. 88 24. Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolism - p. 91 25. Regulation of Expression of the Steroidogenic Machinery - p. 92 26. Examples of Extraglandular Steroidogenesis - p. 92 27. Steroid Hormone Metabolism in Skin - p. 93 28. Secretion, Production, and Metabolic Clearance Rates of Steroid Hormones - p. 93 29. Plasma Steroid Hormone-Binding Proteins - p. 94 30. Inhibitors of Enzymes Involved in Synthesis or Metabolism of Sex Steroids - p. 95 31. Eicosanoids: Other Bioactive Lipids Playing a Role in Reproduction - p. 96 32. Major Products of the COX Pathway: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Prostacyclin - p. 98 33. Major Products of the Lipoxygenase Pathway: The Leukotrienes and HETEs - p. 99 34. Transport and Metabolism of Eicosanoids - p. 100 35. Pharmacologic Regulation of Eicosanoid Synthesis - p. 100 36. Eicosanoid Receptors - p. 101 37. Eicosanoids and Reproduction - p. 102 38. Other Lipid Mediators: Lysophosphatidic Acid and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate - p. 108 39. 5. Steroid Hormone Action - p. 109.e8 40. 6. Growth Factors and Reproduction - p. 124.e6 41. 7. Neuroendocrine Control of the Menstrual Cycle - p. 141.e4 42. 8. The Ovarian Life Cycle - p. 157.e5 43. Introduction - p. 158 44. Primordial Germ Cells - p. 158 45. Ovarian Morphogenesis - p. 159 46. Epigenetic Programming and Germ Cell Development - p. 162 47. The Follicle and Its Surroundings - p. 163 48. Ovarian Stem Cells - p. 170 49. Follicular Life Cycle - p. 170 50. Ovarian Aging and Insufficiency - p. 183 51. Assessment of Ovarian Reserve and Prediction of Reproductive Age - p. 186 52. Endocrine Activity of the Postmenopausal Ovary - p. 186 53. 9. Meiosis, Fertilization, and Preimplantation Embryo Development - p. 187.e8 54. Introduction - p. 188 55. Meiosis Overview - p. 188 56. Meiotic Initiation - p. 189 57. Prophase I - p. 191 58. Oocyte Growth Phase - p. 193 59. Oocyte Meiotic Maturation - p. 194 60. Sperm Transport - p. 199 61. Sperm Capacitation - p. 200 62. Fertilization - p. 202 63. Egg Activation - p. 207 64. Cleavage Stage Development - p. 210 65. Compaction and Blastocyst Development - p. 212 66. 10. Structure, Function, and Evaluation of the Female Reproductive Tract - p. 216.e9 67. Structure and Function - p. 217 68. Menstrual Cycle - p. 224 69. Endometrium in the Cycle of Conception and Pregnancy - p. 232 70. Endometrial Microbiome - p. 246 71. Clinical Evaluation of the Endometrium - p. 246 72. Endometrium in Advancing Age - p. 253 73. 11. Endocrinology of Human Pregnancy and Fetal-Placental Neuroendocrine Development - p. 253.e14 74. Introduction - p. 254 75. Establishment of Pregnancy - p. 254 76. The Placenta as an Endocrine Organ - p. 258 77. Fetal Neuroendocrine Systems - p. 266 78. Fetal Maturation and the Timing of Parturition - p. 270 79. Uterine Stretch - p. 275 80. Evolutionary Perspective - p. 276 81. 12. The Breast - p. 276.e9 82. 13. The Hypothalamo-Pituitary Unit, Testis, and Male Accessory Organs - p. 284.e3 83. 14. Menopause and Aging - p. 299.e10 84. Epidemiology - p. 300 85. Premature Ovarian Insufficiency - p. 301 86. Menopausal Transition (Perimenopause) - p. 302 87. Effects on Various Organ Systems - p. 307 88. Breast Cancer - p. 321 89. Decision to Use Estrogen - p. 323 90. Endometrial Disease Risk and Other Cancers - p. 326 91. Hormone Regimens - p. 328 92. Aging - p. 330 93. 15. Male Reproductive Aging - p. 337.e11 94. 16. Immunology and Reproduction - p. 344.e2 95. Part 2. Pathophysiology and Therapy: Pediatric, Adolescent, and Adult - p. 364.e6 96. 17. Differences of Sex Development - p. 364.e6 97. Introduction - p. 365 98. Mechanisms of Human Sex Development - p. 366 99. Sex Chromosome DSD - p. 376 100. 46,XY Differences of Sex Development - p. 379 101. 46,XX Disorders of Sex Development - p. 385 102. General Management for Patients With Differences of Sex Development - p. 389 103. 18. Puberty: Gonadarche and Adrenarche - p. 394.e7 104. Introduction - p. 396 105. Stages of Pubertal Development, Secular Trends, and Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Onset and Tempo of Puberty - p. 396 106. Physiology of Puberty - p. 400 107. Neurobiology of Gonadarche - p. 404 108. Putative Physiological Control Systems Governing the Timing of Gonadarche - p. 411 109. Activation and Timing of Adrenarche - p. 412 110. Genetics and Puberty Genes - p. 413 111. Factors Modulating the Timing of Puberty - p. 414 112. Disorders of Puberty - p. 415 113. Disorders of Early Puberty - p. 417 114. Approach to the Child With Precocious Pubertal Development - p. 426 115. Delayed Puberty - p. 428 116. Constitutional Delay in Growth and Puberty - p. 428 117. Hypothalamic Hypogonadism - p. 428 118. Mutations in Genes Influencing Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Development and Migration - p. 429 119. Mutations in Genes Associated With Hypothalamic Hypogonadism and Neurologic Phenotypes - p. 433 120. Mutations in Genes Influencing Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Function - p. 433 121. Other Factors - p. 434 122. Other Syndromes Associated With Delayed Puberty - p. 436 123. Pituitary-Dependent (Pituitary Hypogonadism) - p. 437 124. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Receptor Gene Mutations - p. 437 125. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-β Gene Mutations - p. 437 126. Luteinizing Hormone-β Gene Mutations - p. 437 127. Immunoglobulin Superfamily Member 1 - p. 437 128. Steroid Receptor Ribonucleic Acid Activator - p. 437 129. Hyperprolactinemia - p. 438 130. Gonadal Causes of Delayed Puberty (Primary Gonadal Failure) - p. 438 131. Klinefelter Syndrome - p. 440 132. Testicular Regression Syndrome - p. 440 133. Autoimmune Ovarian Insufficiency - p. 440 134. Nonimmune Premature Ovarian Insufficiency - p. 441 135. Noonan Syndrome - p. 441 136. Galactosemia - p. 441 137. Down Syndrome - p. 441 138. Defects in Steroidogenesis or Steroid Hormone Action - p. 441 139. Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome - p. 443 140. Gynecomastia - p. 443 141. Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy - p. 444 142. Approach to the Child With Delayed Puberty - p. 444 143. Psychosocial Considerations for Precocious and Delayed Puberty - p. 447 144. Conclusion - p. 447 145. 19. Nutrition and Reproduction - p. 448.e17 146. 20. Environmental Factors and Reproduction - p. 460.e6 147. 21. Physiological and Pathophysiological Alterations of the Neuroendocrine Components of the Reproductive Axis - p. 474.e5 148. 22. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hyperandrogenic States - p. 515.e13 149. Introduction - p. 516 150. Diagnostic Criteria - p. 517 151. Epidemiology - p. 517 152. Clinical Description - p. 518 153. Fetal Origin of PCOS - p. 522 154. PCOS in Adolescence - p. 523 155. Altered Physiology - p. 525 156. Genetics of PCOS - p. 538 157. Long-Term Consequences - p. 540 158. Differential Diagnosis - p. 542 159. Evaluation - p. 542 160. Treatment - p. 544 161. 23. Female Infertility - p. 547.e15 162. A Statistical Model of Infertility - p. 548 163. Diseases Associated with Infertility - p. 549 164. Initial Infertility Evaluation - p. 551 165. Abnormalities in Oocyte Production - p. 551 166. Premature Ovarian Insufficiency - p. 563 167. Anatomical Factors in the Female - p. 563 168. Immunological Factors and Recurrent Abortion - p. 566 169. Genetic Causes of Infertility - p. 566 170. Unexplained Infertility - p. 567 171. Environmental Exposures Associated with Infertility - p. 572 172. Contraindications to Infertility Treatment - p. 572 173. Infertility Treatment and Pregnancy Outcomes - p. 572 174. Donor Gametes - p. 573 175. Adoption - p. 573 176. Psychosocial Aspects of Infertility - p. 573 177. Social and Ethical Issues - p. 574 178. 24. Male Infertility - p. 574.e9 179. 25. Endocrine Disturbances Affecting Reproduction - p. 586.e1 180. 26. Benign Uterine Diseases and Dysfunction - p. 600.e5 181. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding - p. 601 182. Uterine Leiomyomata (Fibroids) - p. 603 183. Adenomyosis - p. 612 184. Endometrial Polyps - p. 613 185. Intrauterine Adhesions - p. 615 186. Pain with Menstruation (Dysmenorrhea) - p. 616 187. 27. Endometriosis - p. 618.e16 188. Introduction - p. 619 189. Epidemiology - p. 623 190. Pathology - p. 623 191. Mechanism - p. 623 192. Clinical Aspects - p. 640 193. 28. Recurrent Pregnancy Loss - p. 649.e8 194. 29. Endocrine Diseases of Pregnancy - p. 664.e6 195. Diabetes Mellitus - p. 665 196. Obesity and Pregnancy - p. 678 197. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases - p. 679 198. Disorders of Thyroid Function - p. 684 199. Disorders of Calcium Metabolism - p. 693 200. Adrenal Diseases - p. 694 201. Ovarian Endocrine Tumors - p. 699 202. Preeclampsia - p. 700 203. Parturition - p. 704 204. 30. Hormone-Responsive Cancers - p. 711.e19 205. Breast Cancer - p. 712 206. Endocrine Treatments - p. 716 207. Chemotherapy Treatment in HR-Positive Breast Cancers - p. 720 208. Prostate Cancer - p. 720 209. Clinical Therapies in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Disease - p. 726 210. Mechanisms of Endocrine Therapy Resistance - p. 729 211. Endometrial Carcinoma - p. 729 212. 31. Transgender Hormonal Treatment - p. 734.e8 213. Part 3. Reproductive Technologies - p. 741.e2 214. 32. Evaluation of Hormonal Status - p. 741.e2 215. 33. Pelvic Imaging in Reproductive Endocrinology - p. 771.e5 216. Ultrasound Examination Technique - p. 772 217. Palm-Coein - p. 780 218. Postmenopausal Bleeding - p. 789 219. Müllerian Anomalies - p. 791 220. Ovarian Assessment - p. 795 221. Assessment of Fallopian Tube Patency - p. 797 222. Evaluation of Deeply Invasive Endometriosis - p. 800 223. Early Pregnancy - p. 805 224. Conclusion - p. 811 225. 34. Medical Approaches to Ovarian Stimulation for Infertility - p. 812.e5 226. Concepts of Ovarian Stimulation - p. 813 227. Classification of Anovulation - p. 813 228. Concepts of Follicle Development Relevant to Ovarian Stimulation - p. 814 229. Preparations Used for Ovarian Stimulation - p. 815 230. Other Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMS) - p. 816 231. Aromatase Inhibitors - p. 817 232. Outcomes of Ovarian Stimulation - p. 820 233. Induction of Ovulation in Anovulatory Women - p. 823 234. Preparations for Treating Anovulation - p. 825 235. Antiestrogens - p. 825 236. Side effects - p. 828 237. Acupuncture - p. 833 238. Ovarian Stimulation in the Empirical Treatment of Unexplained Subfertility (See Chapter 23) - p. 835 239. Preparations for Empirical Ovarian Stimulation - p. 836 240. Alternative and Adjunctive Therapies - p. 837 241. Effect of Weight Loss on Women with Obesity and Unexplained Infertility - p. 837 242. Health Economics of Ovarian Stimulation - p. 840 243. Conclusions and Future Perspective - p. 840 244. 35. Assisted Reproduction: Clinical Practice - p. 841.e8 245. Introduction - p. 842 246. A Brief History of Art - p. 843 247. Pre-IVF Evaluation - p. 843 248. Indications For IVF - p. 843 249. Overview of IVF Statistics - p. 848 250. Patient Counseling for IVF - p. 849 251. Ovarian Stimulation - p. 850 252. Cycle Monitoring in Fresh IVF Cycles - p. 856 253. Oocyte Retrieval - p. 858 254. Indications for In Vitro Oocyte Maturation - p. 858 255. Indications for ICSI - p. 859 256. Embryo Transfer - p. 859 257. Embryo Cryopreservation and FET - p. 863 258. Repeat IVF Cycles - p. 864 259. Recurrent Implantation Failure - p. 864 260. Third-Party Reproduction - p. 865 261. IVF Risks and Their Management - p. 866 262. Obstetric, Neonatal, and Childhood Outcomes Following IVF - p. 869 263. Paternal Contributions to IVF Outcomes - p. 872 264. Environmental Exposures and Lifestyle Factors in ART - p. 872 265. Concluding Remarks - p. 875 266. 36. Gamete and Embryo Manipulation - p. 875.e11 267. Laboratory Environment - p. 876 268. Procedures - p. 877 269. Cryopreservation of Human Oocyte, Embryo, Ovarian Tissue, and Sperm - p. 903 270. 37. Fertility Preservation - p. 906.e18 271. Introduction - p. 907 272. Fertility Preservation in Nononcologic and Oncologic Conditions - p. 908 273. Fertility Preservation Strategies - p. 913 274. Translational Approaches in Fertility Preservation - p. 926 275. Oncofertility Patient Management - p. 929 276. Summary and Future Outlook - p. 933 277. 38. Emerging Technologies: In Vitro-Derived Germ Cells and Gametogenesis - p. 934.e9 278. 39. Emerging Technologies: Genetic Interventions in the Human Germ Line: Mitochondrial Replacement and Gene Editing - p. 947.e6 279. 40. Emerging Technologies: Uterus Transplantation - p. 954.e1 280. 41. Contraception - p. 969.e5 281. Index - p. 985
