Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology

1. Introduction - p. 1628 2. Hysterectomy - p. 1628 3. Pelvic organ prolapse repair - p. 1629 4. Cystectomy - p. 1629 5. Rectal surgery - p. 1629 6. Genital cosmetic surgery and female sexual dysfunction - p. 1629 7. Lower urinary tract dysfunction and female sexual dysfunction - p. 1630 8. Self-image/body image connected to female sexual dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms - p. 1633.e1 9. Conclusions - p. 1633.e1 10. References - p. 1633.e1 11. References - p. 1633.e2 12. PART VII. Male Genitalia - p. 1633.e13 13. 78.  Surgical, radiographic, and endoscopic anatomy of the retroperitoneum - p. 1634 14. 79.  Neoplasms of the testis - p. 1658 15. Germ cell tumors - p. 1658.e1 16. Epidemiology - p. 1658.e1 17. Risk factors - p. 1658.e1 18. Pathogenesis and biology - p. 1659 19. Histologic classification - p. 1659.e1 20. Initial presentation - p. 1661 21. Diagnostic testing and initial management - p. 1662 22. Clinical staging - p. 1666 23. Treatment - p. 1668 24. Nonseminoma germ cell tumors - p. 1670 25. Seminoma - p. 1677 26. Brain metastases - p. 1680 27. Treatment sequelae - p. 1681 28. Non–germ cell tumors - p. 1681 29. Tumors of the testicular adnexa - p. 1681.e2 30. References - p. 1681.e3 31. Selected references - p. 1681.e3 32. References - p. 1682 33. 80.  Surgery of testicular tumors - p. 1683 34. 81.  Minimally invasive retroperitoneal lymph node dissection - p. 1706 35. 82.  Tumors of the penis - p. 1715 36. Premalignant cutaneous lesions - p. 1715 37. Virus-related penile lesions - p. 1715.e2 38. Squamous cell carcinoma - p. 1716.e1 39. Modes of presentation - p. 1719 40. Surgical management of the primary tumor - p. 1725 41. Treatment of the inguinal nodes - p. 1726 42. Radiation therapy - p. 1738 43. Radiation therapy of the penile primary - p. 1738 44. Radiation treatment of lymph node regions - p. 1741 45. Systemic therapy for penile cancer - p. 1743 46. Nonsquamous penile malignant neoplasms - p. 1745 47. References - p. 1748 48. References - p. 1748.e1 49. 83.  Tumors of the urethra - p. 1749 50. 84.  Inguinal node dissection - p. 1764 51. 85.  Benign disorders of the penis and urethra - p. 1774 52. 86.  Urethral stricture disease - p. 1794 53. 87.  Surgery of the scrotum and seminal vesicles - p. 1817 54. PART VIII. Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology - p. 1837.e3 55. 88.  Surgical, radiologic, and endoscopic anatomy of the kidney and ureter - p. 1838 56. 89.  Physiology and pharmacology of the renal pelvis and ureter - p. 1853.e2 57. 90.  Fundamentals of nephrology - p. 1854 58. 91.  Renal transplantation - p. 1883 59. 92.  Urologic complications of renal transplantation - p. 1896 60. PART IX. Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction and Trauma - p. 1902.e2 61. 93.  Management of upper urinary tract obstruction - p. 1903 62. 94.  Upper urinary tract trauma - p. 1942 63. PART X. Urinary Lithiasis and Endourology - p. 1971.e11 64. 95.  Urinary lithiasis: Etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis - p. 1972 65. Epidemiology of renal calculi - p. 1972 66. Physiochemistry and pathogenesis - p. 1976 67. Mineral metabolism - p. 1982 68. Pathophysiology of upper urinary tract calculi - p. 1984 69. Classification of nephrolithiasis - p. 1984 70. Calcium stones - p. 1984 71. Uric acid stones - p. 1992 72. Cystine stones - p. 1995 73. Infection stones - p. 1996 74. Miscellaneous stones - p. 1998 75. Anatomic predisposition to stones - p. 2000 76. Stones in pregnancy - p. 2002 77. References - p. 2002 78. Selected references - p. 2002 79. References - p. 2003 80. 96.  Acute car e of urinary lithiasis - p. 2004 81. 97.  Surgical management of ureteral calculi - p. 2011 82. 98.  Surgical management of upper urinary tract calculi - p. 2027 83. 99.  Prevention of urinary stone disease - p. 2049 84. 100.  Lower urinary tract calculi - p. 2059 85. PART XI. Urine Transport, Storage, and Emptying - p. 2066.e3 86. 101.  Surgical, radiographic, and endoscopic anatomy of the female pelvis - p. 2067 87. 102.  Surgical, radiographic, and endoscopic anatomy of the male pelvis - p. 2084 88. 103.  Physiology and pharmacology of the bladder and urethra - p. 2104 89. Lower urinary tract anatomy - p. 2104 90. Bladder compartments - p. 2104 91. Overview of the urethra - p. 2108 92. Urothelial physiology - p. 2110 93. Smooth muscle physiology - p. 2113 94. Bladder mechanics - p. 2121 95. Neural control of the lower urinary tract - p. 2122 96. Pharmacology - p. 2140 97. Muscarinic mechanisms - p. 2140 98. Adrenergic mechanisms - p. 2143 99. Urethral tone in females - p. 2144 100. Afferent neuropeptides - p. 2144 101. Sex steroids - p. 2145 102. Clinical relevance - p. 2146 103. Future research - p. 2155 104. References - p. 2156 105. Selected references - p. 2156 106. References - p. 2156 107. 104.  Pathophysiology and classification of lower urinary tract dysfunction - p. 2157 108. 105.  Evaluat ion and management of women with urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse - p. 2166 109. 106.  Evaluation and management of males with urinary incontinence - p. 2180 110. 107.  Urodynamic and videourodynamic evaluation of the lower urinary tract - p. 2192 111. 108.  Urinary incontinence and pelvic prolapse: Epidemiology and pathophysiology - p. 2218 112. 109.  Neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract - p. 2238 113. Objectives - p. 2238 114. Patterns of neuropathic voiding dysfunction - p. 2238 115. Diseases at or above the brainstem - p. 2240 116. Disease distal to the spinal cord - p. 2256 117. Miscellaneous neurologic diseases causing lower urinary tract dysfunction - p. 2261 118. Miscellaneous conditions definitely, probably, or possibly related to neuromuscular dysfunction - p. 2263 119. Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia - p. 2263 120. Dysfunctional voiding - p. 2264 121. Bladder neck dysfunction - p. 2264 122. Bladder outlet obstruction in females - p. 2264 123. Low-pressure and low-flow voiding in younger males: Paruresis (bashful bladder) - p. 2265 124. Urinary retention: Fowler syndrome in young females - p. 2265 125. Postoperative urinary retention - p. 2266 126. Hyperthyroidism - p. 2266 127. Schizophrenia - p. 2266 128. Gastroparesis - p. 2267 129. Myasthenia gravis - p. 2267 130. Isaacs syndrome - p. 2267 131. Wernicke encephalopathy - p. 2267 132. Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) - p. 2267 133. Ehlers-danlos syndrome - p. 2268 134. Myotonic dystrophy - p. 2268 135. Corticobasal degeneration - p. 2268 136. Sacrococcygeal teratoma - p. 2268 137. Williams-beuren syndrome - p. 2268 138. Amyloidosis - p. 2268 139. Machado-joseph disease - p. 2268 140. Radiation - p. 2269 141. Defunctionalized bladder - p. 2269 142. Disorders of sexual differentiation - p. 2269 143. Aging - p. 2270 144. Benign joint hypermobility syndrome - p. 2270 145. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - p. 2270 146. Other conditions - p. 2270 147. Evaluation, surveillance, and treatment of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction - p. 2270 148. References - p. 2275 149. Selected references - p. 2275 150. References - p. 2275 151. 110.  Overactive bladder - p. 2276 152. 111.  Underactive detrusor - p. 2290 153. 112.  Nocturia - p. 2304 154. 113.  Pharmacologic management of lower urinary tract storage and emptying failure - p. 2337 155. Pharmacologic therapy to facilitate bladder filling and urine storage - p. 2337 156. Inhibiting bladder contractility, decreasing sensory input, increasing bladder capacity - p. 2337 157. Increasing external urethral sphincter activity - p. 2358 158. Reducing urine production - p. 2359 159. Pharmacologic therapy to facilitate voiding and bladder emptying - p. 2359.e1 160. Pharmacotherapy for underactive bladder syndrome/detrusor underactivity - p. 2363.e1 161. BoNT/A injection in the external urethral sphincter to treat detrusor underactivity and bladder sphincter dyssynergia - p. 2363.e1 162. Combination therapies - p. 2363.e1 163. Drugs that failed in clinical trials to improve storage or voiding function - p. 2370 164. Drugs that failed to improve voiding dysfunction - p. 2372 165. References - p. 2372 166. References - p. 2372 167. 114.  Conservative management of urinary inc ontinence: Behavioral and pelvic floor therapy, urethral and pelvic devices - p. 2373 168. 115.  Electrical stimulation and neuromodulation in storage and emptying failure - p. 2404 169. 116.  Retropubic suspension surgery for incontinence in females - p. 2416 170. 117.  Vaginal and abdominal reconstructive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse - p. 2426 171. Preparing the patient for prolapse surgery - p. 2426 172. The use of mesh in vaginal surgery: Historical background - p. 2427 173. Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse (Tables 117.1 and 117.2) - p. 2427.e2 174. Procedures for lateral and combined defects - p. 2430 175. Other procedures to correct anterior compartment defects - p. 2432.e2 176. Apical compartment - p. 2435 177. High uterosacral vaginal vault suspension: Technique - p. 2435 178. Abdominal approach to the uterosacral ligaments - p. 2436 179. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy: Technique - p. 2444 180. Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy: Technique - p. 2446 181. Results of sacrocolpopexy - p. 2447 182. Complications of sacrocolpopexy - p. 2449 183. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy versus laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (Table 117.8) - p. 2449 184. Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy versus robotic sacrocolpopexy versus abdominal sacrocolpopexy (Table 117.9) - p. 2450 185. Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy versus robotic sacrocolpopexy - p. 2451 186. Colpocleisis - p. 2453 187. Posterior compartment repair - p. 2456.e12 188. Posterior colporrhaphy: Technique (Fig. 117.36) - p. 2457 189. Site specific repair: Technique - p. 2457 190. Perineorrhaphy: Technique - p. 2457 191. Results of posterior colporrhaphy (eTable 117.16) - p. 2458 192. Biologic interposition graft repairs of the posterior compartment - p. 2459 193. References - p. 2459 194. References - p. 2459 195. 118.  Slings: Autologous, biologic, synthetic, and mid-urethral - p. 2460 196. The evolution of slings - p. 2460 197. Pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence and sling mechanism of action - p. 2460.e1 198. The advent of the mid-urethral sling - p. 2460.e1 199. Preoperative assessment - p. 2460.e1 200. Alternative treatment options - p. 2462 201. Pubovaginal sling - p. 2462 202. Autologous pubovaginal sling operative procedure - p. 2464 203. Outcomes of autologous pubovaginal slings for predominantly stress urinary incontinence - p. 2467 204. Outcomes of autologous pubovaginal sling in patients with mixed urinary incontinence - p. 2468.e2 205. Outcomes of autologous pubovaginal sling for urethral reconstruction - p. 2470 206. Complications of pubovaginal slings - p. 2473 207. Mid-urethral slings - p. 2473 208. Mid-urethral sling operative procedures - p. 2475 209. Mid-urethral sling patient counseling - p. 2475 210. Outcomes of mid-urethral sling for intrinsic sphincteric dysfunction - p. 2482 211. Outcomes of mid-urethral sling for recurrent stress urinary incontinence - p. 2483 212. Outcomes of mid-urethral sling in patients with pelvic organ prolapse - p. 2483 213. Outcomes of mid-urethral sling in elderly females - p. 2484 214. Outcomes of mid-urethral sling in obese patients - p. 2485 215. Complications of retropubic, transobturator, and single-incision mid-urethral sling - p. 2486 216. Sexual dysfunction after mid-urethral sling - p. 2488 217. References - p. 2489 218. Selected references - p. 2489 219. References - p. 2489 220. 119.  Genitourinary complications of mesh and their repair - p. 2490 221. 120.  Aging and geriatric urology - p. 2503 222. 121.  Urinary tract fistulae - p. 2515 223. Urogynecologic fistulae - p. 2515 224. Laparoscopic and robotic vesicovaginal fistula repairs - p. 2531 225. Interposing flaps and grafts - p. 2531 226. Transabdominal interposing options - p. 2534 227. Urinary symptoms after vesicovaginal fistula repair - p. 2534 228. Sexual function after vesicovaginal fistula repair - p. 2535 229. Urinary diversions for the treatment of vesicovaginal fistula - p. 2535 230. Ureterovaginal fistula - p. 2535 231. Vesicouterine fistula - p. 2537 232. Urethrovaginal fistula - p. 2539 233. Uroenteric fistulae - p. 2540 234. Urocutaneous fistula - p. 2546 235. Uro-osteo-articular fistulae - p. 2548 236. Urovascular fistula - p. 2550.e1 237. Renal fistula - p. 2551 238. Vesicourethral anastomotic fistula - p. 2553 239. Urinary fistula after gender-affirming surgery - p. 2553 240. References - p. 2554 241. References - p. 2554 242. 122.  Bladder and female urethral diverticula - p. 2555 243. 123.  Surgical procedures for sphincteric incontinence in the male: The artificial urinary sphincter and perineal sling procedures - p. 2584 244. Volume III - p. 2600.e4 245. PART XII. Benign and Malignant Bladder Disorders - p. 2600.e4 246. 124.  Bladder surgery for benign disease - p. 2601 247. 125.  Genital and lower urinary tract trauma - p. 2642 248. 126.  Management and considerations in transgender and nonbinary individuals - p. 2655 249. 127.  Male-to-female gender-affirming surgery: Vagin oplasty - p. 2664 250. 128.  Special urologic considerations in transmasculine individuals - p. 2677 251. 129.  Tumors of the urinary bladder - p. 2687 252. 130.  Management strategies for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta, T1, and CIS) - p. 2707 253. 131.  Management of muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer - p. 2730 254. 132.  Surgical management of bladder cancer: Transurethral, open, and robotic - p. 2756 255. 133.  Use of intestinal segments in urinary diversion - p. 2784 256. Surgical anatomy - p. 2784 257. Selecting the segment of intestine - p. 2785 258. Preparing the bowel for surgery and postoperative recovery - p. 2786 259. Intestinal anastomoses - p. 2792 260. Ureterointestinal anastomoses - p. 2797 261. Renal deterioration - p. 2800 262. Urinary diversion - p. 2801 263. Metabolic and neurochemical problems of urinary intestinal diversion - p. 2805 264. Summary - p. 2811.e2 265. References - p. 2811.e2 266. References - p. 2811.e2 267. 134.  Continent urinary diversion - p. 2812 268. 135.  Minimally invasive urinary diversion - p. 2843 269. PART XIII. Neoplasms of the Upper Urinary Tract - p. 2859.e2 270. 136.  Benign renal tumors - p. 2860 271. 137.  Malignant renal tumors - p. 2872 272. Historical considerations - p. 2872 273. Classification - p. 2872 274. Incidence - p. 2877 275. Etiology - p. 2879 276. Staging - p. 2897 277. Prognosis - p. 2899 278. Treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma - p. 2901 279. Treatment of locally advanced renal cell carcinoma - p. 2914 280. Other malignant renal tumors - p. 2919 281. References - p. 2923 282. Selected references - p. 2923.e1 283. References - p. 2923.e1 284. 138.  Urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract and ureter - p. 2924 285. 139.  Surgical management of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors - p. 2940 286. 140.  Retroperitoneal tumors - p. 2968 287. 141.  Contemporary open surgery of the kidney - p. 2990 288. 142.  Laparoscopic and robotic surgery of the kidney - p. 3027 289. 143.  Focal therapy for renal tumors - p. 3059 290. 144.  Treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma - p. 3078 291. PART XIV. The Adrenals - p. 3101.e5 292. 145.  Surgical and radiographic anatomy of the adrenals - p. 3102 293. 146.  Pathophysiology, evaluation, and medical management of adrenal disorders - p. 3111 294. Historical background - p. 3111 295. Adrenal embryology and anatomy - p. 3111 296. Adrenal physiology - p. 3113 297. Evaluation of adrenal lesions in urologic practice - p. 3117 298. Overview - p. 3118 299. Adrenal neoplasia - p. 3132 300. Nonfunctional benign adrenal lesions - p. 3144 301. Malignant adrenal neoplasms - p. 3147 302. Summary - p. 3152 303. Non-neoplastic adrenal disorders - p. 3153 304. Conclusions - p. 3160 305. Acknowledgments - p. 3160 306. References - p. 3160 307. Selected references - p. 3160 308. References - p. 3160 309. 147.  Surgery of the adrenal glands - p. 3161 310. PART XV. The Prostate - p. 3171.e2 311. 148.  Anatomy and development of the prostate - p. 3172 312. 149.  Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and natural history - p. 3180 313. Etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3181 314. Pathophysiology - p. 3189 315. Epidemiology and natural history - p. 3192 316. Definitions - p. 3192 317. Descriptive epidemiologic studies - p. 3192 318. Symptom severity and frequency - p. 3193 319. Analytical epidemiologic studies - p. 3196 320. Natural history of untreated benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3204 321. Complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3212 322. Acute urinary retention - p. 3213 323. Surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3216 324. References - p. 3218 325. Selected references - p. 3218 326. References - p. 3220 327. 150.  Evaluation and nonsurgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3221 328. Diagnostic evaluation - p. 3221 329. Management of lower urinary tract symptoms caused by benign prostatic enlargement - p. 3227 330. Androgen manipulation - p. 3249 331. Rationale for androgen manipulation - p. 3249 332. Classification of pharmacologic agents - p. 3249 333. Interpreting the literature on androgen manipulation - p. 3250 334. Review of the literature - p. 3250 335. Finasteride - p. 3250 336. Dutasteride - p. 3252 337. Zanoterone - p. 3253 338. Flutamide - p. 3253 339. Cetrorelix - p. 3253 340. Chlormadinone acetate - p. 3254 341. Aromatase inhibitors - p. 3254 342. Selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators - p. 3255 343. Tolerability and safety of androgen manipulation therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3255 344. 5α-reductase inhibitors and sexual dysfunction - p. 3256 345. Summary - p. 3257 346. Muscarinic receptor antagonists - p. 3257 347. β3-agonist (mirabegron) - p. 3259 348. Phytotherapy - p. 3273 349. Prognosis of patients receiving medical treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms - p. 3278 350. Acute urinary retention - p. 3279 351. Future directions in medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3280 352. References - p. 3282 353. References - p. 3282 354. 151.  Minimally invasive and endoscopic management of benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3283 355. Epidemiology, natural history, and market share - p. 3283.e1 356. Surgical trends - p. 3283.e1 357. Race, socioeconomic status, and benign prostatic hyperplasia surgery - p. 3283.e1 358. Effect of medications for benign prostatic hyperplasia - p. 3283.e1 359. Prostate size/volume - p. 3283.e2 360. Workup - p. 3284.e1 361. Defining outcomes - p. 3284.e1 362. Specific treatments - p. 3285.e3 363. Transurethral microwave therapy - p. 3285.e3 364. Convective radiofrequency water vapor thermal therapy - p. 3288 365. Resection-based techniques - p. 3290 366. Bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate - p. 3298 367. Transurethral incision of the prostate - p. 3300 368. Ablation-based techniques - p. 3301 369. Transurethral vaporization of the prostate - p. 3303 370. Laser physics - p. 3304 371. Photoselective vaporization of the prostate - p. 3305.e1 372. Enucleation-based techniques: Anatomic endoscopic enucleation of the prostate - p. 3308.e1 373. Thulium and thulium fiber lasers - p. 3312 374. Concept and introduction—comparison of thulium and thulium fiber lasers - p. 3312 375. Technique - p. 3312.e1 376. Outcomes - p. 3312.e1 377. Comparative series - p. 3312.e1 378. Complications - p. 3313.e1 379. Conclusion - p. 3313.e1 380. Alternative energy sources for anatomic endoscopic enucleation of the prostate - p. 3313.e1 381. True minimally invasive surgical therapy concept - p. 3314 382. Temporary implanted prostatic devices - p. 3314.e1 383. Drug-coated balloon dilation - p. 3314.e1 384. Prostate artery embolization - p. 3315 385. Transperineal prostate laser ablation - p. 3316 386. Failed therapies - p. 3316.e1 387. Prostatic injections - p. 3316.e2 388. Conclusion - p. 3316.e3 389. References - p. 3316.e3 390. Selected references - p. 3316.e3 391. References - p. 3317 392. 152.  Simple prostatectomy—open, laparoscopic, and robotic approaches - p. 3318 393. 153.  Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of prostate cancer - p. 3334 394. 154.  Prostate cancer biomarkers - p. 3353 395. 155.  Prostate biopsy: Techniques and imaging - p. 3364 396. 156.  Pathology of prostatic neoplasia - p. 3382 397. 157.  Diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer - p. 3390 398. 158.  Active management strategies for locali zed prostate cancer - p. 3398 399. 159.  Active surveillance of prostate cancer - p. 3417 400. 160.  Open radical prostatectomy - p. 3431 401. 161.  Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy - p. 3449 402. 162.  Radiation therapy for prostate cancer - p. 3474 403. 163.  Focal therapy of prostate cancer - p. 3505 404. 164.  Treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer - p. 3543 405. 165.  Management of recurrent and newly metastatic prostate cancer - p. 3562 406. 166.  Management of castration-resistant prostate cancer - p. 3588 407. Index - p. I-1