Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Wind Power Structures in Marine Environments: Volume 2: Corrosion Protection Measures offers the first comprehensive review on corrosion and corrosion protection of offshore wind power structures. The book extensively discusses corrosion phenomena and corrosion types in different marine corrosion zones, including the modeling of corrosion processes and interactions between corrosion and structural stability. The book addresses important design issues, namely materials selection relevant to their performance in marine environments, corrosion allowance, and constructive design. Active and passive corrosion protection measures are emphasized, with special sections on cathodic corrosion protection and the use of protective coatings.
Seawater related issues associated with cathodic protection, such as calcareous deposit formation, hydrogen formation, and fouling, are discussed. With respect to protective coatings, the book considers, for the first time, complete loading scenarios, including corrosive loads, mechanical loads, and special loads, and covers a wide range of coating materials. Problems associated with fouling and bacterial-induced corrosion are extensively reviewed. The book closes with a chapter on recent developments in maintenance strategies, inspection techniques, and repair technologies. The book will be of special interest to materials scientists, materials developers, corrosion engineers, maintenance engineers, civil engineers, steel work designers, mechanical engineers, marine engineers, chemists, and coating specialists.
Offshore wind power is an emerging renewable technology and a key factor for a cleaner environment. Offshore wind power structures are situated in a demanding and challenging marine environment. The structures are loaded in a complex way, including mechanical loads and corrosive loads. Corrosion is one of the major limiting factors to the reliability and performance of the technology. Maintenance and repair of corrosion protection systems are particularly laborious and costly.
1. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Wind Power Structures in Marine Environments - p. i 2. Cover - p. i 3. Title Page - p. iii 4. Copyright Page - p. iv 5. Table of Contents - p. v 6. Foreword - p. xix 7. Chapter 4 Material selection - p. 1 8. 4.1: General recommendations - p. 1 9. 4.2: Low-carbon (unalloyed) steel - p. 4 10. 4.3: Stainless steel - p. 15 11. 4.4: Aluminum alloys - p. 37 12. 4.5: Zinc - p. 39 13. 4.6: Copper and copper alloys - p. 41 14. 4.7: Nickel and nickel alloys - p. 45 15. 4.8: Welds and weld overlays - p. 46 16. 4.9: Fiber-reinforced composites - p. 47 17. 4.10: Bolts and screws - p. 53 18. 4.11: Concrete - p. 55 19. Chapter 5 Constructive design - p. 57 20. Chapter 6 Corrosion allowances - p. 117 21. Chapter 7 Cathodic corrosion protection - p. 127 22. 7.1: Basics - p. 127 23. 7.2: Cathodic protection with galvanic anodes - p. 161 24. 7.3: Cathodic protection with impressed current - p. 206 25. 7.4: Formation of calcareous deposits - p. 214 26. 7.5: Simulation of cathodic protection systems - p. 240 27. 7.6: Cathodic protection for internal sections of offshore wind power structures - p. 249 28. 7.7: Splash zone and tidal zone protection - p. 252 29. 7.8: Cathodic protection of chains - p. 256 30. 7.9: Cathodic protection in the seabed - p. 257 31. 7.10: Cathodic protection of special design features - p. 258 32. 7.11: Cathodic protection with thermally sprayed aluminum - p. 259 33. 7.12: Cathodic protection with AlZn alloys - p. 262 34. 7.13: Alternative methods - p. 264 35. 7.14: Coating breakdown factor - p. 265 36. 7.15: Cathodic disbonding of coating - p. 274 37. 7.16: Hydrogen-induced stress cracking during cathodic protection - p. 290 38. 7.17: Effects of cathodic protection on stress corrosion cracking - p. 300 39. 7.18: Effects of cathodic protection on corrosion fatigue - p. 302 40. 7.19: Alternating current corrosion under cathodic protection - p. 308 41. 7.20: Effects of cathodic protection on fouling - p. 309 42. 7.21: Prevention effect parameters - p. 310 43. Chapter 8 Protective coatings - p. 313 44. 8.1: Basics - p. 313 45. 8.2: Organic coating systems - p. 323 46. 8.2.1: General structure of organic coating systems - p. 323 47. 8.2.2: Binder materials and hardeners - p. 324 48. 8.2.3: Pigments - p. 325 49. 8.2.4: Moisture in organic coatings - p. 340 50. 8.2.5: Water vapor and oxygen flux through organic coatings - p. 349 51. 8.2.6: Sodium chloride flux through organic coatings - p. 351 52. 8.2.7: Performance of organic coating systems - p. 351 53. 8.2.8: Performance of zinc-rich coatings - p. 361 54. 8.2.9: Performance of super-high built marine coatings - p. 365 55. 8.2.10: Performance of water-borne coatings - p. 366 56. 8.2.11: Performance of polymer nanocomposites - p. 366 57. 8.2.12: Performance of fusion-bonded epoxy coatings - p. 367 58. 8.2.13: Performance of polyamide coatings - p. 368 59. 8.2.14: Performance of polyurea coatings - p. 368 60. 8.2.15: Performance of fluoro-polymer coatings - p. 368 61. 8.2.16: Performance of vinyl coatings - p. 370 62. 8.2.17: Performance of self-healing coatings - p. 371 63. 8.2.18: Performance of sol–gel coatings - p. 372 64. 8.2.19: Performance of ceramic coatings - p. 373 65. 8.2.20: Performance of powder coatings - p. 374 66. 8.2.21: Performance of conducting coatings - p. 377 67. 8.2.22: Performance of inhibited coatings - p. 378 68. 8.2.23: Performance of hydrophobic coatings - p. 379 69. 8.2.24: Thin-film organic coatings - p. 382 70. 8.2.25: Soft films - p. 382 71. 8.2.26: Effects of water depth on coating performance - p. 383 72. 8.2.27: Top coats for intumescent coatings - p. 384 73. 8.3: Metal coatings - p. 384 74. 8.4: Other metal coatings - p. 416 75. 8.5: Wrapping, insulations, linings - p. 441 76. 8.6: Coatings for bolts and screws - p. 449 77. 8.7: Coating systems for mechanical loads - p. 458 78. 8.8: Coating systems for special loads - p. 501 79. 8.9: Antifouling coatings - p. 524 80. 8.10: Recommended coating systems for offshore wind power structures - p. 530 81. 8.11: Coating specifications for offshore wind power structures - p. 535 82. 8.12: Testing standards for marine and offshore coatings - p. 537 83. 8.13: Coating failures - p. 570 84. 8.14: Coating lifetime models - p. 582 85. 8.15: Coating selection - p. 597 86. Chapter 9 Inspection, maintenance, and repair - p. 607 87. 9.1: Maintenance strategies - p. 607 88. 9.2: Condition assessment - p. 622 89. 9.3: Inspection - p. 630 90. 9.4: Quantification of coating deterioration and steel corrosion - p. 633 91. 9.5: Sensors - p. 665 92. 9.6: Repair coatings - p. 674 93. Bibliography - p. 687 94. Index - p. 729
Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Wind Power Structures in Marine Environments: Volume 2: Corrosion Protection Measures offers the first comprehensive review on corrosion and corrosion protection of offshore wind power structures. The book extensively discusses corrosion phenomena and corrosion types in different marine corrosion zones, including the modeling of corrosion processes and interactions between corrosion and structural stability. The book addresses important design issues, namely materials selection relevant to their performance in marine environments, corrosion allowance, and constructive design. Active and passive corrosion protection measures are emphasized, with special sections on cathodic corrosion protection and the use of protective coatings.
Seawater related issues associated with cathodic protection, such as calcareous deposit formation, hydrogen formation, and fouling, are discussed. With respect to protective coatings, the book considers, for the first time, complete loading scenarios, including corrosive loads, mechanical loads, and special loads, and covers a wide range of coating materials. Problems associated with fouling and bacterial-induced corrosion are extensively reviewed. The book closes with a chapter on recent developments in maintenance strategies, inspection techniques, and repair technologies. The book will be of special interest to materials scientists, materials developers, corrosion engineers, maintenance engineers, civil engineers, steel work designers, mechanical engineers, marine engineers, chemists, and coating specialists.
Offshore wind power is an emerging renewable technology and a key factor for a cleaner environment. Offshore wind power structures are situated in a demanding and challenging marine environment. The structures are loaded in a complex way, including mechanical loads and corrosive loads. Corrosion is one of the major limiting factors to the reliability and performance of the technology. Maintenance and repair of corrosion protection systems are particularly laborious and costly.
1. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Wind Power Structures in Marine Environments - p. i 2. Cover - p. i 3. Title Page - p. iii 4. Copyright Page - p. iv 5. Table of Contents - p. v 6. Foreword - p. xix 7. Chapter 4 Material selection - p. 1 8. 4.1: General recommendations - p. 1 9. 4.2: Low-carbon (unalloyed) steel - p. 4 10. 4.3: Stainless steel - p. 15 11. 4.4: Aluminum alloys - p. 37 12. 4.5: Zinc - p. 39 13. 4.6: Copper and copper alloys - p. 41 14. 4.7: Nickel and nickel alloys - p. 45 15. 4.8: Welds and weld overlays - p. 46 16. 4.9: Fiber-reinforced composites - p. 47 17. 4.10: Bolts and screws - p. 53 18. 4.11: Concrete - p. 55 19. Chapter 5 Constructive design - p. 57 20. Chapter 6 Corrosion allowances - p. 117 21. Chapter 7 Cathodic corrosion protection - p. 127 22. 7.1: Basics - p. 127 23. 7.2: Cathodic protection with galvanic anodes - p. 161 24. 7.3: Cathodic protection with impressed current - p. 206 25. 7.4: Formation of calcareous deposits - p. 214 26. 7.5: Simulation of cathodic protection systems - p. 240 27. 7.6: Cathodic protection for internal sections of offshore wind power structures - p. 249 28. 7.7: Splash zone and tidal zone protection - p. 252 29. 7.8: Cathodic protection of chains - p. 256 30. 7.9: Cathodic protection in the seabed - p. 257 31. 7.10: Cathodic protection of special design features - p. 258 32. 7.11: Cathodic protection with thermally sprayed aluminum - p. 259 33. 7.12: Cathodic protection with AlZn alloys - p. 262 34. 7.13: Alternative methods - p. 264 35. 7.14: Coating breakdown factor - p. 265 36. 7.15: Cathodic disbonding of coating - p. 274 37. 7.16: Hydrogen-induced stress cracking during cathodic protection - p. 290 38. 7.17: Effects of cathodic protection on stress corrosion cracking - p. 300 39. 7.18: Effects of cathodic protection on corrosion fatigue - p. 302 40. 7.19: Alternating current corrosion under cathodic protection - p. 308 41. 7.20: Effects of cathodic protection on fouling - p. 309 42. 7.21: Prevention effect parameters - p. 310 43. Chapter 8 Protective coatings - p. 313 44. 8.1: Basics - p. 313 45. 8.2: Organic coating systems - p. 323 46. 8.2.1: General structure of organic coating systems - p. 323 47. 8.2.2: Binder materials and hardeners - p. 324 48. 8.2.3: Pigments - p. 325 49. 8.2.4: Moisture in organic coatings - p. 340 50. 8.2.5: Water vapor and oxygen flux through organic coatings - p. 349 51. 8.2.6: Sodium chloride flux through organic coatings - p. 351 52. 8.2.7: Performance of organic coating systems - p. 351 53. 8.2.8: Performance of zinc-rich coatings - p. 361 54. 8.2.9: Performance of super-high built marine coatings - p. 365 55. 8.2.10: Performance of water-borne coatings - p. 366 56. 8.2.11: Performance of polymer nanocomposites - p. 366 57. 8.2.12: Performance of fusion-bonded epoxy coatings - p. 367 58. 8.2.13: Performance of polyamide coatings - p. 368 59. 8.2.14: Performance of polyurea coatings - p. 368 60. 8.2.15: Performance of fluoro-polymer coatings - p. 368 61. 8.2.16: Performance of vinyl coatings - p. 370 62. 8.2.17: Performance of self-healing coatings - p. 371 63. 8.2.18: Performance of sol–gel coatings - p. 372 64. 8.2.19: Performance of ceramic coatings - p. 373 65. 8.2.20: Performance of powder coatings - p. 374 66. 8.2.21: Performance of conducting coatings - p. 377 67. 8.2.22: Performance of inhibited coatings - p. 378 68. 8.2.23: Performance of hydrophobic coatings - p. 379 69. 8.2.24: Thin-film organic coatings - p. 382 70. 8.2.25: Soft films - p. 382 71. 8.2.26: Effects of water depth on coating performance - p. 383 72. 8.2.27: Top coats for intumescent coatings - p. 384 73. 8.3: Metal coatings - p. 384 74. 8.4: Other metal coatings - p. 416 75. 8.5: Wrapping, insulations, linings - p. 441 76. 8.6: Coatings for bolts and screws - p. 449 77. 8.7: Coating systems for mechanical loads - p. 458 78. 8.8: Coating systems for special loads - p. 501 79. 8.9: Antifouling coatings - p. 524 80. 8.10: Recommended coating systems for offshore wind power structures - p. 530 81. 8.11: Coating specifications for offshore wind power structures - p. 535 82. 8.12: Testing standards for marine and offshore coatings - p. 537 83. 8.13: Coating failures - p. 570 84. 8.14: Coating lifetime models - p. 582 85. 8.15: Coating selection - p. 597 86. Chapter 9 Inspection, maintenance, and repair - p. 607 87. 9.1: Maintenance strategies - p. 607 88. 9.2: Condition assessment - p. 622 89. 9.3: Inspection - p. 630 90. 9.4: Quantification of coating deterioration and steel corrosion - p. 633 91. 9.5: Sensors - p. 665 92. 9.6: Repair coatings - p. 674 93. Bibliography - p. 687 94. Index - p. 729
