Combustion Emissions: Formation, Reaction, and Removal of Trace Metals in Combustion Products presents the latest scientific knowledge on combustion, with a particular focus on the behavior of elements in this high temperature method of energy generation. The book describes methods of control and establishes a solid base of understanding for future research. Encyclopedic in style and consistent in format, each chapter systematically presents a complete analysis of the combustion behavior of each element and guides the reader in resolving specific problems. This includes source levels in fuels and fuel usage, emission and pollutant release into the environment and environmental effects, and more.
Societal impacts and environmental concerns are considered throughout, highlighting sustainability aspects across a diverse range of applications, such as within power plants, automobiles and propulsion.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. Recent research concepts - p. 7 3. Chapter 3. The generalities that now are apparent - p. 11 4. Chapter 4. The importance of the temperature, interaction time, and heterogeneous collision frequency constraints: fuel-rich or -lean differences - p. 15 5. Chapter 5. The nature of flame gases free of nonmetallic content - p. 17 6. Chapter 6. The role of particles, ash, or surfaces - p. 19 7. Chapter 7. Trace species reported combustion behavior and their chemistry - p. 23 8. Abstract - p. 23 9. 7.1. Alkalis (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) - p. 23 10. 7.2. Aluminum - p. 54 11. 7.3. Antimony - p. 67 12. Health concerns with antimony - p. 68 13. Antimony’s basic chemistry - p. 69 14. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 72 15. Laboratory scale combustion studies - p. 74 16. Combustion power plant data - p. 74 17. 7.4. Arsenic - p. 77 18. 7.5. Barium - p. 94 19. 7.6. Beryllium - p. 108 20. Health concerns with beryllium - p. 108 21. Beryllium’s basic chemistry - p. 109 22. The dissociation energy of BeO and its meaning - p. 111 23. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 113 24. Combustion power plant data - p. 116 25. 7.7. Bismuth - p. 117 26. 7.8. Boron - p. 124 27. 7.9. Cadmium - p. 134 28. 7.10. Calcium - p. 148 29. Health concerns with calcium - p. 148 30. Calcium’s basic chemistry - p. 149 31. The dissociation energy of CaO and its meaning - p. 151 32. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 153 33. Laboratory combustion systems - p. 156 34. Combustion power plant data - p. 158 35. 7.11. Chromium - p. 160 36. Health concerns with chromium - p. 162 37. Chromium’s basic chemistry - p. 163 38. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 166 39. Laboratory combustion studies and gas phase stabilities - p. 171 40. Chemical kinetic constraints - p. 178 41. Combustion power plant data - p. 180 42. 7.12. Cobalt - p. 186 43. 7.13. Copper - p. 199 44. Health concerns with copper - p. 200 45. Copper’s basic chemistry - p. 201 46. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 203 47. Laboratory combustion studies - p. 208 48. Combustion power plant data - p. 209 49. 7.14. Iron - p. 214 50. 7.15. Lead - p. 229 51. 7.16. Magnesium - p. 246 52. Health concerns with magnesium - p. 246 53. Magnesium’s basic chemistry - p. 247 54. The dissociation energy of MgO and its meaning - p. 248 55. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 252 56. Laboratory combustion studies - p. 255 57. Combustion power plant data - p. 256 58. 7.17. Manganese - p. 258 59. 7.18. Mercury - p. 271 60. Health concerns with mercury - p. 275 61. Mercury’s basic chemistry - p. 277 62. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 279 63. Chemical kinetic constraints - p. 281 64. Laboratory combustion studies - p. 282 65. Combustion power plant studies - p. 286 66. 7.19. Molybdenum - p. 293 67. Health concerns with molybdenum - p. 294 68. Molybdenum’s basic chemistry - p. 294 69. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 297 70. Potential role for molybdates - p. 301 71. Laboratory combustion studies - p. 303 72. Combustion power plant data - p. 308 73. 7.20. Nickel - p. 309 74. 7.21. Phosphorus - p. 322 75. 7.22. Scandium - p. 336 76. 7.23. Selenium - p. 343 77. 7.24. Silver - p. 358 78. 7.25. Strontium - p. 367 79. 7.26. Thallium - p. 378 80. 7.27. Tin (Germanium) - p. 384 81. 7.28. Titanium - p. 393 82. 7.29. Tungsten - p. 403 83. Health concerns with tungsten - p. 403 84. Tungsten’s basic chemistry - p. 404 85. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 405 86. Potential role for tungstates - p. 408 87. Laboratory combustion studies - p. 411 88. Combustion power plant data - p. 415 89. 7.30. Uranium - p. 416 90. 7.31. Vanadium - p. 426 91. 7.32. Yttrium - p. 439 92. 7.33. Zinc - p. 447 93. 7.34. Zirconium - p. 460 94. Bibliography - p. 469 95. Index - p. 591
Combustion Emissions: Formation, Reaction, and Removal of Trace Metals in Combustion Products presents the latest scientific knowledge on combustion, with a particular focus on the behavior of elements in this high temperature method of energy generation. The book describes methods of control and establishes a solid base of understanding for future research. Encyclopedic in style and consistent in format, each chapter systematically presents a complete analysis of the combustion behavior of each element and guides the reader in resolving specific problems. This includes source levels in fuels and fuel usage, emission and pollutant release into the environment and environmental effects, and more.
Societal impacts and environmental concerns are considered throughout, highlighting sustainability aspects across a diverse range of applications, such as within power plants, automobiles and propulsion.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. Recent research concepts - p. 7 3. Chapter 3. The generalities that now are apparent - p. 11 4. Chapter 4. The importance of the temperature, interaction time, and heterogeneous collision frequency constraints: fuel-rich or -lean differences - p. 15 5. Chapter 5. The nature of flame gases free of nonmetallic content - p. 17 6. Chapter 6. The role of particles, ash, or surfaces - p. 19 7. Chapter 7. Trace species reported combustion behavior and their chemistry - p. 23 8. Abstract - p. 23 9. 7.1. Alkalis (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) - p. 23 10. 7.2. Aluminum - p. 54 11. 7.3. Antimony - p. 67 12. Health concerns with antimony - p. 68 13. Antimony’s basic chemistry - p. 69 14. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 72 15. Laboratory scale combustion studies - p. 74 16. Combustion power plant data - p. 74 17. 7.4. Arsenic - p. 77 18. 7.5. Barium - p. 94 19. 7.6. Beryllium - p. 108 20. Health concerns with beryllium - p. 108 21. Beryllium’s basic chemistry - p. 109 22. The dissociation energy of BeO and its meaning - p. 111 23. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 113 24. Combustion power plant data - p. 116 25. 7.7. Bismuth - p. 117 26. 7.8. Boron - p. 124 27. 7.9. Cadmium - p. 134 28. 7.10. Calcium - p. 148 29. Health concerns with calcium - p. 148 30. Calcium’s basic chemistry - p. 149 31. The dissociation energy of CaO and its meaning - p. 151 32. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 153 33. Laboratory combustion systems - p. 156 34. Combustion power plant data - p. 158 35. 7.11. Chromium - p. 160 36. Health concerns with chromium - p. 162 37. Chromium’s basic chemistry - p. 163 38. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 166 39. Laboratory combustion studies and gas phase stabilities - p. 171 40. Chemical kinetic constraints - p. 178 41. Combustion power plant data - p. 180 42. 7.12. Cobalt - p. 186 43. 7.13. Copper - p. 199 44. Health concerns with copper - p. 200 45. Copper’s basic chemistry - p. 201 46. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 203 47. Laboratory combustion studies - p. 208 48. Combustion power plant data - p. 209 49. 7.14. Iron - p. 214 50. 7.15. Lead - p. 229 51. 7.16. Magnesium - p. 246 52. Health concerns with magnesium - p. 246 53. Magnesium’s basic chemistry - p. 247 54. The dissociation energy of MgO and its meaning - p. 248 55. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 252 56. Laboratory combustion studies - p. 255 57. Combustion power plant data - p. 256 58. 7.17. Manganese - p. 258 59. 7.18. Mercury - p. 271 60. Health concerns with mercury - p. 275 61. Mercury’s basic chemistry - p. 277 62. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 279 63. Chemical kinetic constraints - p. 281 64. Laboratory combustion studies - p. 282 65. Combustion power plant studies - p. 286 66. 7.19. Molybdenum - p. 293 67. Health concerns with molybdenum - p. 294 68. Molybdenum’s basic chemistry - p. 294 69. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 297 70. Potential role for molybdates - p. 301 71. Laboratory combustion studies - p. 303 72. Combustion power plant data - p. 308 73. 7.20. Nickel - p. 309 74. 7.21. Phosphorus - p. 322 75. 7.22. Scandium - p. 336 76. 7.23. Selenium - p. 343 77. 7.24. Silver - p. 358 78. 7.25. Strontium - p. 367 79. 7.26. Thallium - p. 378 80. 7.27. Tin (Germanium) - p. 384 81. 7.28. Titanium - p. 393 82. 7.29. Tungsten - p. 403 83. Health concerns with tungsten - p. 403 84. Tungsten’s basic chemistry - p. 404 85. Gas phase stabilities and transport - p. 405 86. Potential role for tungstates - p. 408 87. Laboratory combustion studies - p. 411 88. Combustion power plant data - p. 415 89. 7.30. Uranium - p. 416 90. 7.31. Vanadium - p. 426 91. 7.32. Yttrium - p. 439 92. 7.33. Zinc - p. 447 93. 7.34. Zirconium - p. 460 94. Bibliography - p. 469 95. Index - p. 591
