Long considered the definitive reference for nephrology practitioners and fellows, Brenner & Rector's The Kidney, marks its 50th anniversary with the publication of this 12th Edition. This two-volume masterwork provides expert, well-illustrated information on everything from basic science and pathophysiology to clinical best practices, covering the total patient population from preconception to the elderly. More than 200 expert contributors from 20 countries representing six continents provide a truly global perspective on the treatment and management of renal diseases.
1. General Introduction to Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors - p. 321 2. Aldosterone Synthesis - p. 322 3. Mechanisms of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Function and Gene Regulation - p. 323 4. Regulation of Renal Sodium Absorption and Potassium Secretion - p. 326 5. Nonrenal Aldosterone-Responsive Tight Epithelia - p. 333 6. Role of Serum- and Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase in Mediating Aldosterone Effects - p. 334 7. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 - p. 336 8. Nongenomic Effects of Aldosterone - p. 337 9. Nonepithelial Actions of Aldosterone - p. 338 10. Targeting the Aldosterone Pathway - p. 339 11. Disease States Associated with Aldosterone - p. 339 12. Conclusion - p. 341 13. Section II. DISORDERS OF BODY FLUID VOLUME AND COMPOSITION - p. P2 14. 13. Disorders of Sodium Balance - p. 344 15. Hypovolemia - p. 344 16. Hypervolemia - p. 351 17. Specific Treatments Based on the Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - p. 371 18. Specific Treatments Based on the Pathophysiology of Sodium Retention in Cirrhosis - p. 374 19. Acknowledgment - p. 377 20. 14. Disorders of Water Balance - p. 379 21. Body Fluids: Compartmentalization, Composition, and Turnover - p. 379 22. Water Metabolism - p. 381 23. Disorders of Insufficient Vasopressin or Vasopressin Effect - p. 391 24. Disorders of Excess Vasopressin or Vasopressin Effect - p. 408 25. Pathogenesis and Causes of Hyponatremia - p. 410 26. Hyponatremia: Symptoms, Morbidity, and Mortality - p. 418 27. Hyponatremia Treatment - p. 421 28. Monitoring Serum Sodium Concentration in Hyponatremic Patients - p. 427 29. Long-Term Treatment of Chronic Hyponatremia - p. 428 30. 15. Disorders of Acid-Base Balance - p. 430 31. Acid-Base Homeostasis - p. 430 32. Metabolic ACIDOSIS - p. 434 33. METABOLIC ALKALOSIS - p. 436 34. Stepwise Approach to the Diagnosis of Acid-Base Disorders - p. 438 35. Respiratory Disorders - p. 442 36. Metabolic Disorders - p. 445 37. 16. Disorders of Potassium Balance - p. 471 38. Potassium Disorders - p. 471 39. Normal Potassium Balance - p. 471 40. Consequences of Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia - p. 481 41. Causes of Hypokalemia - p. 484 42. Treatment of Hypokalemia - p. 495 43. Hyperkalemia - p. 498 44. Management of Hyperkalemia - p. 505 45. 17. Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance - p. 514 46. Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis - p. 514 47. Hypocalcemia - p. 524 48. Signs and Symptoms - p. 524 49. Laboratory Findings - p. 525 50. Diagnosis - p. 525 51. Causes - p. 525 52. Management of Hypocalcemia - p. 529 53. Disorders of Magnesium Homeostasis - p. 529 54. Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis - p. 537 55. Hypophosphatemia - p. 539 56. Section III. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS IN KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P3 57. 18. Epidemiology of Kidney Disease - p. 548 58. 19. Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Diseasea - p. 569 59. Definition of a Risk Factor - p. 570 60. Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression - p. 570 61. Demographic Variables - p. 572 62. Hereditary Factors - p. 573 63. Hemodynamic Factors - p. 575 64. Multisystem Disorders - p. 580 65. Primary Kidney Disease - p. 580 66. Cardiorenal Syndrome - p. 580 67. Conventional Biomarkers - p. 580 68. Novel Biomarkers - p. 583 69. Environmental Risk Factors - p. 585 70. Renal Risk Scores - p. 586 71. Models Predicting Incident Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 588 72. Models Predicting Kidney Failure - p. 589 73. Kidney Failure Risk Equations - p. 590 74. Clinical Relevance - p. 591 75. Models Predicting Death and Cardiovascular Disease - p. 592 76. Models Predicting Chronic Kidney Disease After Acute Kidney Injury - p. 592 77. Clinical Implementation of Risk Models - p. 592 78. Future Considerations - p. 594 79. 20. Early Life Origins of Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 597 80. Developmental Programming - p. 598 81. Programming of Kidney Structure - p. 604 82. Programmed Kidney Structure and Function - p. 609 83. Programming of Blood Pressure and Kidney Function - p. 619 84. Programming of Risk for Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney FAILURE - p. 627 85. Potential for Rescue of Nephron Number - p. 630 86. Catch-Up Growth - p. 634 87. Maternal Health and Intergenerational Effects of Programming - p. 635 88. Relevance of Nephron Endowment for Transplantation - p. 635 89. Global Health Relevance of Kidney Programming - p. 636 90. Conclusion - p. 636 91. 21. The Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Kidneys in Aging - p. 641 92. General Overview of the Biology of Aging - p. 641 93. Healthy Aging and Age-Related Comorbidity - p. 642 94. Anatomic Changes of the Kidneys with Aging - p. 643 95. Functional Changes of the Kidneys with Aging - p. 648 96. Implications of Age-Related Changes In Normal Physiology On Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis And Prognosis - p. 655 97. Acute Kidney Injury and Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Aging - p. 658 98. Can Renal Aging Be Modified? - p. 659 99. 22. Sex and Gender in Kidney Health and Disease - p. 662 100. Section IV. EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P4 101. 23. Laboratory Assessment of Kidney Disease: Glomerular Filtration Rate, Proteinuria, and Urinalysis - p. 679 102. 24. Diagnostic Kidney Imaging - p. 704 103. Imaging Techniques - p. 704 104. Imaging in Clinical Nephrology - p. 718 105. Acknowledgment - p. 745 106. 25. The Renal Biopsy - p. 747 107. 26. Point-of-Care Ultrasound - p. 757 108. Section V. DISORDERS OF KIDNEY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION - p. P5 109. 27. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 778 110. Pathophysiology of Clinical Acute Kidney Injury - p. 778 111. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 784 112. Overview of the Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 784 113. Acute Tubular Necrosis - p. 785 114. Epithelial Cell Injury - p. 785 115. Complement - p. 795 116. Intracellular Mechanisms - p. 795 117. Repair and Regeneration in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 797 118. Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease Transition - p. 802 119. Experimental Models - p. 808 120. 28. Prevention and Management of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 814 121. Definition of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 814 122. Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 818 123. Categorization of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 818 124. Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 820 125. Clinical Assessment, Urinary Findings, and Blood and Radiographic Evaluation - p. 820 126. Clinical Assessment of the Patient - p. 820 127. Urine Assessment - p. 822 128. Laboratory Evaluation - p. 825 129. Novel Biomarkers of Kidney Injury - p. 825 130. Radiologic Evaluation - p. 826 131. Kidney Biopsy - p. 827 132. Etiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Specific Clinical Settings - p. 827 133. Complications during recovery from Acute Kidney Injury - p. 835 134. Management of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 835 135. Management of Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury - p. 835 136. Management of Postrenal Acute Kidney Injury - p. 838 137. Prevention of Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury - p. 839 138. Pharmacologic Therapy for Acute Tubular INJURY - p. 843 139. Management of Other Etiologies of Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury - p. 844 140. Nondialytic Supportive Management of Acute Kidney Injury–Associated Complications - p. 845 141. Kidney Replacement Therapy in AKI - p. 847 142. Summary of Acute Kidney Injury Management - p. 854 143. 29. Pathophysiology of Proteinuria - p. 857 144. Mechanisms of Proteinuria - p. 857 145. Renal Consequences of Proteinuria - p. 862 146. Systemic Consequences of Nephrotic-Range Proteinuria - p. 874 147. Acknowledgment - p. 883 148. 30. Nephrotic Syndrome: Primary and Secondary - p. 885 149. Nephrotic Syndrome - p. 887 150. Minimal Change Disease - p. 892 151. Disease and Other Associations - p. 893 152. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis - p. 899 153. Membranous Nephropathy - p. 906 154. Nephrotic Syndrome in Other Glomerular and Systemic Diseases - p. 917 155. 31. Lupus Nephritis and Other Kidney Manifestations of Systemic Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases - p. 925 156. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - p. 925 157. Antiphospholipid Syndrome - p. 946 158. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease - p. 950 159. Other Seropositive Connective Tissue Disorders - p. 951 160. 32. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis and Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease - p. 954 161. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis - p. 954 162. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–associated vasculitis - p. 955 163. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonphritis - p. 974 164. 33. IgA Nephropathy and IgA Vasculitis - p. 980 165. IgA Nephropathy in Adults - p. 980 166. Introduction - p. 980 167. Epidemiology - p. 980 168. Pathogenesis - p. 981 169. Clinical Presentation - p. 985 170. Diagnosis of IgAN - p. 986 171. Histopathologic Findings - p. 987 172. Risk prediction - p. 989 173. Clinical Risk Factors for Kidney Disease Progression - p. 989 174. Prognosis - p. 991 175. Treatment - p. 992 176. Present and Future Paradigms for the Treatment of IgA Nephropathy - p. 996 177. IgAN in Children - p. 996 178. IgA Vasculitis in Adults - p. 1001 179. IgA vasculitis in Children - p. 1006 180. 34. Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis - p. 1011 181. 35. Kidney Lesions Associated With Dysproteinemias - p. 1028 182. 36. Complement-Mediated Kidney Diseases - p. 1043 183. The complement system - p. 1043 184. Thrombotic Microangiopathies - p. 1045 185. C3 Glomerulopathy and Related Conditions - p. 1054 186. 37. Tubulointerstitial Diseases - p. 1065 187. 38. Urinary Tract Infection in Adults - p. 1083 188. Definitions - p. 1083 189. General Concepts - p. 1084 190. Usual Presentations of Urinary Tract Infection - p. 1087 191. Urinary Tract Infection in Different Patient Populations - p. 1099 192. Differences in UTI Between Adults and Children - p. 1100 193. Other Infections of the Urinary Tract - p. 1102 194. Uncommon Organisms - p. 1104 195. 39. Urinary Tract Obstruction - p. 1110 196. Prevalence and Incidence - p. 1111 197. Classification - p. 1111 198. Etiology - p. 1111 199. Intrinsic Processes - p. 1114 200. Extrinsic Processes - p. 1114 201. Clinical Aspects - p. 1114 202. Diagnosis - p. 1115 203. Pathophysiology of Obstructive Nephropathy - p. 1120 204. Changes in Gene Expression - p. 1129 205. 40. Nephrolithiasis - p. 1135 206. Epidemiology - p. 1135 207. Histopathology - p. 1136 208. Pathophysiology - p. 1137 209. Genetics - p. 1152 210. Nephrolithiasis as a Systemic Disorder - p. 1154 211. Evaluation - p. 1156 212. Management of Stones - p. 1161 213. Acknowledgments - p. 1164 214. 41. Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1167 215. Epidemiology of Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1167 216. Diagnosis and Classification - p. 1168 217. Risk Factors - p. 1171 218. Biomarkers of Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1177 219. Natural History and Clinical Course - p. 1180 220. Pathology: Structural Changes of the Kidney in Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1181 221. pathophysiology - p. 1185 222. Treatment - p. 1191 223. Acknowledgments - p. 1201 224. 42. Cardiovascular Disease in Persons With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1203 225. 43. Kidney Cancer - p. 1222 226. Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1222 227. Biology of Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1224 228. Clinical Presentation of Patients With Renal Masses - p. 1226 229. Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Masses - p. 1227 230. Prognosis and Cancer Outcomes - p. 1229 231. Treatment of Localized and Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1230 232. Systemic Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1231 233. Molecular Biomarkers - p. 1235 234. Volume 2 - p. V2 235. Section VI. GENETICS OF KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P6 236. 44. Genetics of Kidney Disease - p. 1240 237. 45. Cystic Kidney Diseases - p. 1267 238. Pathophysiology of kidney cyst formation - p. 1267 239. Simple Kidney Cysts - p. 1268 240. Hereditary Cystic Kidney Diseases - p. 1271 241. Autosomal Dominant Diseases - p. 1271 242. Tumorous Syndromes - p. 1296 243. X-Linked Dominant Diseases: Orofacial-Digital Syndrome Type 1 - p. 1301 244. Autosomal Recessive Diseases - p. 1301 245. Kidney Cystic Diseases Without Family History - p. 1308 246. Cyst-Related Dysplasias and Neoplasms - p. 1309 247. Acknowledgment - p. 1316 248. Section VII. HYPERTENSION AND THE KIDNEY - p. P7 249. 46. Primary and Secondary Hypertension - p. 1320 250. Hypertension Definitions - p. 1321 251. Epidemiology - p. 1321 252. Blood Pressure Control Rates - p. 1323 253. Pathophysiology - p. 1323 254. Clinical Evaluation - p. 1334 255. Secondary Hypertension - p. 1343 256. Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency - p. 1350 257. Clinical Outcome Trials - p. 1352 258. Management of Primary Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1358 259. Resistant Hypertension - p. 1362 260. 47. Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy - p. 1364 261. Historical perspective - p. 1364 262. Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy - p. 1366 263. Bilateral disease or solitary functioning kidney (analogous to 1-clip-1-kidney model) - p. 1366 264. Phases of Development of Renovascular Hypertension - p. 1369 265. Mechanisms of “Ischemic Nephropathy” - p. 1369 266. Renal reperfusion injury - p. 1371 267. Epidemiology of Renal Artery Stenosis and Renovascular Hypertension - p. 1372 268. Diagnostic Testing for Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy - p. 1375 269. Goals of therapy - p. 1376 270. Management of Unilateral Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 1380 271. Management of Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 1381 272. Progressive Renal Artery stenosis in Medically treated patients - p. 1381 273. Major (reported in 71/799 treated arteries (9%)186 - p. 1386 274. Summary - p. 1387 275. 48. Antihypertensive Therapy - p. 1391 276. Pharmacology of the Nondiuretic Antihypertensive Drugs - p. 1391 277. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors - p. 1391 278. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonists - p. 1398 279. β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists - p. 1402 280. Calcium Channel Blockers - p. 1407 281. Class Mechanisms of Action - p. 1407 282. Class Members - p. 1408 283. Class Kidney Effects - p. 1411 284. Class Efficacy and Safety - p. 1412 285. Central Adrenergic Agonists - p. 1414 286. Central and Peripheral Adrenergic-Neuronal Blocking Agent - p. 1416 287. Direct-Acting Vasodilators - p. 1417 288. Moderately Selective Peripheral α1-Adrenergic Antagonists - p. 1418 289. Peripheral α1-Adrenergic Antagonists - p. 1418 290. Direct renin inhibitors - p. 1420 291. Selective Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists - p. 1421 292. Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor - p. 1422 293. Endothelin Receptor Antagonists - p. 1422 294. Selection of Antihypertensive Drug Therapy - p. 1423 295. Acknowledgments - p. 1434 296. 49. Diuretics - p. 1436 297. Individual Classes of Diuretics - p. 1437 298. Adaptation to Diuretic Therapy - p. 1450 299. Clinical Uses of Diuretics - p. 1454 300. Adverse Effects of Diuretics - p. 1461 301. Section VIII. CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P8 302. 50. Mechanisms of Progression in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1470 303. Structural and Functional Adaptation of The Kidney to Nephron Loss - p. 1471 304. Adaptation of Specific Tubule Functions in Response to Nephron Loss - p. 1480 305. Long-Term Adverse Consequences of Adaptations to Nephron Loss - p. 1485 306. A Unified Hypothesis of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression - p. 1499 307. Insights from Modifiers of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression - p. 1499 308. Future Directions - p. 1512 309. 51. The Pathophysiology of Uremia - p. 1514 310. Solutes Cleared by the Kidney and Retained in Uremia - p. 1515 311. Solute Removal by Different Forms of Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 1523 312. Metabolic Effects of Uremia - p. 1526 313. Conclusions - p. 1530 314. 52. Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral Bone Disorder - p. 1532 315. Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder - p. 1533 316. Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder - p. 1550 317. Clinical Consequences of the Abnormalities in Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder - p. 1558 318. Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder in Kidney Transplant Recipients - p. 1561 319. Summary - p. 1563 320. 53. Hematologic Aspects of Kidney Disease - p. 1565 321. Anemia of Kidney Disease - p. 1565 322. Definition and Prevalence of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1565 323. Normal Erythropoiesis - p. 1566 324. Pathobiology of the Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1572 325. Association of Anemia With Adverse Outcomes - p. 1576 326. Erythrocytosis of Patients With Kidney Disease - p. 1576 327. Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease–Related Anemia - p. 1578 328. Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents - p. 1578 329. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Stabilizers - p. 1580 330. Iron Management - p. 1580 331. Markers of Iron Status - p. 1581 332. Oral Iron Therapy - p. 1583 333. Intravenous Iron Therapy - p. 1583 334. Side Effects of Intravenous Iron - p. 1585 335. Disorders of Hemostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1590 336. White Cell Function in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1595 337. Acknowledgment - p. 1596 338. Section IX. MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P9 339. 54. Classification and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1601 340. Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1601 341. Mechanisms of Disease Progression and The Rationale for Interventions to Achieve Kidney Protection - p. 1602 342. Interventions for Slowing Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1602 343. Strategies for Maximal Kidney Protection - p. 1625 344. Interventions to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1627 345. Interventions to Manage Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1628 346. A Stepped Care Approach to Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1629 347. 55. Dietary Approaches to Kidney Diseases - p. 1633 348. 56. Drug Dosing Considerations in Patients With Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1647 349. Drug Dosing Considerations - p. 1647 350. Effects of Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease on Drug Disposition - p. 1648 351. Pharmacogenomics - p. 1654 352. Pharmacodynamics - p. 1654 353. Assessment of Kidney Function for Drug Dosing - p. 1656 354. Clinical Bottom Line - p. 1664 355. Conclusion - p. 1664 356. Acknowledgment - p. 1671 357. 57. Onconephrology: Kidney Disease and Cancer - p. 1674 358. Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with malignancies - p. 1674 359. Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Cancer - p. 1679 360. Glomerular Diseases Associated With Malignancy - p. 1684 361. Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities Associated With Malignancies - p. 1686 362. Kidney Disease Associated With Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - p. 1691 363. Anticancer Drugs and Kidney Disease - p. 1694 364. Acknowledgments - p. 1701 365. 58. Pregnancy and Kidney Disease - p. 1703 366. Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy - p. 1704 367. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy - p. 1706 368. White Coat Hypertension - p. 1721 369. Masked Hypertension - p. 1721 370. Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1721 371. Kidney Stones, Obstruction, and Urinary Tract Infections - p. 1724 372. Chronic Kidney Disease in Pregnancy - p. 1724 373. Specific Considerations in Pregnancy with Kidney Disease - p. 1727 374. Pregnancy in Women Receiving Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 1730 375. Conclusion - p. 1734 376. 59. Infectious Diseases and the Kidney - p. 1736 377. General principles of kidney involvement in Infections - p. 1737 378. VIRAL INFECTIONS - p. 1738 379. MYCOBACTERIAL AND RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS - p. 1745 380. BACTERIAL AND SPROCHETAL INFECTIONS - p. 1749 381. PARASITIC INFECTIONS - p. 1752 382. FUNGAL INFECTIONS - p. 1757 383. Conclusion - p. 1760 384. 60. Care of the Older Adult With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1763 385. Chronic Kidney Disease and Age-Related Changes in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate - p. 1764 386. Comorbidities and Geriatric Syndromes Among Older Individuals With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1766 387. Controversies and Complexity in the Management of Older Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1774 388. Care for Older Adults With End-Stage Kidney Disease - p. 1777 389. Conclusion - p. 1783 390. 61. Kidney Supportive Care in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1786 391. Section X. DIALYSIS AND EXTRACORPOREAL THERAPIES - p. P10 392. 62. Hemodialysis - p. 1808 393. The Hemodialysis Population - p. 1808 394. Vascular Access - p. 1813 395. General Principles of Hemodialysis: Physiology and Biomechanics - p. 1820 396. Components of the Extracorporeal Circuit - p. 1825 397. Hemodialysis Adequacy - p. 1833 398. The Dialysis Prescription - p. 1840 399. Management of Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis - p. 1848 400. Complications OF Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis - p. 1856 401. The Future of Hemodialysis - p. 1860 402. 63. Peritoneal Dialysis - p. 1862 403. 64. Critical Care Nephrology - p. 1881 404. Acute Kidney Injury in the Context of Critical Illness - p. 1882 405. Fluid Management and Its Impact on Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1886 406. Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 1889 407. Extracorporeal Blood Purification - p. 1896 408. 65. Therapeutic Plasma Exchange and Other Extracorporeal Treatments in Management of Kidney and Related Diseases - p. 1899 409. 66. Enhanced Elimination of Poisons - p. 1919 410. Overview of Corporeal Treatments for Enhanced Elimination of Poisons - p. 1920 411. Principles and Factors Influencing Poison Removal During Extracorporeal Treatments - p. 1921 412. General Indications for Extracorporeal Removal of Poisons - p. 1925 413. Technical Considerations - p. 1926 414. Poisons Amenable to Extracorporeal Elimination - p. 1926 415. Conclusion - p. 1937 416. 67. Interventional Nephrology: Managing Dialysis Access and Kidney Biopsy - p. 1940 417. Interventional Nephrology in Maintenance of Hemodialysis Vascular Access - p. 1941 418. Overview of Vascular Access for Dialysis - p. 1941 419. Clinical Monitoring of Arteriovenous Dialysis Access - p. 1945 420. Central Vein Stenosis - p. 1964 421. Access-Induced Hand Ischemia - p. 1965 422. Hemodialysis Catheters - p. 1967 423. Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion - p. 1971 424. Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters - p. 1974 425. Percutaneous Kidney Biopsy - p. 1978 426. Radiation and Personal Safety - p. 1980 427. Section XI. KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION - p. P11 428. 68. The Immunobiology of Transplantation - p. 1984 429. Overview - p. 1984 430. Mechanisms Involved in Allorecognition - p. 1985 431. Histocompatibility Testing for the Kidney Transplant Candidate and Recipient - p. 1992 432. Kidney Allograft Rejection - p. 2005 433. Mechanisms of immunosuppressive drugs - p. 2007 434. Conclusion - p. 2012 435. 69. Clinical Management of the Adult Kidney Transplant Recipient - p. 2015 436. Medical Evaluation of the Recipient Before Transplantation - p. 2015 437. The Transplant Surgery Procedure and Surgical Complications - p. 2017 438. Currently Used Immunosuppressive Agents in Kidney Transplantation - p. 2019 439. Evaluation of the Recipient Early After Transplant - p. 2025 440. EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTIN POST TRANSPLANT - p. 2026 441. Outcomes in Kidney Transplantation - p. 2036 442. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN the Transplant Recipient - p. 2046 443. Transplantation/Immunosuppression: The Future - p. 2048 444. Conclusion - p. 2048 445. 70. Considerations in Living Kidney Donation - p. 2050 446. Section XII. PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY - p. P12 447. 71. Childhood Kidney Disease - p. 2070 448. Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders in Children - p. 2070 449. Evaluation of Kidney Function in Children - p. 2071 450. Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract - p. 2073 451. Glomerular Diseases - p. 2086 452. Systemic Diseases with Renal Involvement - p. 2102 453. Complement-Associated Kidney Diseases - p. 2107 454. Tubular disorders - p. 2118 455. Urolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis in Children - p. 2126 456. Pediatric Aspects of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2133 457. Conclusion - p. 2135 458. Acknowledgment - p. 2135 459. 72. Kidney Replacement Therapy (Dialysis and Transplantation) in Children - p. 2138 460. Background - p. 2138 461. Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2138 462. Epidemiology of End-Stage Kidney Disease - p. 2138 463. Etiology - p. 2139 464. Clinical Consequences of Pediatric End-Stage Kidney Disease - p. 2139 465. Mortality - p. 2144 466. Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 2144 467. Hemodialysis - p. 2146 468. Home Hemodialysis - p. 2151 469. Complications of Hemodialysis - p. 2151 470. Peritoneal Dialysis - p. 2152 471. Adequacy of Dialysis - p. 2154 472. Complications OF PD - p. 2156 473. Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 2157 474. Pediatric Kidney Transplantation - p. 2158 475. Preparation of the Recipient for Transplantation - p. 2160 476. Transplant Immunology - p. 2164 477. Immunosuppression - p. 2165 478. Perioperative Management - p. 2168 479. Immediate Postoperative Period - p. 2168 480. Early Complications of Kidney Transplantation - p. 2169 481. Chronic Allograft Nephropathy - p. 2173 482. Patient Survival - p. 2174 483. Graft Survival - p. 2174 484. Long-Term Follow-Up of Children with Kidney Transplant - p. 2174 485. Section XIII. GLOBAL CONSIDERATIONS IN KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P13 486. 73. Global Challenges and Progress in Kidney Health - p. 2182 487. 74. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Latin America - p. 2209 488. 75. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Africa - p. 2225 489. 76. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Near and Middle East - p. 2244 490. Acute Kidney Injury - p. 2245 491. Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2248 492. Management of End-Stage Kidney Failure in the Middle East - p. 2265 493. Summary - p. 2271 494. Acknowledgments - p. 2271 495. 77. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Indian Subcontinent - p. 2273 496. 78. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: The Far East - p. 2286 497. Traditional Medicine - p. 2288 498. Acute Kidney Injury - p. 2288 499. Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2289 500. Health Care Economics and Financing Models for Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2290 501. Specific Kidney Diseases - p. 2291 502. Kidney DISEASES Related to Infections - p. 2298 503. Dialysis in Asia - p. 2303 504. Kidney Transplantation—Special Issues in Asia - p. 2305 505. Pediatric Nephrology - p. 2307 506. Conclusion - p. 2308 507. 79. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: The Pacific Islands and Islands of the Caribbean - p. 2310 508. Section XIV. CHALLENGES IN NEPHROLOGY - p. P14 509. 80. Ethical Dilemmas Facing Nephrology - p. 2331 510. 81. Health Disparities in Nephrology - p. 2345 511. 82. Disaster Nephrology - p. 2359 512. 83. Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology - p. 2375 513. 84. Stem Cells, Kidney Regeneration, and Gene and Cell Therapy in Nephrology - p. 2392 514. Index - p. 1
Long considered the definitive reference for nephrology practitioners and fellows, Brenner & Rector's The Kidney, marks its 50th anniversary with the publication of this 12th Edition. This two-volume masterwork provides expert, well-illustrated information on everything from basic science and pathophysiology to clinical best practices, covering the total patient population from preconception to the elderly. More than 200 expert contributors from 20 countries representing six continents provide a truly global perspective on the treatment and management of renal diseases.
1. General Introduction to Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors - p. 321 2. Aldosterone Synthesis - p. 322 3. Mechanisms of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Function and Gene Regulation - p. 323 4. Regulation of Renal Sodium Absorption and Potassium Secretion - p. 326 5. Nonrenal Aldosterone-Responsive Tight Epithelia - p. 333 6. Role of Serum- and Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase in Mediating Aldosterone Effects - p. 334 7. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 - p. 336 8. Nongenomic Effects of Aldosterone - p. 337 9. Nonepithelial Actions of Aldosterone - p. 338 10. Targeting the Aldosterone Pathway - p. 339 11. Disease States Associated with Aldosterone - p. 339 12. Conclusion - p. 341 13. Section II. DISORDERS OF BODY FLUID VOLUME AND COMPOSITION - p. P2 14. 13. Disorders of Sodium Balance - p. 344 15. Hypovolemia - p. 344 16. Hypervolemia - p. 351 17. Specific Treatments Based on the Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - p. 371 18. Specific Treatments Based on the Pathophysiology of Sodium Retention in Cirrhosis - p. 374 19. Acknowledgment - p. 377 20. 14. Disorders of Water Balance - p. 379 21. Body Fluids: Compartmentalization, Composition, and Turnover - p. 379 22. Water Metabolism - p. 381 23. Disorders of Insufficient Vasopressin or Vasopressin Effect - p. 391 24. Disorders of Excess Vasopressin or Vasopressin Effect - p. 408 25. Pathogenesis and Causes of Hyponatremia - p. 410 26. Hyponatremia: Symptoms, Morbidity, and Mortality - p. 418 27. Hyponatremia Treatment - p. 421 28. Monitoring Serum Sodium Concentration in Hyponatremic Patients - p. 427 29. Long-Term Treatment of Chronic Hyponatremia - p. 428 30. 15. Disorders of Acid-Base Balance - p. 430 31. Acid-Base Homeostasis - p. 430 32. Metabolic ACIDOSIS - p. 434 33. METABOLIC ALKALOSIS - p. 436 34. Stepwise Approach to the Diagnosis of Acid-Base Disorders - p. 438 35. Respiratory Disorders - p. 442 36. Metabolic Disorders - p. 445 37. 16. Disorders of Potassium Balance - p. 471 38. Potassium Disorders - p. 471 39. Normal Potassium Balance - p. 471 40. Consequences of Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia - p. 481 41. Causes of Hypokalemia - p. 484 42. Treatment of Hypokalemia - p. 495 43. Hyperkalemia - p. 498 44. Management of Hyperkalemia - p. 505 45. 17. Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance - p. 514 46. Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis - p. 514 47. Hypocalcemia - p. 524 48. Signs and Symptoms - p. 524 49. Laboratory Findings - p. 525 50. Diagnosis - p. 525 51. Causes - p. 525 52. Management of Hypocalcemia - p. 529 53. Disorders of Magnesium Homeostasis - p. 529 54. Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis - p. 537 55. Hypophosphatemia - p. 539 56. Section III. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS IN KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P3 57. 18. Epidemiology of Kidney Disease - p. 548 58. 19. Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Diseasea - p. 569 59. Definition of a Risk Factor - p. 570 60. Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression - p. 570 61. Demographic Variables - p. 572 62. Hereditary Factors - p. 573 63. Hemodynamic Factors - p. 575 64. Multisystem Disorders - p. 580 65. Primary Kidney Disease - p. 580 66. Cardiorenal Syndrome - p. 580 67. Conventional Biomarkers - p. 580 68. Novel Biomarkers - p. 583 69. Environmental Risk Factors - p. 585 70. Renal Risk Scores - p. 586 71. Models Predicting Incident Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 588 72. Models Predicting Kidney Failure - p. 589 73. Kidney Failure Risk Equations - p. 590 74. Clinical Relevance - p. 591 75. Models Predicting Death and Cardiovascular Disease - p. 592 76. Models Predicting Chronic Kidney Disease After Acute Kidney Injury - p. 592 77. Clinical Implementation of Risk Models - p. 592 78. Future Considerations - p. 594 79. 20. Early Life Origins of Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 597 80. Developmental Programming - p. 598 81. Programming of Kidney Structure - p. 604 82. Programmed Kidney Structure and Function - p. 609 83. Programming of Blood Pressure and Kidney Function - p. 619 84. Programming of Risk for Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney FAILURE - p. 627 85. Potential for Rescue of Nephron Number - p. 630 86. Catch-Up Growth - p. 634 87. Maternal Health and Intergenerational Effects of Programming - p. 635 88. Relevance of Nephron Endowment for Transplantation - p. 635 89. Global Health Relevance of Kidney Programming - p. 636 90. Conclusion - p. 636 91. 21. The Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Kidneys in Aging - p. 641 92. General Overview of the Biology of Aging - p. 641 93. Healthy Aging and Age-Related Comorbidity - p. 642 94. Anatomic Changes of the Kidneys with Aging - p. 643 95. Functional Changes of the Kidneys with Aging - p. 648 96. Implications of Age-Related Changes In Normal Physiology On Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis And Prognosis - p. 655 97. Acute Kidney Injury and Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Aging - p. 658 98. Can Renal Aging Be Modified? - p. 659 99. 22. Sex and Gender in Kidney Health and Disease - p. 662 100. Section IV. EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P4 101. 23. Laboratory Assessment of Kidney Disease: Glomerular Filtration Rate, Proteinuria, and Urinalysis - p. 679 102. 24. Diagnostic Kidney Imaging - p. 704 103. Imaging Techniques - p. 704 104. Imaging in Clinical Nephrology - p. 718 105. Acknowledgment - p. 745 106. 25. The Renal Biopsy - p. 747 107. 26. Point-of-Care Ultrasound - p. 757 108. Section V. DISORDERS OF KIDNEY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION - p. P5 109. 27. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 778 110. Pathophysiology of Clinical Acute Kidney Injury - p. 778 111. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 784 112. Overview of the Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 784 113. Acute Tubular Necrosis - p. 785 114. Epithelial Cell Injury - p. 785 115. Complement - p. 795 116. Intracellular Mechanisms - p. 795 117. Repair and Regeneration in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 797 118. Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease Transition - p. 802 119. Experimental Models - p. 808 120. 28. Prevention and Management of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 814 121. Definition of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 814 122. Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 818 123. Categorization of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 818 124. Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 820 125. Clinical Assessment, Urinary Findings, and Blood and Radiographic Evaluation - p. 820 126. Clinical Assessment of the Patient - p. 820 127. Urine Assessment - p. 822 128. Laboratory Evaluation - p. 825 129. Novel Biomarkers of Kidney Injury - p. 825 130. Radiologic Evaluation - p. 826 131. Kidney Biopsy - p. 827 132. Etiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Specific Clinical Settings - p. 827 133. Complications during recovery from Acute Kidney Injury - p. 835 134. Management of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 835 135. Management of Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury - p. 835 136. Management of Postrenal Acute Kidney Injury - p. 838 137. Prevention of Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury - p. 839 138. Pharmacologic Therapy for Acute Tubular INJURY - p. 843 139. Management of Other Etiologies of Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury - p. 844 140. Nondialytic Supportive Management of Acute Kidney Injury–Associated Complications - p. 845 141. Kidney Replacement Therapy in AKI - p. 847 142. Summary of Acute Kidney Injury Management - p. 854 143. 29. Pathophysiology of Proteinuria - p. 857 144. Mechanisms of Proteinuria - p. 857 145. Renal Consequences of Proteinuria - p. 862 146. Systemic Consequences of Nephrotic-Range Proteinuria - p. 874 147. Acknowledgment - p. 883 148. 30. Nephrotic Syndrome: Primary and Secondary - p. 885 149. Nephrotic Syndrome - p. 887 150. Minimal Change Disease - p. 892 151. Disease and Other Associations - p. 893 152. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis - p. 899 153. Membranous Nephropathy - p. 906 154. Nephrotic Syndrome in Other Glomerular and Systemic Diseases - p. 917 155. 31. Lupus Nephritis and Other Kidney Manifestations of Systemic Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases - p. 925 156. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - p. 925 157. Antiphospholipid Syndrome - p. 946 158. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease - p. 950 159. Other Seropositive Connective Tissue Disorders - p. 951 160. 32. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis and Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease - p. 954 161. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis - p. 954 162. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–associated vasculitis - p. 955 163. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonphritis - p. 974 164. 33. IgA Nephropathy and IgA Vasculitis - p. 980 165. IgA Nephropathy in Adults - p. 980 166. Introduction - p. 980 167. Epidemiology - p. 980 168. Pathogenesis - p. 981 169. Clinical Presentation - p. 985 170. Diagnosis of IgAN - p. 986 171. Histopathologic Findings - p. 987 172. Risk prediction - p. 989 173. Clinical Risk Factors for Kidney Disease Progression - p. 989 174. Prognosis - p. 991 175. Treatment - p. 992 176. Present and Future Paradigms for the Treatment of IgA Nephropathy - p. 996 177. IgAN in Children - p. 996 178. IgA Vasculitis in Adults - p. 1001 179. IgA vasculitis in Children - p. 1006 180. 34. Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis - p. 1011 181. 35. Kidney Lesions Associated With Dysproteinemias - p. 1028 182. 36. Complement-Mediated Kidney Diseases - p. 1043 183. The complement system - p. 1043 184. Thrombotic Microangiopathies - p. 1045 185. C3 Glomerulopathy and Related Conditions - p. 1054 186. 37. Tubulointerstitial Diseases - p. 1065 187. 38. Urinary Tract Infection in Adults - p. 1083 188. Definitions - p. 1083 189. General Concepts - p. 1084 190. Usual Presentations of Urinary Tract Infection - p. 1087 191. Urinary Tract Infection in Different Patient Populations - p. 1099 192. Differences in UTI Between Adults and Children - p. 1100 193. Other Infections of the Urinary Tract - p. 1102 194. Uncommon Organisms - p. 1104 195. 39. Urinary Tract Obstruction - p. 1110 196. Prevalence and Incidence - p. 1111 197. Classification - p. 1111 198. Etiology - p. 1111 199. Intrinsic Processes - p. 1114 200. Extrinsic Processes - p. 1114 201. Clinical Aspects - p. 1114 202. Diagnosis - p. 1115 203. Pathophysiology of Obstructive Nephropathy - p. 1120 204. Changes in Gene Expression - p. 1129 205. 40. Nephrolithiasis - p. 1135 206. Epidemiology - p. 1135 207. Histopathology - p. 1136 208. Pathophysiology - p. 1137 209. Genetics - p. 1152 210. Nephrolithiasis as a Systemic Disorder - p. 1154 211. Evaluation - p. 1156 212. Management of Stones - p. 1161 213. Acknowledgments - p. 1164 214. 41. Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1167 215. Epidemiology of Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1167 216. Diagnosis and Classification - p. 1168 217. Risk Factors - p. 1171 218. Biomarkers of Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1177 219. Natural History and Clinical Course - p. 1180 220. Pathology: Structural Changes of the Kidney in Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1181 221. pathophysiology - p. 1185 222. Treatment - p. 1191 223. Acknowledgments - p. 1201 224. 42. Cardiovascular Disease in Persons With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1203 225. 43. Kidney Cancer - p. 1222 226. Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1222 227. Biology of Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1224 228. Clinical Presentation of Patients With Renal Masses - p. 1226 229. Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Masses - p. 1227 230. Prognosis and Cancer Outcomes - p. 1229 231. Treatment of Localized and Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1230 232. Systemic Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1231 233. Molecular Biomarkers - p. 1235 234. Volume 2 - p. V2 235. Section VI. GENETICS OF KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P6 236. 44. Genetics of Kidney Disease - p. 1240 237. 45. Cystic Kidney Diseases - p. 1267 238. Pathophysiology of kidney cyst formation - p. 1267 239. Simple Kidney Cysts - p. 1268 240. Hereditary Cystic Kidney Diseases - p. 1271 241. Autosomal Dominant Diseases - p. 1271 242. Tumorous Syndromes - p. 1296 243. X-Linked Dominant Diseases: Orofacial-Digital Syndrome Type 1 - p. 1301 244. Autosomal Recessive Diseases - p. 1301 245. Kidney Cystic Diseases Without Family History - p. 1308 246. Cyst-Related Dysplasias and Neoplasms - p. 1309 247. Acknowledgment - p. 1316 248. Section VII. HYPERTENSION AND THE KIDNEY - p. P7 249. 46. Primary and Secondary Hypertension - p. 1320 250. Hypertension Definitions - p. 1321 251. Epidemiology - p. 1321 252. Blood Pressure Control Rates - p. 1323 253. Pathophysiology - p. 1323 254. Clinical Evaluation - p. 1334 255. Secondary Hypertension - p. 1343 256. Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency - p. 1350 257. Clinical Outcome Trials - p. 1352 258. Management of Primary Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1358 259. Resistant Hypertension - p. 1362 260. 47. Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy - p. 1364 261. Historical perspective - p. 1364 262. Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy - p. 1366 263. Bilateral disease or solitary functioning kidney (analogous to 1-clip-1-kidney model) - p. 1366 264. Phases of Development of Renovascular Hypertension - p. 1369 265. Mechanisms of “Ischemic Nephropathy” - p. 1369 266. Renal reperfusion injury - p. 1371 267. Epidemiology of Renal Artery Stenosis and Renovascular Hypertension - p. 1372 268. Diagnostic Testing for Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy - p. 1375 269. Goals of therapy - p. 1376 270. Management of Unilateral Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 1380 271. Management of Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 1381 272. Progressive Renal Artery stenosis in Medically treated patients - p. 1381 273. Major (reported in 71/799 treated arteries (9%)186 - p. 1386 274. Summary - p. 1387 275. 48. Antihypertensive Therapy - p. 1391 276. Pharmacology of the Nondiuretic Antihypertensive Drugs - p. 1391 277. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors - p. 1391 278. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonists - p. 1398 279. β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists - p. 1402 280. Calcium Channel Blockers - p. 1407 281. Class Mechanisms of Action - p. 1407 282. Class Members - p. 1408 283. Class Kidney Effects - p. 1411 284. Class Efficacy and Safety - p. 1412 285. Central Adrenergic Agonists - p. 1414 286. Central and Peripheral Adrenergic-Neuronal Blocking Agent - p. 1416 287. Direct-Acting Vasodilators - p. 1417 288. Moderately Selective Peripheral α1-Adrenergic Antagonists - p. 1418 289. Peripheral α1-Adrenergic Antagonists - p. 1418 290. Direct renin inhibitors - p. 1420 291. Selective Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists - p. 1421 292. Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor - p. 1422 293. Endothelin Receptor Antagonists - p. 1422 294. Selection of Antihypertensive Drug Therapy - p. 1423 295. Acknowledgments - p. 1434 296. 49. Diuretics - p. 1436 297. Individual Classes of Diuretics - p. 1437 298. Adaptation to Diuretic Therapy - p. 1450 299. Clinical Uses of Diuretics - p. 1454 300. Adverse Effects of Diuretics - p. 1461 301. Section VIII. CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P8 302. 50. Mechanisms of Progression in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1470 303. Structural and Functional Adaptation of The Kidney to Nephron Loss - p. 1471 304. Adaptation of Specific Tubule Functions in Response to Nephron Loss - p. 1480 305. Long-Term Adverse Consequences of Adaptations to Nephron Loss - p. 1485 306. A Unified Hypothesis of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression - p. 1499 307. Insights from Modifiers of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression - p. 1499 308. Future Directions - p. 1512 309. 51. The Pathophysiology of Uremia - p. 1514 310. Solutes Cleared by the Kidney and Retained in Uremia - p. 1515 311. Solute Removal by Different Forms of Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 1523 312. Metabolic Effects of Uremia - p. 1526 313. Conclusions - p. 1530 314. 52. Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral Bone Disorder - p. 1532 315. Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder - p. 1533 316. Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder - p. 1550 317. Clinical Consequences of the Abnormalities in Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder - p. 1558 318. Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder in Kidney Transplant Recipients - p. 1561 319. Summary - p. 1563 320. 53. Hematologic Aspects of Kidney Disease - p. 1565 321. Anemia of Kidney Disease - p. 1565 322. Definition and Prevalence of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1565 323. Normal Erythropoiesis - p. 1566 324. Pathobiology of the Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1572 325. Association of Anemia With Adverse Outcomes - p. 1576 326. Erythrocytosis of Patients With Kidney Disease - p. 1576 327. Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease–Related Anemia - p. 1578 328. Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents - p. 1578 329. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Stabilizers - p. 1580 330. Iron Management - p. 1580 331. Markers of Iron Status - p. 1581 332. Oral Iron Therapy - p. 1583 333. Intravenous Iron Therapy - p. 1583 334. Side Effects of Intravenous Iron - p. 1585 335. Disorders of Hemostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1590 336. White Cell Function in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1595 337. Acknowledgment - p. 1596 338. Section IX. MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P9 339. 54. Classification and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1601 340. Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1601 341. Mechanisms of Disease Progression and The Rationale for Interventions to Achieve Kidney Protection - p. 1602 342. Interventions for Slowing Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1602 343. Strategies for Maximal Kidney Protection - p. 1625 344. Interventions to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1627 345. Interventions to Manage Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1628 346. A Stepped Care Approach to Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1629 347. 55. Dietary Approaches to Kidney Diseases - p. 1633 348. 56. Drug Dosing Considerations in Patients With Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1647 349. Drug Dosing Considerations - p. 1647 350. Effects of Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease on Drug Disposition - p. 1648 351. Pharmacogenomics - p. 1654 352. Pharmacodynamics - p. 1654 353. Assessment of Kidney Function for Drug Dosing - p. 1656 354. Clinical Bottom Line - p. 1664 355. Conclusion - p. 1664 356. Acknowledgment - p. 1671 357. 57. Onconephrology: Kidney Disease and Cancer - p. 1674 358. Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with malignancies - p. 1674 359. Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Cancer - p. 1679 360. Glomerular Diseases Associated With Malignancy - p. 1684 361. Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities Associated With Malignancies - p. 1686 362. Kidney Disease Associated With Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - p. 1691 363. Anticancer Drugs and Kidney Disease - p. 1694 364. Acknowledgments - p. 1701 365. 58. Pregnancy and Kidney Disease - p. 1703 366. Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy - p. 1704 367. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy - p. 1706 368. White Coat Hypertension - p. 1721 369. Masked Hypertension - p. 1721 370. Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1721 371. Kidney Stones, Obstruction, and Urinary Tract Infections - p. 1724 372. Chronic Kidney Disease in Pregnancy - p. 1724 373. Specific Considerations in Pregnancy with Kidney Disease - p. 1727 374. Pregnancy in Women Receiving Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 1730 375. Conclusion - p. 1734 376. 59. Infectious Diseases and the Kidney - p. 1736 377. General principles of kidney involvement in Infections - p. 1737 378. VIRAL INFECTIONS - p. 1738 379. MYCOBACTERIAL AND RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS - p. 1745 380. BACTERIAL AND SPROCHETAL INFECTIONS - p. 1749 381. PARASITIC INFECTIONS - p. 1752 382. FUNGAL INFECTIONS - p. 1757 383. Conclusion - p. 1760 384. 60. Care of the Older Adult With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1763 385. Chronic Kidney Disease and Age-Related Changes in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate - p. 1764 386. Comorbidities and Geriatric Syndromes Among Older Individuals With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1766 387. Controversies and Complexity in the Management of Older Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1774 388. Care for Older Adults With End-Stage Kidney Disease - p. 1777 389. Conclusion - p. 1783 390. 61. Kidney Supportive Care in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1786 391. Section X. DIALYSIS AND EXTRACORPOREAL THERAPIES - p. P10 392. 62. Hemodialysis - p. 1808 393. The Hemodialysis Population - p. 1808 394. Vascular Access - p. 1813 395. General Principles of Hemodialysis: Physiology and Biomechanics - p. 1820 396. Components of the Extracorporeal Circuit - p. 1825 397. Hemodialysis Adequacy - p. 1833 398. The Dialysis Prescription - p. 1840 399. Management of Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis - p. 1848 400. Complications OF Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis - p. 1856 401. The Future of Hemodialysis - p. 1860 402. 63. Peritoneal Dialysis - p. 1862 403. 64. Critical Care Nephrology - p. 1881 404. Acute Kidney Injury in the Context of Critical Illness - p. 1882 405. Fluid Management and Its Impact on Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1886 406. Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 1889 407. Extracorporeal Blood Purification - p. 1896 408. 65. Therapeutic Plasma Exchange and Other Extracorporeal Treatments in Management of Kidney and Related Diseases - p. 1899 409. 66. Enhanced Elimination of Poisons - p. 1919 410. Overview of Corporeal Treatments for Enhanced Elimination of Poisons - p. 1920 411. Principles and Factors Influencing Poison Removal During Extracorporeal Treatments - p. 1921 412. General Indications for Extracorporeal Removal of Poisons - p. 1925 413. Technical Considerations - p. 1926 414. Poisons Amenable to Extracorporeal Elimination - p. 1926 415. Conclusion - p. 1937 416. 67. Interventional Nephrology: Managing Dialysis Access and Kidney Biopsy - p. 1940 417. Interventional Nephrology in Maintenance of Hemodialysis Vascular Access - p. 1941 418. Overview of Vascular Access for Dialysis - p. 1941 419. Clinical Monitoring of Arteriovenous Dialysis Access - p. 1945 420. Central Vein Stenosis - p. 1964 421. Access-Induced Hand Ischemia - p. 1965 422. Hemodialysis Catheters - p. 1967 423. Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion - p. 1971 424. Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters - p. 1974 425. Percutaneous Kidney Biopsy - p. 1978 426. Radiation and Personal Safety - p. 1980 427. Section XI. KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION - p. P11 428. 68. The Immunobiology of Transplantation - p. 1984 429. Overview - p. 1984 430. Mechanisms Involved in Allorecognition - p. 1985 431. Histocompatibility Testing for the Kidney Transplant Candidate and Recipient - p. 1992 432. Kidney Allograft Rejection - p. 2005 433. Mechanisms of immunosuppressive drugs - p. 2007 434. Conclusion - p. 2012 435. 69. Clinical Management of the Adult Kidney Transplant Recipient - p. 2015 436. Medical Evaluation of the Recipient Before Transplantation - p. 2015 437. The Transplant Surgery Procedure and Surgical Complications - p. 2017 438. Currently Used Immunosuppressive Agents in Kidney Transplantation - p. 2019 439. Evaluation of the Recipient Early After Transplant - p. 2025 440. EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTIN POST TRANSPLANT - p. 2026 441. Outcomes in Kidney Transplantation - p. 2036 442. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN the Transplant Recipient - p. 2046 443. Transplantation/Immunosuppression: The Future - p. 2048 444. Conclusion - p. 2048 445. 70. Considerations in Living Kidney Donation - p. 2050 446. Section XII. PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY - p. P12 447. 71. Childhood Kidney Disease - p. 2070 448. Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders in Children - p. 2070 449. Evaluation of Kidney Function in Children - p. 2071 450. Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract - p. 2073 451. Glomerular Diseases - p. 2086 452. Systemic Diseases with Renal Involvement - p. 2102 453. Complement-Associated Kidney Diseases - p. 2107 454. Tubular disorders - p. 2118 455. Urolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis in Children - p. 2126 456. Pediatric Aspects of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2133 457. Conclusion - p. 2135 458. Acknowledgment - p. 2135 459. 72. Kidney Replacement Therapy (Dialysis and Transplantation) in Children - p. 2138 460. Background - p. 2138 461. Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2138 462. Epidemiology of End-Stage Kidney Disease - p. 2138 463. Etiology - p. 2139 464. Clinical Consequences of Pediatric End-Stage Kidney Disease - p. 2139 465. Mortality - p. 2144 466. Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 2144 467. Hemodialysis - p. 2146 468. Home Hemodialysis - p. 2151 469. Complications of Hemodialysis - p. 2151 470. Peritoneal Dialysis - p. 2152 471. Adequacy of Dialysis - p. 2154 472. Complications OF PD - p. 2156 473. Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 2157 474. Pediatric Kidney Transplantation - p. 2158 475. Preparation of the Recipient for Transplantation - p. 2160 476. Transplant Immunology - p. 2164 477. Immunosuppression - p. 2165 478. Perioperative Management - p. 2168 479. Immediate Postoperative Period - p. 2168 480. Early Complications of Kidney Transplantation - p. 2169 481. Chronic Allograft Nephropathy - p. 2173 482. Patient Survival - p. 2174 483. Graft Survival - p. 2174 484. Long-Term Follow-Up of Children with Kidney Transplant - p. 2174 485. Section XIII. GLOBAL CONSIDERATIONS IN KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P13 486. 73. Global Challenges and Progress in Kidney Health - p. 2182 487. 74. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Latin America - p. 2209 488. 75. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Africa - p. 2225 489. 76. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Near and Middle East - p. 2244 490. Acute Kidney Injury - p. 2245 491. Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2248 492. Management of End-Stage Kidney Failure in the Middle East - p. 2265 493. Summary - p. 2271 494. Acknowledgments - p. 2271 495. 77. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Indian Subcontinent - p. 2273 496. 78. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: The Far East - p. 2286 497. Traditional Medicine - p. 2288 498. Acute Kidney Injury - p. 2288 499. Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2289 500. Health Care Economics and Financing Models for Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2290 501. Specific Kidney Diseases - p. 2291 502. Kidney DISEASES Related to Infections - p. 2298 503. Dialysis in Asia - p. 2303 504. Kidney Transplantation—Special Issues in Asia - p. 2305 505. Pediatric Nephrology - p. 2307 506. Conclusion - p. 2308 507. 79. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: The Pacific Islands and Islands of the Caribbean - p. 2310 508. Section XIV. CHALLENGES IN NEPHROLOGY - p. P14 509. 80. Ethical Dilemmas Facing Nephrology - p. 2331 510. 81. Health Disparities in Nephrology - p. 2345 511. 82. Disaster Nephrology - p. 2359 512. 83. Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology - p. 2375 513. 84. Stem Cells, Kidney Regeneration, and Gene and Cell Therapy in Nephrology - p. 2392 514. Index - p. 1
