Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatrics, fourth edition, is an invaluable resource for pediatric radiologists, general radiologists, and trainees—anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference on today’s pediatric imaging. Dr. A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., and his team of highly regarded experts provide up-to-date information on recent advances in technology and safety in the imaging of children to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference for daily practice.
Serves as a one-stop resource for key concepts and information on pediatric imaging, including a wealth of new material and content updates on more than 400 diagnoses
Features more than 2,500 illustrations including radiologic images, full-color illustrations, endoscopic and bronchoscopic photographs, clinical photos, and gross pathology images
Features updates from cover to cover including specifics from revised disease classifications and new terminology in best practices recommendations for radiologic reporting
Reflects evolving imaging technology in conjunction with increased awareness of radiation, contrast, and anesthesia safety in children, and how these advances continue to alter pediatric imaging approaches
Uses bulleted, succinct text and highly templated chapters for quick comprehension of essential information at the point of care
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iii 5. Dedication - p. iii 6. Contributing Authors - p. v 7. Preface - p. v 8. Acknowledgments - p. ix 9. Sections - p. ix 10. TABLE OF CONTENTS - p. ix 11. List of Tables - p. ix 12. SECTION 1: AIRWAY - p. ix 13. Chapter 1: Approach to Pediatric Airway - p. ix 14. NORMAL DYNAMIC AIRWAY FINDINGS IN INFANTS - p. 5 15. Chapter 2: Expiratory Buckling of Trachea - p. 5 16. Chapter 3: Pseudothickening of Retropharyngeal Tissues - p. 6 17. NEWBORN AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION - p. 7 18. Chapter 4: Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis - p. 7 19. Chapter 5: Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele - p. 9 20. Chapter 6: Choanal Atresia - p. 11 21. Chapter 7: Lymphatic Malformation, Cervical - p. 13 22. Chapter 8: Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome - p. 15 23. Chapter 9: Tracheal Agenesis - p. 16 24. INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF AIRWAY COMPROMISE - p. 17 25. Chapter 10: Epiglottitis - p. 17 26. Chapter 11: Croup - p. 21 27. Chapter 12: Bacterial Tracheitis - p. 25 28. Chapter 13: Retropharyngeal Space Abscess - p. 29 29. EXTRINSIC VASCULAR COMPRESSION OF AIRWAY - p. 33 30. Chapter 14: Double Aortic Arch - p. 33 31. Chapter 15: Pulmonary Sling - p. 37 32. Chapter 16: Innominate Artery Compression Syndrome - p. 41 33. Chapter 17: Right Arch With Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery - p. 43 34. MISCELLANEOUS AIRWAY OBSTRUCTIONS - p. 45 35. Chapter 18: Infantile Hemangioma, Airway - p. 45 36. Chapter 19: Tracheobronchomalacia - p. 47 37. SECTION 2: CHEST - p. 49 38. Chapter 20: Approach to Pediatric Chest - p. 49 39. NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIANTS - p. 55 40. Chapter 21: Normal Thymus - p. 55 41. Chapter 22: Palpable Normal Variants of Chest Wall - p. 59 42. CONGENITAL LUNG LESIONS - p. 61 43. Chapter 23: Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation - p. 61 44. Chapter 24: Bronchopulmonary Sequestration - p. 65 45. Chapter 25: Bronchogenic Cyst - p. 69 46. Chapter 26: Congenital Lobar Overinflation - p. 73 47. Chapter 27: Bronchial Atresia - p. 77 48. NEONATAL CHEST ISSUES - p. 79 49. Chapter 28: Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula - p. 79 50. Chapter 29: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - p. 83 51. Chapter 30: Surfactant Deficiency Disease - p. 87 52. Chapter 31: Neonatal Pneumonia - p. 91 53. Chapter 32: Meconium Aspiration Syndrome - p. 93 54. Chapter 33: Transient Tachypnea of Newborn - p. 95 55. Chapter 34: Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema - p. 97 56. Chapter 35: Neonatal Pneumothorax - p. 101 57. Chapter 36: Chylothorax - p. 103 58. Chapter 37: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia - p. 105 59. Chapter 38: Umbilical Catheter Positions and Complications - p. 109 60. Chapter 39: Esophageal Intubation - p. 111 61. Chapter 40: ECMO Catheters - p. 112 62. Chapter 41: PICCs - p. 113 63. CHEST INFECTIONS - p. 115 64. Chapter 42: Viral Chest Infection - p. 115 65. Chapter 43: COVID-19/MIS-C - p. 119 66. Chapter 44: Round Pneumonia - p. 123 67. Chapter 45: Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema - p. 127 68. Chapter 46: Pneumonia With Cavitary Necrosis - p. 129 69. Chapter 47: Fungal Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Children - p. 133 70. Chapter 48: Papillomatosis - p. 135 71. MEDIASTINAL MASSES - p. 139 72. Chapter 49: Lymphoma - p. 139 73. Chapter 50: Germ Cell Tumors - p. 143 74. Chapter 51: Neuroblastoma, Thoracic - p. 147 75. PULMONARY MASSES - p. 151 76. Chapter 52: Pleuropulmonary Blastoma - p. 151 77. Chapter 53: Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 155 78. TRAUMA - p. 157 79. Chapter 54: Child Abuse, Rib Fractures - p. 157 80. Chapter 55: Lung Contusion and Laceration - p. 161 81. Chapter 56: Aortic Injury - p. 165 82. Chapter 57: Pneumomediastinum - p. 169 83. PEDIATRIC INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES - p. 173 84. Chapter 58: Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy - p. 173 85. Chapter 59: Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis - p. 175 86. Chapter 60: Alveolar Growth Abnormality - p. 177 87. Chapter 61: Surfactant Dysfunction Disorders - p. 179 88. Chapter 62: Swyer-James Syndrome - p. 181 89. Chapter 63: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis - p. 183 90. Chapter 64: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Pulmonary - p. 185 91. CHEST WALL ISSUES - p. 187 92. Chapter 65: Pectus Excavatum - p. 187 93. Chapter 66: Minimally Invasive Pectus Repair Appearance - p. 189 94. Chapter 67: Askin Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma of Chest Wall - p. 190 95. Chapter 68: Chest Wall Hamartoma - p. 191 96. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 193 97. Chapter 69: Asthma - p. 193 98. Chapter 70: Bronchial Obstruction - p. 197 99. Chapter 71: Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary - p. 201 100. Chapter 72: Chronic Esophageal Foreign Body - p. 205 101. Chapter 73: Sickle Cell Disease, Acute Chest Syndrome - p. 207 102. Chapter 74: Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis - p. 211 103. Chapter 75: EVALI - p. 213 104. SECTION 3: CARDIAC - p. 215 105. Chapter 76: Approach to Pediatric Heart - p. 215 106. CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 221 107. Chapter 77: Atrial Septal Defect - p. 221 108. Chapter 78: Ventricular Septal Defect - p. 225 109. Chapter 79: Atrioventricular Septal Defect - p. 229 110. Chapter 80: Patent Ductus Arteriosus - p. 233 111. Chapter 81: Tetralogy of Fallot - p. 237 112. Chapter 82: Pulmonary Atresia - p. 241 113. Chapter 83: Ebstein Anomaly - p. 245 114. Chapter 84: D-Transposition of Great Arteries - p. 249 115. Chapter 85: L-Transposition of Great Arteries - p. 251 116. Chapter 86: Tricuspid Atresia - p. 253 117. Chapter 87: Truncus Arteriosus - p. 255 118. Chapter 88: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return - p. 259 119. Chapter 89: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - p. 263 120. Chapter 90: Left Coronary Artery Anomalous Origin - p. 267 121. Chapter 91: Double-Outlet Right Ventricle - p. 271 122. Chapter 92: Aortic Coarctation - p. 273 123. Chapter 93: Aortic Stenosis - p. 277 124. Chapter 94: Pulmonary Artery Stenosis - p. 281 125. Chapter 95: Scimitar Syndrome - p. 285 126. SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 287 127. Chapter 96: Glenn Shunt - p. 287 128. Chapter 97: Fontan Operation - p. 289 129. Chapter 98: Arterial Switch Procedure - p. 291 130. Chapter 99: Norwood Procedure - p. 293 131. Chapter 100: Blalock-Taussig Shunt - p. 295 132. Chapter 101: Amplatzer Occluder Device - p. 297 133. Chapter 102: Sano Shunt - p. 299 134. CARDIOMYOPATHIES - p. 301 135. Chapter 103: Myocarditis - p. 301 136. Chapter 104: Left Ventricular Noncompaction - p. 303 137. Chapter 105: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - p. 305 138. Chapter 106: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Related Cardiomyopathy - p. 307 139. Chapter 107: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia - p. 309 140. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 313 141. Chapter 108: Heterotaxy Syndromes - p. 313 142. Chapter 109: Rhabdomyoma - p. 317 143. Chapter 110: Kawasaki Disease - p. 321 144. Chapter 111: Rheumatic Heart Disease - p. 325 145. Chapter 112: Marfan Syndrome - p. 327 146. Chapter 113: Loeys-Dietz Syndrome - p. 329 147. SECTION 4: GASTROINTESTINAL - p. 331 148. Chapter 114: Approach to Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 331 149. NORMAL PEDIATRIC VARIANTS - p. 337 150. Chapter 115: Normal Variations of Duodenojejunal Junction Position - p. 337 151. Chapter 116: Normal Variations of Cecal Position - p. 341 152. Chapter 117: Age-Related Appearance of Spleen - p. 343 153. NEONATAL UPPER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS - p. 345 154. Chapter 118: Malrotation - p. 345 155. Chapter 119: Midgut Volvulus - p. 349 156. Chapter 120: Duodenal Atresia or Stenosis - p. 353 157. Chapter 121: Duodenal Web - p. 357 158. Chapter 122: Pyloric Atresia - p. 358 159. NEONATAL LOWER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS - p. 359 160. Chapter 123: Jejunoileal Atresia - p. 359 161. Chapter 124: Colonic Atresia - p. 363 162. Chapter 125: Multiple Intestinal Atresias - p. 364 163. Chapter 126: Meconium Ileus - p. 365 164. Chapter 127: Neonatal Small Left Colon - p. 369 165. Chapter 128: Hirschsprung Disease - p. 371 166. Chapter 129: Anorectal Malformations - p. 375 167. OTHER NEONATAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS - p. 379 168. Chapter 130: Meconium Peritonitis - p. 379 169. Chapter 131: Necrotizing Enterocolitis - p. 383 170. Chapter 132: Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation in Neonates - p. 387 171. UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ABNORMALITIES TYPICALLY SEEN IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN - p. 389 172. Chapter 133: Gastroesophageal Reflux - p. 389 173. Chapter 134: Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis - p. 391 174. Chapter 135: Gastric Volvulus - p. 395 175. Chapter 136: Ingested Coins - p. 397 176. Chapter 137: Ingested Button Batteries - p. 399 177. Chapter 138: Ingested Multiple Magnets - p. 401 178. ABNORMALITIES OF ABDOMINAL WALL - p. 403 179. Chapter 139: Hernias - p. 403 180. Chapter 140: Omphalocele - p. 407 181. Chapter 141: Gastroschisis - p. 411 182. Chapter 142: Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS - p. 415 183. Chapter 143: Limb-Body Wall Complex - p. 416 184. OTHER ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH BOWEL OBSTRUCTION - p. 417 185. Chapter 144: Appendicitis - p. 417 186. Chapter 145: Ileocolic Intussusception - p. 421 187. Chapter 146: Meckel Diverticulum - p. 425 188. Chapter 147: Colonic Volvulus - p. 429 189. Chapter 148: Internal Hernia - p. 431 190. Chapter 149: Segmental Volvulus - p. 432 191. LIVER ABNORMALITIES - p. 433 192. Chapter 150: Hepatoblastoma - p. 433 193. Chapter 151: Hepatic Hemangiomas, Infantile and Congenital - p. 437 194. Chapter 152: Focal Nodular Hyperplasia - p. 441 195. Chapter 153: Hepatic Adenoma - p. 443 196. Chapter 154: Hepatocellular Carcinoma - p. 445 197. Chapter 155: Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma - p. 446 198. Chapter 156: Mesenchymal Hamartoma - p. 447 199. Chapter 157: Biliary Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 448 200. Chapter 158: Biliary Atresia - p. 449 201. Chapter 159: Choledochal Cyst - p. 453 202. Chapter 160: Caroli Disease - p. 457 203. Chapter 161: Fibrosis/Cirrhosis - p. 459 204. Chapter 162: Steatosis/Steatohepatitis - p. 461 205. Chapter 163: Hepatic Venoocclusive Disease - p. 463 206. Chapter 164: Abernethy Malformation - p. 465 207. Chapter 165: Liver Transplant Complications - p. 467 208. SPLENIC ABNORMALITIES - p. 471 209. Chapter 166: Wandering Spleen - p. 471 210. Chapter 167: Splenic Infarct - p. 473 211. Chapter 168: Splenic Cysts - p. 475 212. Chapter 169: Cat-Scratch Disease - p. 477 213. PANCREATIC ABNORMALITIES - p. 479 214. Chapter 170: Pancreatoblastoma - p. 479 215. Chapter 171: Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm - p. 481 216. Chapter 172: Pancreas Divisum - p. 483 217. Chapter 173: Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction - p. 485 218. Chapter 174: Annular Pancreas - p. 487 219. Chapter 175: Pancreatitis - p. 489 220. MESENTERIC ABNORMALITIES - p. 493 221. Chapter 176: Primary Mesenteric Adenitis - p. 493 222. Chapter 177: Mesenteric Lymphatic Malformation - p. 495 223. Chapter 178: Omental Infarction - p. 497 224. TRAUMA - p. 499 225. Chapter 179: Hypoperfusion Complex - p. 499 226. Chapter 180: Bowel Injury - p. 503 227. Chapter 181: Hepatic Trauma - p. 507 228. Chapter 182: Splenic Trauma - p. 511 229. Chapter 183: Duodenal Trauma - p. 515 230. Chapter 184: Pancreatic Trauma - p. 519 231. ABNORMALITIES IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CHILDREN - p. 523 232. Chapter 185: Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease - p. 523 233. Chapter 186: Pseudomembranous Colitis - p. 527 234. Chapter 187: Neutropenic Colitis - p. 529 235. Chapter 188: Graft-vs.-Host Disease - p. 531 236. Chapter 189: Chronic Granulomatous Disease - p. 533 237. Chapter 190: Pneumatosis in Older Children - p. 537 238. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE - p. 539 239. Chapter 191: Crohn Disease - p. 539 240. Chapter 192: Ulcerative Colitis - p. 543 241. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 545 242. Chapter 193: Esophageal Strictures - p. 545 243. Chapter 194: Bezoars - p. 549 244. Chapter 195: Gastrointestinal Duplication Cysts - p. 553 245. Chapter 196: Small Bowel Intussusception - p. 557 246. Chapter 197: Henoch-Schönlein Purpura - p. 559 247. Chapter 198: Cystic Fibrosis, Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 563 248. Chapter 199: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis - p. 567 249. Chapter 200: Burkitt Lymphoma - p. 571 250. Chapter 201: Castleman Disease - p. 573 251. Chapter 202: Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor - p. 574 252. Chapter 203: Abdominal Aneurysms - p. 575 253. SECTION 5: GENITOURINARY - p. 577 254. Chapter 204: Approach to Pediatric Genitourinary Tract - p. 577 255. NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES - p. 583 256. Chapter 205: Normal Neonatal Kidney - p. 583 257. Chapter 206: Normal Neonatal Adrenal Gland - p. 585 258. Chapter 207: Normal Prepubertal Uterus and Ovaries - p. 587 259. CONGENITAL URINARY TRACT ABNORMALITIES - p. 589 260. Chapter 208: Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction - p. 589 261. Chapter 209: Vesicoureteral Reflux - p. 593 262. Chapter 210: Ureteropelvic Duplications - p. 597 263. Chapter 211: Ureterocele - p. 601 264. Chapter 212: Primary Megaureter - p. 605 265. Chapter 213: Megaureter-Megacystis - p. 607 266. Chapter 214: Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome - p. 608 267. Chapter 215: Prune-Belly Syndrome - p. 609 268. Chapter 216: Posterior Urethral Valves - p. 611 269. Chapter 217: Urachal Abnormalities - p. 615 270. Chapter 218: Cloacal Malformation - p. 619 271. Chapter 219: Bladder Exstrophy - p. 621 272. Chapter 220: Renal Ectopia and Fusion - p. 623 273. Chapter 221: Renal Agenesis - p. 627 274. MULTICYSTIC RENAL DISEASE - p. 629 275. Chapter 222: Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney - p. 629 276. Chapter 223: Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Recessive - p. 633 277. Chapter 224: Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Dominant - p. 637 278. RENAL MASSES - p. 639 279. Chapter 225: Wilms Tumor - p. 639 280. Chapter 226: Nephroblastomatosis - p. 643 281. Chapter 227: Multilocular Cystic Nephroma - p. 647 282. Chapter 228: Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma - p. 649 283. Chapter 229: Renal Rhabdoid Tumor - p. 653 284. Chapter 230: Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney - p. 654 285. Chapter 231: Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 655 286. Chapter 232: Renal Medullary Carcinoma - p. 657 287. Chapter 233: Angiomyolipoma - p. 659 288. MISCELLANEOUS RENAL CONDITIONS - p. 663 289. Chapter 234: Pyelonephritis - p. 663 290. Chapter 235: Renal Injury - p. 667 291. Chapter 236: Renal Stones - p. 671 292. Chapter 237: Transient Neonatal Renal Medullary Hyperechogenicity - p. 675 293. Chapter 238: Renal Vein Thrombosis - p. 677 294. Chapter 239: Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 679 295. Chapter 240: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome - p. 680 296. BLADDER ABNORMALITIES - p. 681 297. Chapter 241: Neurogenic Bladder - p. 681 298. Chapter 242: Bladder Diverticula - p. 685 299. Chapter 243: Post-Deflux Procedure Appearance - p. 687 300. Chapter 244: Rhabdomyosarcoma, Genitourinary - p. 689 301. ADRENAL ABNORMALITIES - p. 693 302. Chapter 245: Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage - p. 693 303. Chapter 246: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - p. 697 304. Chapter 247: Neuroblastoma - p. 701 305. Chapter 248: Adrenocortical Carcinoma - p. 706 306. Chapter 249: Pheochromocytoma - p. 709 307. UTERINE AND OVARIAN ABNORMALITIES - p. 711 308. Chapter 250: Hydrometrocolpos - p. 711 309. Chapter 251: Müllerian Duct Anomalies - p. 715 310. Chapter 252: Ovarian Cyst - p. 719 311. Chapter 253: Ovarian Teratoma - p. 723 312. Chapter 254: Ovarian Malignancies of Childhood - p. 727 313. Chapter 255: Ovarian Torsion - p. 731 314. Chapter 256: Ectopic Ovary - p. 735 315. SCROTAL/TESTICULAR ABNORMALITIES - p. 737 316. Chapter 257: Epididymoorchitis - p. 737 317. Chapter 258: Testicular Torsion - p. 741 318. Chapter 259: Torsion of Testicular Appendage - p. 745 319. Chapter 260: Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 749 320. Chapter 261: Testicular Tumors - p. 751 321. Chapter 262: Testicular Trauma - p. 755 322. Chapter 263: Ectopic Testicle - p. 757 323. Chapter 264: Variations of Hydroceles - p. 759 324. SECTION 6: MUSCULOSKELETAL - p. 761 325. Chapter 265: Approach to Pediatric Musculoskeletal System - p. 761 326. NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES - p. 767 327. Chapter 266: Primary and Secondary Growth Centers - p. 767 328. Chapter 267: Red to Yellow Marrow Conversion - p. 769 329. Chapter 268: Normal Musculoskeletal Developmental Variants Confused With Disease - p. 771 330. Chapter 269: Distal Femoral Avulsive Irregularity - p. 777 331. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES - p. 779 332. Chapter 270: VACTERL Association - p. 779 333. Chapter 271: Polydactyly - p. 783 334. Chapter 272: Tibial/Fibular Hemimelia - p. 784 335. Chapter 273: Tibial Bowing - p. 785 336. Chapter 274: Arthrogryposis - p. 786 337. Chapter 275: Clubfoot - p. 787 338. Chapter 276: Discoid Meniscus - p. 789 339. TRAUMA: GENERAL - p. 793 340. Chapter 277: Physeal Fractures - p. 793 341. Chapter 278: Apophyseal Injuries - p. 797 342. Chapter 279: Incomplete Fractures - p. 801 343. Chapter 280: Child Abuse, Metaphyseal Fracture - p. 803 344. Chapter 281: Other Fractures of Child Abuse - p. 807 345. Chapter 282: Stress Injuries - p. 811 346. Chapter 283: Osteochondritis Dissecans - p. 815 347. Chapter 284: Fracture Complications - p. 819 348. Chapter 285: Orthopedic Hardware and Complications - p. 823 349. Chapter 286: Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies, Acute and Chronic - p. 827 350. Chapter 287: Morel-Lavallée Lesion - p. 829 351. Chapter 288: Muscle Hernia - p. 830 352. TRAUMA: UPPER EXTREMITY - p. 831 353. Chapter 289: Clavicle Injuries - p. 831 354. Chapter 290: Supracondylar Fracture - p. 833 355. Chapter 291: Lateral Condylar Fracture - p. 837 356. Chapter 292: Medial Epicondyle Avulsion - p. 841 357. Chapter 293: Forearm Fractures - p. 843 358. TRAUMA: LOWER EXTREMITY - p. 845 359. Chapter 294: ACL Injuries - p. 845 360. Chapter 295: Patellar Dislocation - p. 849 361. Chapter 296: Patellar Sleeve Avulsion - p. 853 362. Chapter 297: Tibial Tubercle Avulsion - p. 854 363. Chapter 298: Trampoline Fracture - p. 855 364. Chapter 299: Toddler's Fracture - p. 856 365. Chapter 300: Triplane Fracture - p. 857 366. Chapter 301: Juvenile Tillaux Fracture - p. 859 367. INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 861 368. Chapter 302: Osteomyelitis - p. 861 369. Chapter 303: Syphilis - p. 867 370. Chapter 304: Septic Arthritis - p. 869 371. Chapter 305: Transient Synovitis - p. 871 372. Chapter 306: Soft Tissue Abscess - p. 873 373. Chapter 307: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis - p. 875 374. Chapter 308: Dermatomyositis - p. 879 375. Chapter 309: Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis - p. 881 376. SOFT TISSUE MASSES - p. 885 377. Chapter 310: Infantile Hemangioma - p. 885 378. Chapter 311: Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma - p. 889 379. Chapter 312: Venous Malformation - p. 891 380. Chapter 313: Lymphatic Malformation - p. 895 381. Chapter 314: Arteriovenous Malformation (Musculoskeletal) - p. 899 382. Chapter 315: Fibromatosis - p. 901 383. Chapter 316: Infantile Myofibroma/Myofibromatosis - p. 905 384. Chapter 317: Plexiform Neurofibroma - p. 907 385. Chapter 318: Lipoblastoma - p. 909 386. Chapter 319: Pilomatrixoma - p. 910 387. Chapter 320: Rhabdomyosarcoma, Musculoskeletal - p. 911 388. Chapter 321: Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas (NRSTS) - p. 915 389. Chapter 322: Granuloma Annulare - p. 919 390. Chapter 323: Myositis Ossificans - p. 921 391. FOCAL, MULTIFOCAL, AND DIFFUSE BONE LESIONS - p. 923 392. Chapter 324: Ewing Sarcoma - p. 923 393. Chapter 325: Osteosarcoma - p. 927 394. Chapter 326: Leukemia - p. 931 395. Chapter 327: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - p. 935 396. Chapter 328: Nonossifying Fibroma - p. 939 397. Chapter 329: Osteoid Osteoma - p. 943 398. Chapter 330: Chondroblastoma - p. 947 399. Chapter 331: Osteochondroma - p. 949 400. ABNORMALITIES OF HIP - p. 953 401. Chapter 332: Developmental Hip Dysplasia - p. 953 402. Chapter 333: Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency - p. 957 403. Chapter 334: Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease - p. 959 404. Chapter 335: Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis - p. 963 405. CONSTITUTIONAL DISORDERS OF BONE - p. 967 406. Chapter 336: Achondroplasia - p. 967 407. Chapter 337: Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 971 408. Chapter 338: Osteogenesis Imperfecta - p. 975 409. Chapter 339: Osteopetrosis - p. 979 410. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 981 411. Chapter 340: Osteochondroses - p. 981 412. Chapter 341: Rickets - p. 983 413. Chapter 342: Sickle Cell Disease - p. 987 414. Chapter 343: Scoliosis - p. 991 415. Chapter 344: Tarsal Coalition - p. 995 416. Chapter 345: Brachial Plexopathy - p. 999 417. Chapter 346: Hemophilia - p. 1001 418. SECTION 7: BRAIN - p. 1003 419. Chapter 347: Approach to Pediatric Brain - p. 1003 420. NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION - p. 1009 421. Chapter 348: Normal Myelination - p. 1009 422. Chapter 349: Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces - p. 1013 423. Chapter 350: Cavum Septum Pellucidum - p. 1015 424. Chapter 351: Cavum Veli Interpositi - p. 1016 425. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS - p. 1017 426. Chapter 352: Dandy-Walker Continuum - p. 1017 427. Chapter 353: Other Cerebellar Malformations - p. 1021 428. Chapter 354: Cephalocele - p. 1023 429. Chapter 355: Holoprosencephalies - p. 1025 430. Chapter 356: Callosal Anomalies - p. 1027 431. Chapter 357: Hemimegalencephaly - p. 1029 432. Chapter 358: Lissencephaly - p. 1031 433. Chapter 359: Heterotopic Gray Matter - p. 1033 434. Chapter 360: Schizencephaly - p. 1035 435. Chapter 361: Polymicrogyria - p. 1037 436. Chapter 362: Focal Cortical Dysplasia - p. 1039 437. Chapter 363: Chiari 1 - p. 1041 438. Chapter 364: Chiari 2 - p. 1043 439. Chapter 365: Aqueductal Stenosis - p. 1045 440. PHAKOMATOSES - p. 1047 441. Chapter 366: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 1047 442. Chapter 367: Tuberous Sclerosis - p. 1051 443. Chapter 368: Sturge-Weber Syndrome - p. 1053 444. Chapter 369: PHACE Syndrome - p. 1055 445. Chapter 370: Neurocutaneous Melanosis - p. 1056 446. CYSTS AND NEOPLASMS - p. 1057 447. Chapter 371: Colloid Cyst - p. 1057 448. Chapter 372: Arachnoid Cyst - p. 1059 449. Chapter 373: Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts - p. 1061 450. Chapter 374: Pineal Cyst - p. 1063 451. Chapter 375: Enlarged Perivascular Spaces - p. 1064 452. Chapter 376: Pilocytic Astrocytoma - p. 1065 453. Chapter 377: Medulloblastoma - p. 1067 454. Chapter 378: Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor - p. 1069 455. Chapter 379: Posterior Fossa Ependymoma - p. 1071 456. Chapter 380: Supratentorial Ependymoma - p. 1073 457. Chapter 381: Glioblastoma - p. 1074 458. Chapter 382: Brainstem Tumors - p. 1075 459. Chapter 383: DNET - p. 1079 460. Chapter 384: Ganglioglioma - p. 1080 461. Chapter 385: Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors - p. 1081 462. Chapter 386: Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes - p. 1082 463. Chapter 387: Craniopharyngioma - p. 1083 464. Chapter 388: Germinoma, Brain - p. 1085 465. Chapter 389: Choroid Plexus Tumors - p. 1087 466. TRAUMATIC AND VASCULAR LESIONS - p. 1089 467. Chapter 390: Birth Injury - p. 1089 468. Chapter 391: Abusive Head Trauma - p. 1091 469. Chapter 392: Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage - p. 1095 470. Chapter 393: White Matter Injury of Prematurity - p. 1099 471. Chapter 394: Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy - p. 1101 472. Chapter 395: Childhood Stroke - p. 1103 473. Chapter 396: Moyamoya - p. 1105 474. Chapter 397: Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis - p. 1107 475. Chapter 398: Childhood Aneurysms - p. 1109 476. Chapter 399: Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation - p. 1111 477. Chapter 400: Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 1113 478. Chapter 401: Cavernous Malformation - p. 1115 479. METABOLIC, INFECTIOUS, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 1117 480. Chapter 402: Metabolic Brain Disease - p. 1117 481. Chapter 403: Mitochondrial Encephalopathies - p. 1121 482. Chapter 404: Leukodystrophies - p. 1123 483. Chapter 405: TORCH Infections - p. 1125 484. Chapter 406: Brain Abscess - p. 1127 485. Chapter 407: Acute Encephalitis - p. 1129 486. Chapter 408: Demyelinating Diseases - p. 1131 487. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 1133 488. Chapter 409: Craniosynostoses - p. 1133 489. Chapter 410: CSF Shunts and Complications - p. 1137 490. SECTION 8: SPINE - p. 1141 491. Chapter 411: Approach to Pediatric Spine - p. 1141 492. CONGENITAL SPINAL MALFORMATIONS - p. 1145 493. Chapter 412: Myelomeningocele - p. 1145 494. Chapter 413: Lipomyelomeningocele - p. 1147 495. Chapter 414: Dorsal Dermal Sinus - p. 1148 496. Chapter 415: Caudal Regression - p. 1149 497. Chapter 416: Split Cord Malformation - p. 1150 498. Chapter 417: Terminal Myelocystocele - p. 1151 499. Chapter 418: Neurenteric Cyst - p. 1152 500. Chapter 419: Syringomyelia - p. 1153 501. Chapter 420: Tethered Spinal Cord - p. 1155 502. NEOPLASMS - p. 1156 503. Chapter 421: Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor - p. 1156 504. Chapter 422: Spinal Cord Ependymoma - p. 1157 505. Chapter 423: Spinal Cord Astrocytoma - p. 1159 506. Chapter 424: Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - p. 1161 507. INFLAMMATORY LESIONS - p. 1165 508. Chapter 425: Discitis/Osteomyelitis - p. 1165 509. Chapter 426: Inflammatory Myelopathies - p. 1167 510. TRAUMA - p. 1169 511. Chapter 427: Craniocervical Junction Injuries - p. 1169 512. Chapter 428: Chance Fracture - p. 1173 513. Chapter 429: Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis - p. 1175 514. SECTION 9: HEAD AND NECK - p. 1177 515. Chapter 430: Approach to Congenital Cystic Neck Masses - p. 1177 516. NASAL AND SINUS CAVITIES - p. 1183 517. Chapter 431: Nasal Dermal Sinus - p. 1183 518. Chapter 432: Juvenile Angiofibroma - p. 1187 519. Chapter 433: Acute Rhinosinusitis - p. 1191 520. ORBIT - p. 1195 521. Chapter 434: Orbital Cellulitis - p. 1195 522. Chapter 435: Retinoblastoma - p. 1199 523. TEMPORAL BONE - p. 1203 524. Chapter 436: Congenital Auricle Malformations - p. 1203 525. Chapter 437: Large Vestibular Aqueduct - p. 1205 526. Chapter 438: Congenital Cholesteatoma - p. 1207 527. Chapter 439: Acquired Cholesteatoma - p. 1209 528. Chapter 440: Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess - p. 1211 529. SYNDROMES WITH CRANIOFACIAL INVOLVEMENT - p. 1215 530. Chapter 441: CHARGE Syndrome - p. 1215 531. Chapter 442: Branchiootorenal Syndrome - p. 1216 532. Chapter 443: Treacher Collins Syndrome - p. 1217 533. Chapter 444: Pierre Robin Sequence - p. 1218 534. NECK MASSES BEYOND NEWBORN PERIOD - p. 1219 535. Chapter 445: Thyroglossal Duct Cyst - p. 1219 536. Chapter 446: Branchial Cleft Anomalies - p. 1223 537. Chapter 447: Acute Parotitis - p. 1227 538. Chapter 448: Infantile Hemangioma, Cervicofacial - p. 1229 539. Chapter 449: Rhabdomyosarcoma, Head and Neck - p. 1233 540. Chapter 450: Fibromatosis Colli - p. 1237 541. Chapter 451: Suppurative Adenitis - p. 1241 542. INDEX - p. 1245
Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatrics, fourth edition, is an invaluable resource for pediatric radiologists, general radiologists, and trainees—anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference on today’s pediatric imaging. Dr. A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., and his team of highly regarded experts provide up-to-date information on recent advances in technology and safety in the imaging of children to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference for daily practice.
Serves as a one-stop resource for key concepts and information on pediatric imaging, including a wealth of new material and content updates on more than 400 diagnoses
Features more than 2,500 illustrations including radiologic images, full-color illustrations, endoscopic and bronchoscopic photographs, clinical photos, and gross pathology images
Features updates from cover to cover including specifics from revised disease classifications and new terminology in best practices recommendations for radiologic reporting
Reflects evolving imaging technology in conjunction with increased awareness of radiation, contrast, and anesthesia safety in children, and how these advances continue to alter pediatric imaging approaches
Uses bulleted, succinct text and highly templated chapters for quick comprehension of essential information at the point of care
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iii 5. Dedication - p. iii 6. Contributing Authors - p. v 7. Preface - p. v 8. Acknowledgments - p. ix 9. Sections - p. ix 10. TABLE OF CONTENTS - p. ix 11. List of Tables - p. ix 12. SECTION 1: AIRWAY - p. ix 13. Chapter 1: Approach to Pediatric Airway - p. ix 14. NORMAL DYNAMIC AIRWAY FINDINGS IN INFANTS - p. 5 15. Chapter 2: Expiratory Buckling of Trachea - p. 5 16. Chapter 3: Pseudothickening of Retropharyngeal Tissues - p. 6 17. NEWBORN AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION - p. 7 18. Chapter 4: Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis - p. 7 19. Chapter 5: Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele - p. 9 20. Chapter 6: Choanal Atresia - p. 11 21. Chapter 7: Lymphatic Malformation, Cervical - p. 13 22. Chapter 8: Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome - p. 15 23. Chapter 9: Tracheal Agenesis - p. 16 24. INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF AIRWAY COMPROMISE - p. 17 25. Chapter 10: Epiglottitis - p. 17 26. Chapter 11: Croup - p. 21 27. Chapter 12: Bacterial Tracheitis - p. 25 28. Chapter 13: Retropharyngeal Space Abscess - p. 29 29. EXTRINSIC VASCULAR COMPRESSION OF AIRWAY - p. 33 30. Chapter 14: Double Aortic Arch - p. 33 31. Chapter 15: Pulmonary Sling - p. 37 32. Chapter 16: Innominate Artery Compression Syndrome - p. 41 33. Chapter 17: Right Arch With Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery - p. 43 34. MISCELLANEOUS AIRWAY OBSTRUCTIONS - p. 45 35. Chapter 18: Infantile Hemangioma, Airway - p. 45 36. Chapter 19: Tracheobronchomalacia - p. 47 37. SECTION 2: CHEST - p. 49 38. Chapter 20: Approach to Pediatric Chest - p. 49 39. NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIANTS - p. 55 40. Chapter 21: Normal Thymus - p. 55 41. Chapter 22: Palpable Normal Variants of Chest Wall - p. 59 42. CONGENITAL LUNG LESIONS - p. 61 43. Chapter 23: Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation - p. 61 44. Chapter 24: Bronchopulmonary Sequestration - p. 65 45. Chapter 25: Bronchogenic Cyst - p. 69 46. Chapter 26: Congenital Lobar Overinflation - p. 73 47. Chapter 27: Bronchial Atresia - p. 77 48. NEONATAL CHEST ISSUES - p. 79 49. Chapter 28: Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula - p. 79 50. Chapter 29: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - p. 83 51. Chapter 30: Surfactant Deficiency Disease - p. 87 52. Chapter 31: Neonatal Pneumonia - p. 91 53. Chapter 32: Meconium Aspiration Syndrome - p. 93 54. Chapter 33: Transient Tachypnea of Newborn - p. 95 55. Chapter 34: Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema - p. 97 56. Chapter 35: Neonatal Pneumothorax - p. 101 57. Chapter 36: Chylothorax - p. 103 58. Chapter 37: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia - p. 105 59. Chapter 38: Umbilical Catheter Positions and Complications - p. 109 60. Chapter 39: Esophageal Intubation - p. 111 61. Chapter 40: ECMO Catheters - p. 112 62. Chapter 41: PICCs - p. 113 63. CHEST INFECTIONS - p. 115 64. Chapter 42: Viral Chest Infection - p. 115 65. Chapter 43: COVID-19/MIS-C - p. 119 66. Chapter 44: Round Pneumonia - p. 123 67. Chapter 45: Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema - p. 127 68. Chapter 46: Pneumonia With Cavitary Necrosis - p. 129 69. Chapter 47: Fungal Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Children - p. 133 70. Chapter 48: Papillomatosis - p. 135 71. MEDIASTINAL MASSES - p. 139 72. Chapter 49: Lymphoma - p. 139 73. Chapter 50: Germ Cell Tumors - p. 143 74. Chapter 51: Neuroblastoma, Thoracic - p. 147 75. PULMONARY MASSES - p. 151 76. Chapter 52: Pleuropulmonary Blastoma - p. 151 77. Chapter 53: Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 155 78. TRAUMA - p. 157 79. Chapter 54: Child Abuse, Rib Fractures - p. 157 80. Chapter 55: Lung Contusion and Laceration - p. 161 81. Chapter 56: Aortic Injury - p. 165 82. Chapter 57: Pneumomediastinum - p. 169 83. PEDIATRIC INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES - p. 173 84. Chapter 58: Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy - p. 173 85. Chapter 59: Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis - p. 175 86. Chapter 60: Alveolar Growth Abnormality - p. 177 87. Chapter 61: Surfactant Dysfunction Disorders - p. 179 88. Chapter 62: Swyer-James Syndrome - p. 181 89. Chapter 63: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis - p. 183 90. Chapter 64: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Pulmonary - p. 185 91. CHEST WALL ISSUES - p. 187 92. Chapter 65: Pectus Excavatum - p. 187 93. Chapter 66: Minimally Invasive Pectus Repair Appearance - p. 189 94. Chapter 67: Askin Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma of Chest Wall - p. 190 95. Chapter 68: Chest Wall Hamartoma - p. 191 96. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 193 97. Chapter 69: Asthma - p. 193 98. Chapter 70: Bronchial Obstruction - p. 197 99. Chapter 71: Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary - p. 201 100. Chapter 72: Chronic Esophageal Foreign Body - p. 205 101. Chapter 73: Sickle Cell Disease, Acute Chest Syndrome - p. 207 102. Chapter 74: Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis - p. 211 103. Chapter 75: EVALI - p. 213 104. SECTION 3: CARDIAC - p. 215 105. Chapter 76: Approach to Pediatric Heart - p. 215 106. CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 221 107. Chapter 77: Atrial Septal Defect - p. 221 108. Chapter 78: Ventricular Septal Defect - p. 225 109. Chapter 79: Atrioventricular Septal Defect - p. 229 110. Chapter 80: Patent Ductus Arteriosus - p. 233 111. Chapter 81: Tetralogy of Fallot - p. 237 112. Chapter 82: Pulmonary Atresia - p. 241 113. Chapter 83: Ebstein Anomaly - p. 245 114. Chapter 84: D-Transposition of Great Arteries - p. 249 115. Chapter 85: L-Transposition of Great Arteries - p. 251 116. Chapter 86: Tricuspid Atresia - p. 253 117. Chapter 87: Truncus Arteriosus - p. 255 118. Chapter 88: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return - p. 259 119. Chapter 89: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - p. 263 120. Chapter 90: Left Coronary Artery Anomalous Origin - p. 267 121. Chapter 91: Double-Outlet Right Ventricle - p. 271 122. Chapter 92: Aortic Coarctation - p. 273 123. Chapter 93: Aortic Stenosis - p. 277 124. Chapter 94: Pulmonary Artery Stenosis - p. 281 125. Chapter 95: Scimitar Syndrome - p. 285 126. SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 287 127. Chapter 96: Glenn Shunt - p. 287 128. Chapter 97: Fontan Operation - p. 289 129. Chapter 98: Arterial Switch Procedure - p. 291 130. Chapter 99: Norwood Procedure - p. 293 131. Chapter 100: Blalock-Taussig Shunt - p. 295 132. Chapter 101: Amplatzer Occluder Device - p. 297 133. Chapter 102: Sano Shunt - p. 299 134. CARDIOMYOPATHIES - p. 301 135. Chapter 103: Myocarditis - p. 301 136. Chapter 104: Left Ventricular Noncompaction - p. 303 137. Chapter 105: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - p. 305 138. Chapter 106: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Related Cardiomyopathy - p. 307 139. Chapter 107: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia - p. 309 140. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 313 141. Chapter 108: Heterotaxy Syndromes - p. 313 142. Chapter 109: Rhabdomyoma - p. 317 143. Chapter 110: Kawasaki Disease - p. 321 144. Chapter 111: Rheumatic Heart Disease - p. 325 145. Chapter 112: Marfan Syndrome - p. 327 146. Chapter 113: Loeys-Dietz Syndrome - p. 329 147. SECTION 4: GASTROINTESTINAL - p. 331 148. Chapter 114: Approach to Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 331 149. NORMAL PEDIATRIC VARIANTS - p. 337 150. Chapter 115: Normal Variations of Duodenojejunal Junction Position - p. 337 151. Chapter 116: Normal Variations of Cecal Position - p. 341 152. Chapter 117: Age-Related Appearance of Spleen - p. 343 153. NEONATAL UPPER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS - p. 345 154. Chapter 118: Malrotation - p. 345 155. Chapter 119: Midgut Volvulus - p. 349 156. Chapter 120: Duodenal Atresia or Stenosis - p. 353 157. Chapter 121: Duodenal Web - p. 357 158. Chapter 122: Pyloric Atresia - p. 358 159. NEONATAL LOWER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS - p. 359 160. Chapter 123: Jejunoileal Atresia - p. 359 161. Chapter 124: Colonic Atresia - p. 363 162. Chapter 125: Multiple Intestinal Atresias - p. 364 163. Chapter 126: Meconium Ileus - p. 365 164. Chapter 127: Neonatal Small Left Colon - p. 369 165. Chapter 128: Hirschsprung Disease - p. 371 166. Chapter 129: Anorectal Malformations - p. 375 167. OTHER NEONATAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS - p. 379 168. Chapter 130: Meconium Peritonitis - p. 379 169. Chapter 131: Necrotizing Enterocolitis - p. 383 170. Chapter 132: Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation in Neonates - p. 387 171. UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ABNORMALITIES TYPICALLY SEEN IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN - p. 389 172. Chapter 133: Gastroesophageal Reflux - p. 389 173. Chapter 134: Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis - p. 391 174. Chapter 135: Gastric Volvulus - p. 395 175. Chapter 136: Ingested Coins - p. 397 176. Chapter 137: Ingested Button Batteries - p. 399 177. Chapter 138: Ingested Multiple Magnets - p. 401 178. ABNORMALITIES OF ABDOMINAL WALL - p. 403 179. Chapter 139: Hernias - p. 403 180. Chapter 140: Omphalocele - p. 407 181. Chapter 141: Gastroschisis - p. 411 182. Chapter 142: Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS - p. 415 183. Chapter 143: Limb-Body Wall Complex - p. 416 184. OTHER ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH BOWEL OBSTRUCTION - p. 417 185. Chapter 144: Appendicitis - p. 417 186. Chapter 145: Ileocolic Intussusception - p. 421 187. Chapter 146: Meckel Diverticulum - p. 425 188. Chapter 147: Colonic Volvulus - p. 429 189. Chapter 148: Internal Hernia - p. 431 190. Chapter 149: Segmental Volvulus - p. 432 191. LIVER ABNORMALITIES - p. 433 192. Chapter 150: Hepatoblastoma - p. 433 193. Chapter 151: Hepatic Hemangiomas, Infantile and Congenital - p. 437 194. Chapter 152: Focal Nodular Hyperplasia - p. 441 195. Chapter 153: Hepatic Adenoma - p. 443 196. Chapter 154: Hepatocellular Carcinoma - p. 445 197. Chapter 155: Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma - p. 446 198. Chapter 156: Mesenchymal Hamartoma - p. 447 199. Chapter 157: Biliary Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 448 200. Chapter 158: Biliary Atresia - p. 449 201. Chapter 159: Choledochal Cyst - p. 453 202. Chapter 160: Caroli Disease - p. 457 203. Chapter 161: Fibrosis/Cirrhosis - p. 459 204. Chapter 162: Steatosis/Steatohepatitis - p. 461 205. Chapter 163: Hepatic Venoocclusive Disease - p. 463 206. Chapter 164: Abernethy Malformation - p. 465 207. Chapter 165: Liver Transplant Complications - p. 467 208. SPLENIC ABNORMALITIES - p. 471 209. Chapter 166: Wandering Spleen - p. 471 210. Chapter 167: Splenic Infarct - p. 473 211. Chapter 168: Splenic Cysts - p. 475 212. Chapter 169: Cat-Scratch Disease - p. 477 213. PANCREATIC ABNORMALITIES - p. 479 214. Chapter 170: Pancreatoblastoma - p. 479 215. Chapter 171: Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm - p. 481 216. Chapter 172: Pancreas Divisum - p. 483 217. Chapter 173: Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction - p. 485 218. Chapter 174: Annular Pancreas - p. 487 219. Chapter 175: Pancreatitis - p. 489 220. MESENTERIC ABNORMALITIES - p. 493 221. Chapter 176: Primary Mesenteric Adenitis - p. 493 222. Chapter 177: Mesenteric Lymphatic Malformation - p. 495 223. Chapter 178: Omental Infarction - p. 497 224. TRAUMA - p. 499 225. Chapter 179: Hypoperfusion Complex - p. 499 226. Chapter 180: Bowel Injury - p. 503 227. Chapter 181: Hepatic Trauma - p. 507 228. Chapter 182: Splenic Trauma - p. 511 229. Chapter 183: Duodenal Trauma - p. 515 230. Chapter 184: Pancreatic Trauma - p. 519 231. ABNORMALITIES IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CHILDREN - p. 523 232. Chapter 185: Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease - p. 523 233. Chapter 186: Pseudomembranous Colitis - p. 527 234. Chapter 187: Neutropenic Colitis - p. 529 235. Chapter 188: Graft-vs.-Host Disease - p. 531 236. Chapter 189: Chronic Granulomatous Disease - p. 533 237. Chapter 190: Pneumatosis in Older Children - p. 537 238. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE - p. 539 239. Chapter 191: Crohn Disease - p. 539 240. Chapter 192: Ulcerative Colitis - p. 543 241. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 545 242. Chapter 193: Esophageal Strictures - p. 545 243. Chapter 194: Bezoars - p. 549 244. Chapter 195: Gastrointestinal Duplication Cysts - p. 553 245. Chapter 196: Small Bowel Intussusception - p. 557 246. Chapter 197: Henoch-Schönlein Purpura - p. 559 247. Chapter 198: Cystic Fibrosis, Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 563 248. Chapter 199: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis - p. 567 249. Chapter 200: Burkitt Lymphoma - p. 571 250. Chapter 201: Castleman Disease - p. 573 251. Chapter 202: Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor - p. 574 252. Chapter 203: Abdominal Aneurysms - p. 575 253. SECTION 5: GENITOURINARY - p. 577 254. Chapter 204: Approach to Pediatric Genitourinary Tract - p. 577 255. NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES - p. 583 256. Chapter 205: Normal Neonatal Kidney - p. 583 257. Chapter 206: Normal Neonatal Adrenal Gland - p. 585 258. Chapter 207: Normal Prepubertal Uterus and Ovaries - p. 587 259. CONGENITAL URINARY TRACT ABNORMALITIES - p. 589 260. Chapter 208: Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction - p. 589 261. Chapter 209: Vesicoureteral Reflux - p. 593 262. Chapter 210: Ureteropelvic Duplications - p. 597 263. Chapter 211: Ureterocele - p. 601 264. Chapter 212: Primary Megaureter - p. 605 265. Chapter 213: Megaureter-Megacystis - p. 607 266. Chapter 214: Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome - p. 608 267. Chapter 215: Prune-Belly Syndrome - p. 609 268. Chapter 216: Posterior Urethral Valves - p. 611 269. Chapter 217: Urachal Abnormalities - p. 615 270. Chapter 218: Cloacal Malformation - p. 619 271. Chapter 219: Bladder Exstrophy - p. 621 272. Chapter 220: Renal Ectopia and Fusion - p. 623 273. Chapter 221: Renal Agenesis - p. 627 274. MULTICYSTIC RENAL DISEASE - p. 629 275. Chapter 222: Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney - p. 629 276. Chapter 223: Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Recessive - p. 633 277. Chapter 224: Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Dominant - p. 637 278. RENAL MASSES - p. 639 279. Chapter 225: Wilms Tumor - p. 639 280. Chapter 226: Nephroblastomatosis - p. 643 281. Chapter 227: Multilocular Cystic Nephroma - p. 647 282. Chapter 228: Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma - p. 649 283. Chapter 229: Renal Rhabdoid Tumor - p. 653 284. Chapter 230: Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney - p. 654 285. Chapter 231: Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 655 286. Chapter 232: Renal Medullary Carcinoma - p. 657 287. Chapter 233: Angiomyolipoma - p. 659 288. MISCELLANEOUS RENAL CONDITIONS - p. 663 289. Chapter 234: Pyelonephritis - p. 663 290. Chapter 235: Renal Injury - p. 667 291. Chapter 236: Renal Stones - p. 671 292. Chapter 237: Transient Neonatal Renal Medullary Hyperechogenicity - p. 675 293. Chapter 238: Renal Vein Thrombosis - p. 677 294. Chapter 239: Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 679 295. Chapter 240: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome - p. 680 296. BLADDER ABNORMALITIES - p. 681 297. Chapter 241: Neurogenic Bladder - p. 681 298. Chapter 242: Bladder Diverticula - p. 685 299. Chapter 243: Post-Deflux Procedure Appearance - p. 687 300. Chapter 244: Rhabdomyosarcoma, Genitourinary - p. 689 301. ADRENAL ABNORMALITIES - p. 693 302. Chapter 245: Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage - p. 693 303. Chapter 246: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - p. 697 304. Chapter 247: Neuroblastoma - p. 701 305. Chapter 248: Adrenocortical Carcinoma - p. 706 306. Chapter 249: Pheochromocytoma - p. 709 307. UTERINE AND OVARIAN ABNORMALITIES - p. 711 308. Chapter 250: Hydrometrocolpos - p. 711 309. Chapter 251: Müllerian Duct Anomalies - p. 715 310. Chapter 252: Ovarian Cyst - p. 719 311. Chapter 253: Ovarian Teratoma - p. 723 312. Chapter 254: Ovarian Malignancies of Childhood - p. 727 313. Chapter 255: Ovarian Torsion - p. 731 314. Chapter 256: Ectopic Ovary - p. 735 315. SCROTAL/TESTICULAR ABNORMALITIES - p. 737 316. Chapter 257: Epididymoorchitis - p. 737 317. Chapter 258: Testicular Torsion - p. 741 318. Chapter 259: Torsion of Testicular Appendage - p. 745 319. Chapter 260: Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 749 320. Chapter 261: Testicular Tumors - p. 751 321. Chapter 262: Testicular Trauma - p. 755 322. Chapter 263: Ectopic Testicle - p. 757 323. Chapter 264: Variations of Hydroceles - p. 759 324. SECTION 6: MUSCULOSKELETAL - p. 761 325. Chapter 265: Approach to Pediatric Musculoskeletal System - p. 761 326. NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES - p. 767 327. Chapter 266: Primary and Secondary Growth Centers - p. 767 328. Chapter 267: Red to Yellow Marrow Conversion - p. 769 329. Chapter 268: Normal Musculoskeletal Developmental Variants Confused With Disease - p. 771 330. Chapter 269: Distal Femoral Avulsive Irregularity - p. 777 331. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES - p. 779 332. Chapter 270: VACTERL Association - p. 779 333. Chapter 271: Polydactyly - p. 783 334. Chapter 272: Tibial/Fibular Hemimelia - p. 784 335. Chapter 273: Tibial Bowing - p. 785 336. Chapter 274: Arthrogryposis - p. 786 337. Chapter 275: Clubfoot - p. 787 338. Chapter 276: Discoid Meniscus - p. 789 339. TRAUMA: GENERAL - p. 793 340. Chapter 277: Physeal Fractures - p. 793 341. Chapter 278: Apophyseal Injuries - p. 797 342. Chapter 279: Incomplete Fractures - p. 801 343. Chapter 280: Child Abuse, Metaphyseal Fracture - p. 803 344. Chapter 281: Other Fractures of Child Abuse - p. 807 345. Chapter 282: Stress Injuries - p. 811 346. Chapter 283: Osteochondritis Dissecans - p. 815 347. Chapter 284: Fracture Complications - p. 819 348. Chapter 285: Orthopedic Hardware and Complications - p. 823 349. Chapter 286: Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies, Acute and Chronic - p. 827 350. Chapter 287: Morel-Lavallée Lesion - p. 829 351. Chapter 288: Muscle Hernia - p. 830 352. TRAUMA: UPPER EXTREMITY - p. 831 353. Chapter 289: Clavicle Injuries - p. 831 354. Chapter 290: Supracondylar Fracture - p. 833 355. Chapter 291: Lateral Condylar Fracture - p. 837 356. Chapter 292: Medial Epicondyle Avulsion - p. 841 357. Chapter 293: Forearm Fractures - p. 843 358. TRAUMA: LOWER EXTREMITY - p. 845 359. Chapter 294: ACL Injuries - p. 845 360. Chapter 295: Patellar Dislocation - p. 849 361. Chapter 296: Patellar Sleeve Avulsion - p. 853 362. Chapter 297: Tibial Tubercle Avulsion - p. 854 363. Chapter 298: Trampoline Fracture - p. 855 364. Chapter 299: Toddler's Fracture - p. 856 365. Chapter 300: Triplane Fracture - p. 857 366. Chapter 301: Juvenile Tillaux Fracture - p. 859 367. INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 861 368. Chapter 302: Osteomyelitis - p. 861 369. Chapter 303: Syphilis - p. 867 370. Chapter 304: Septic Arthritis - p. 869 371. Chapter 305: Transient Synovitis - p. 871 372. Chapter 306: Soft Tissue Abscess - p. 873 373. Chapter 307: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis - p. 875 374. Chapter 308: Dermatomyositis - p. 879 375. Chapter 309: Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis - p. 881 376. SOFT TISSUE MASSES - p. 885 377. Chapter 310: Infantile Hemangioma - p. 885 378. Chapter 311: Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma - p. 889 379. Chapter 312: Venous Malformation - p. 891 380. Chapter 313: Lymphatic Malformation - p. 895 381. Chapter 314: Arteriovenous Malformation (Musculoskeletal) - p. 899 382. Chapter 315: Fibromatosis - p. 901 383. Chapter 316: Infantile Myofibroma/Myofibromatosis - p. 905 384. Chapter 317: Plexiform Neurofibroma - p. 907 385. Chapter 318: Lipoblastoma - p. 909 386. Chapter 319: Pilomatrixoma - p. 910 387. Chapter 320: Rhabdomyosarcoma, Musculoskeletal - p. 911 388. Chapter 321: Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas (NRSTS) - p. 915 389. Chapter 322: Granuloma Annulare - p. 919 390. Chapter 323: Myositis Ossificans - p. 921 391. FOCAL, MULTIFOCAL, AND DIFFUSE BONE LESIONS - p. 923 392. Chapter 324: Ewing Sarcoma - p. 923 393. Chapter 325: Osteosarcoma - p. 927 394. Chapter 326: Leukemia - p. 931 395. Chapter 327: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - p. 935 396. Chapter 328: Nonossifying Fibroma - p. 939 397. Chapter 329: Osteoid Osteoma - p. 943 398. Chapter 330: Chondroblastoma - p. 947 399. Chapter 331: Osteochondroma - p. 949 400. ABNORMALITIES OF HIP - p. 953 401. Chapter 332: Developmental Hip Dysplasia - p. 953 402. Chapter 333: Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency - p. 957 403. Chapter 334: Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease - p. 959 404. Chapter 335: Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis - p. 963 405. CONSTITUTIONAL DISORDERS OF BONE - p. 967 406. Chapter 336: Achondroplasia - p. 967 407. Chapter 337: Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 971 408. Chapter 338: Osteogenesis Imperfecta - p. 975 409. Chapter 339: Osteopetrosis - p. 979 410. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 981 411. Chapter 340: Osteochondroses - p. 981 412. Chapter 341: Rickets - p. 983 413. Chapter 342: Sickle Cell Disease - p. 987 414. Chapter 343: Scoliosis - p. 991 415. Chapter 344: Tarsal Coalition - p. 995 416. Chapter 345: Brachial Plexopathy - p. 999 417. Chapter 346: Hemophilia - p. 1001 418. SECTION 7: BRAIN - p. 1003 419. Chapter 347: Approach to Pediatric Brain - p. 1003 420. NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION - p. 1009 421. Chapter 348: Normal Myelination - p. 1009 422. Chapter 349: Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces - p. 1013 423. Chapter 350: Cavum Septum Pellucidum - p. 1015 424. Chapter 351: Cavum Veli Interpositi - p. 1016 425. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS - p. 1017 426. Chapter 352: Dandy-Walker Continuum - p. 1017 427. Chapter 353: Other Cerebellar Malformations - p. 1021 428. Chapter 354: Cephalocele - p. 1023 429. Chapter 355: Holoprosencephalies - p. 1025 430. Chapter 356: Callosal Anomalies - p. 1027 431. Chapter 357: Hemimegalencephaly - p. 1029 432. Chapter 358: Lissencephaly - p. 1031 433. Chapter 359: Heterotopic Gray Matter - p. 1033 434. Chapter 360: Schizencephaly - p. 1035 435. Chapter 361: Polymicrogyria - p. 1037 436. Chapter 362: Focal Cortical Dysplasia - p. 1039 437. Chapter 363: Chiari 1 - p. 1041 438. Chapter 364: Chiari 2 - p. 1043 439. Chapter 365: Aqueductal Stenosis - p. 1045 440. PHAKOMATOSES - p. 1047 441. Chapter 366: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 1047 442. Chapter 367: Tuberous Sclerosis - p. 1051 443. Chapter 368: Sturge-Weber Syndrome - p. 1053 444. Chapter 369: PHACE Syndrome - p. 1055 445. Chapter 370: Neurocutaneous Melanosis - p. 1056 446. CYSTS AND NEOPLASMS - p. 1057 447. Chapter 371: Colloid Cyst - p. 1057 448. Chapter 372: Arachnoid Cyst - p. 1059 449. Chapter 373: Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts - p. 1061 450. Chapter 374: Pineal Cyst - p. 1063 451. Chapter 375: Enlarged Perivascular Spaces - p. 1064 452. Chapter 376: Pilocytic Astrocytoma - p. 1065 453. Chapter 377: Medulloblastoma - p. 1067 454. Chapter 378: Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor - p. 1069 455. Chapter 379: Posterior Fossa Ependymoma - p. 1071 456. Chapter 380: Supratentorial Ependymoma - p. 1073 457. Chapter 381: Glioblastoma - p. 1074 458. Chapter 382: Brainstem Tumors - p. 1075 459. Chapter 383: DNET - p. 1079 460. Chapter 384: Ganglioglioma - p. 1080 461. Chapter 385: Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors - p. 1081 462. Chapter 386: Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes - p. 1082 463. Chapter 387: Craniopharyngioma - p. 1083 464. Chapter 388: Germinoma, Brain - p. 1085 465. Chapter 389: Choroid Plexus Tumors - p. 1087 466. TRAUMATIC AND VASCULAR LESIONS - p. 1089 467. Chapter 390: Birth Injury - p. 1089 468. Chapter 391: Abusive Head Trauma - p. 1091 469. Chapter 392: Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage - p. 1095 470. Chapter 393: White Matter Injury of Prematurity - p. 1099 471. Chapter 394: Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy - p. 1101 472. Chapter 395: Childhood Stroke - p. 1103 473. Chapter 396: Moyamoya - p. 1105 474. Chapter 397: Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis - p. 1107 475. Chapter 398: Childhood Aneurysms - p. 1109 476. Chapter 399: Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation - p. 1111 477. Chapter 400: Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 1113 478. Chapter 401: Cavernous Malformation - p. 1115 479. METABOLIC, INFECTIOUS, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 1117 480. Chapter 402: Metabolic Brain Disease - p. 1117 481. Chapter 403: Mitochondrial Encephalopathies - p. 1121 482. Chapter 404: Leukodystrophies - p. 1123 483. Chapter 405: TORCH Infections - p. 1125 484. Chapter 406: Brain Abscess - p. 1127 485. Chapter 407: Acute Encephalitis - p. 1129 486. Chapter 408: Demyelinating Diseases - p. 1131 487. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 1133 488. Chapter 409: Craniosynostoses - p. 1133 489. Chapter 410: CSF Shunts and Complications - p. 1137 490. SECTION 8: SPINE - p. 1141 491. Chapter 411: Approach to Pediatric Spine - p. 1141 492. CONGENITAL SPINAL MALFORMATIONS - p. 1145 493. Chapter 412: Myelomeningocele - p. 1145 494. Chapter 413: Lipomyelomeningocele - p. 1147 495. Chapter 414: Dorsal Dermal Sinus - p. 1148 496. Chapter 415: Caudal Regression - p. 1149 497. Chapter 416: Split Cord Malformation - p. 1150 498. Chapter 417: Terminal Myelocystocele - p. 1151 499. Chapter 418: Neurenteric Cyst - p. 1152 500. Chapter 419: Syringomyelia - p. 1153 501. Chapter 420: Tethered Spinal Cord - p. 1155 502. NEOPLASMS - p. 1156 503. Chapter 421: Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor - p. 1156 504. Chapter 422: Spinal Cord Ependymoma - p. 1157 505. Chapter 423: Spinal Cord Astrocytoma - p. 1159 506. Chapter 424: Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - p. 1161 507. INFLAMMATORY LESIONS - p. 1165 508. Chapter 425: Discitis/Osteomyelitis - p. 1165 509. Chapter 426: Inflammatory Myelopathies - p. 1167 510. TRAUMA - p. 1169 511. Chapter 427: Craniocervical Junction Injuries - p. 1169 512. Chapter 428: Chance Fracture - p. 1173 513. Chapter 429: Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis - p. 1175 514. SECTION 9: HEAD AND NECK - p. 1177 515. Chapter 430: Approach to Congenital Cystic Neck Masses - p. 1177 516. NASAL AND SINUS CAVITIES - p. 1183 517. Chapter 431: Nasal Dermal Sinus - p. 1183 518. Chapter 432: Juvenile Angiofibroma - p. 1187 519. Chapter 433: Acute Rhinosinusitis - p. 1191 520. ORBIT - p. 1195 521. Chapter 434: Orbital Cellulitis - p. 1195 522. Chapter 435: Retinoblastoma - p. 1199 523. TEMPORAL BONE - p. 1203 524. Chapter 436: Congenital Auricle Malformations - p. 1203 525. Chapter 437: Large Vestibular Aqueduct - p. 1205 526. Chapter 438: Congenital Cholesteatoma - p. 1207 527. Chapter 439: Acquired Cholesteatoma - p. 1209 528. Chapter 440: Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess - p. 1211 529. SYNDROMES WITH CRANIOFACIAL INVOLVEMENT - p. 1215 530. Chapter 441: CHARGE Syndrome - p. 1215 531. Chapter 442: Branchiootorenal Syndrome - p. 1216 532. Chapter 443: Treacher Collins Syndrome - p. 1217 533. Chapter 444: Pierre Robin Sequence - p. 1218 534. NECK MASSES BEYOND NEWBORN PERIOD - p. 1219 535. Chapter 445: Thyroglossal Duct Cyst - p. 1219 536. Chapter 446: Branchial Cleft Anomalies - p. 1223 537. Chapter 447: Acute Parotitis - p. 1227 538. Chapter 448: Infantile Hemangioma, Cervicofacial - p. 1229 539. Chapter 449: Rhabdomyosarcoma, Head and Neck - p. 1233 540. Chapter 450: Fibromatosis Colli - p. 1237 541. Chapter 451: Suppurative Adenitis - p. 1241 542. INDEX - p. 1245
