Written exclusively for a Canadian market, Pagana’s Canadian Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 3rd Edition, provides clear, concise coverage of more than 700 of the most commonly performed tests, with Canadian lab values, SI units, Canadian cultural considerations, and unique Canadian content. Its many user-friendly features include an easy-to-understand writing style, full-colour illustrations, and a logical organization. Each test entry is presented in a consistent format to provide quick access to information on specimen collection, normal findings, indications, test explanation, procedure and patient care, and test results and clinical significance, as well as any applicable contraindications, potential complications, critical values, interfering factors, and related tests. This edition has been updated to reflect the latest procedures, equipment, and techniques, along with 35 of the most current laboratory and diagnostic tests. Plus, Canadian guidelines are highlighted by a maple leaf icon for easy reference!
Key Features
Author Information
Sandra A. MacDonald,Associate Dean, Undergraduate Programs – Nursing, at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada;Kathleen Deska Pagana,Professor Emeritus, Department of Nursing, Lycoming College, Williamsport, Pennsylvania, USA;Timothy J. Pagana,Medical Director, The Kathryn Candor Lundy Breast Health Center and The SurgiCenter, Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport, Pennsylvania, USA;Theresa Noel Pagana Bullen,Emergency Medicine Physician, Virtua Voorhees Hospital, Voorhees, New Jersey, USA
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. i 3. Table of Contents - p. i 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. Reviewers - p. vi 7. Preface - p. vii 8. Chapter 1: Guidelines for Patient Preparation and Procedures - p. 1 9. Chapter 2: Blood Studies - p. 26 10. Overview - p. 29 11. Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody (AChR Ab, Anti–Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody) - p. 30 12. Acid Phosphatase (Prostatic Acid Phosphatase [PAP], Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase [TRAP]) - p. 31 13. Activated Clotting Time (ACT, Activated Coagulation Time) - p. 33 14. Adiponectin - p. 35 15. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH, Corticotropin) - p. 36 16. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation (ACTH Stimulation With Cosyntropin, Cortisol Stimulation) - p. 39 17. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation With Metyrapone (Metyrapone, ACTH Stimulation With Metyrapone) - p. 41 18. Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk Analysis (Y402H and A69S) - p. 43 19. Agglutinin, Febrile/Cold - p. 44 20. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT; formerly Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase [SGPT]) - p. 45 21. Aldolase - p. 47 22. Aldosterone - p. 49 23. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) - p. 53 24. Allergy Blood Testing (IgE Antibody Test, Radioallergosorbent Test) - p. 55 25. Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT, A1AT, AAT Phenotyping) - p. 57 26. Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP, Alpha1-Fetoprotein) - p. 59 27. Aluminum (Chromium and Other Heavy Metals) - p. 61 28. Amino Acid Profiles (Amino Acid Screen) - p. 62 29. Ammonia - p. 64 30. Amylase, Blood - p. 66 31. Androstenediones (Androstenedione, Dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate [DHEA S]) - p. 68 32. Angiotensin - p. 69 33. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE, Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme [SACE]) - p. 71 34. Anion Gap (AG, R factor) - p. 72 35. Anticardiolipin Antibody (ACA, aCL Antibodies) - p. 74 36. Antichromatin Antibody (Antinucleosome Antibodies [Anti-NCS], Antihistone Antibody [Anti-HST, AHA]) - p. 75 37. Anti–Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody (Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody, CCP IgG, Anti-CCP) - p. 76 38. Anti–Deoxyribonuclease-B Titre (Anti–DNase-B [ADB], ADNase-B) - p. 77 39. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin, Arginine Vasopressin [AVP]) - p. 78 40. Antidiuretic Hormone Suppression (ADH Suppression, Water Load) - p. 81 41. Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody (Anti-GBM Antibody, AGBM, Glomerular Basement Antibody, Goodpasture’s Antibody) - p. 83 42. Anti–Liver/Kidney Microsomal Antibody (Anti-LKM Antibody) - p. 84 43. Antimyocardial Antibody - p. 85 44. Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) - p. 86 45. Anti-RNA Polymerase Antibody (Anti-RNA Polymerase I, II, III, RNAP, ARA) - p. 90 46. Antispermatozoal Antibody (Sperm Agglutination and Inhibition, Sperm Antibodies, Antisperm Antibodies, Infertility Screen) - p. 91 47. Anti–SS-A (Ro), Anti–SS-B (La), and Anti–SS-C Antibody (Anti-Ro, Anti-La, Sjögren Antibodies) - p. 93 48. Anti–Streptolysin O Titre (ASO Titre) - p. 94 49. Antithrombin Activity and Antigen Assay (Antithrombin III [AT-III], Functional Antithrombin III Assay, Heparin Cofactor, Immunological Antithrombin III, Serine Protease Inhibitor) - p. 96 50. Anti–Thyroglobulin Antibody (Thyroid Autoantibody, Thyroid Anti–Thyroglobulin Antibody, Thyroglobulin Antibody) - p. 98 51. Anti–Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (Anti-TPO, TPO-Ab, Antithyroid Microsomal Antibody, Thyroid Autoantibody) - p. 99 52. Apolipoproteins (Apolipoprotein A-I [Apo A-I], Apolipoprotein B [Apo B], Lipoprotein [a] [Lp(a)], Apolipoprotein E [Apo E]) - p. 101 53. Arterial Blood Gases (Blood Gases, ABG Measurements) - p. 105 54. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, Formerly Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase [SGOT]) - p. 113 55. Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP, Chemistry panel, Chem 7, Sequential Multiple Analysis [SMA] 7, SMAC 7, Chemistry Screen) - p. 115 56. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate - p. 116 57. Bile Acids (Cholic Acid, Chenodeoxycholic Acid, Deoxycholic Acid, Ursodeoxycholic Acid) - p. 117 58. Bilirubin - p. 118 59. Blood Typing - p. 124 60. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN, Serum Urea Nitrogen) - p. 127 61. Brain Trauma Indicator (BTI, Ubiquitin Carboxy-Terminal Hydrolase L1 [UCH-L1], Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein [GFAP]) - p. 130 62. CA 15-3 and CA 27-29 Tumour Marker (Cancer Antigen 15-3, Cancer Antigen 27-29) - p. 131 63. CA 19-9 Tumour Marker (Cancer Antigen 19-9) - p. 132 64. CA 125 Tumour Marker (Cancer Antigen 125) - p. 134 65. Calcitonin (Human Calcitonin, Thyrocalcitonin) - p. 136 66. Calcium, Blood (Total/Ionized Calcium, Ca) - p. 138 67. Carbon Dioxide Content (CO2 Content, CO2-Combining Power, Bicarbonate [HCO3−]) - p. 141 68. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb, Carbon Monoxide) - p. 142 69. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) - p. 144 70. Cell Surface Immunophenotyping (Flow Cytometry Cell Surface Immunophenotyping, Lymphocyte Immunophenotyping, AIDS T Lymphocyte Cell Markers, CD4 Marker, CD4/CD8 Ratio, CD4 Percentage) - p. 146 71. Ceramides - p. 149 72. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) - p. 150 73. Chloride, Blood (Cl) - p. 152 74. Cholesterol - p. 154 75. Cholinesterase (CHS, Pseudocholinesterase, Cholinesterase RBC, Red Blood Cell Cholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase, Dibucaine Inhibition) - p. 157 76. Chromosome Karyotype (Blood Chromosome Analysis, Chromosome Studies, Cytogenetics, Karyotype) - p. 159 77. Coagulating Factor Concentration (Factor Assay, Coagulating Factors, Blood-Clotting Factors) - p. 161 78. Cold Agglutinins - p. 167 79. Complement Assay (C3 and C4 Complement) - p. 168 80. Coombs Test, Direct (Direct Antiglobulin Test [DAT]) - p. 171 81. Coombs Test, Indirect (Blood Antibody Screening, Indirect Antiglobulin Test [IAT]) - p. 173 82. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test (CRH Stimulation Test) - p. 174 83. Cortisol, Blood (Hydrocortisone, Serum Cortisol) - p. 175 84. Cotinine - p. 178 85. C-Peptide (Connecting Peptide Insulin, Insulin C-Peptide, Proinsulin C-Peptide) - p. 180 86. C-Reactive Protein (CRP, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein [hs-CRP]) - p. 181 87. Creatine Kinase (CK, Creatine Phosphokinase [CPK]) - p. 184 88. Creatinine, Blood (Serum Creatinine) - p. 188 89. Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) - p. 190 90. Cryoglobulin - p. 192 91. Cytokines - p. 194 92. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - p. 195 93. d-dimer (Fragment d-dimer, Fibrin Degradation Product [FDP]) - p. 196 94. Dexamethasone Suppression (DS, Prolonged/Rapid DS, Cortisol Suppression, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone [ACTH] Suppression) - p. 198 95. Diabetes Mellitus Autoantibody (Insulin Autoantibody [IAA], Islet Cell Antibody [ICA], Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody [GAD Ab]) - p. 201 96. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG in Erythrocytes) - p. 202 97. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Screening (DIC Screening) - p. 204 98. Drug Monitoring (Therapeutic Drug Monitoring [TDM]) - p. 206 99. Drug Sensitivity Genotype Testing (AccuType) - p. 209 100. Epstein-Barr Virus Titre (EBV) - p. 210 101. Erythrocyte Fragility (Osmotic Fragility [OF], Red Blood Cell Fragility) - p. 212 102. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR, Sed Rate Test) - p. 214 103. Erythropoietin (EPO) - p. 216 104. Estrogen Fraction (Estradiol, Estriol, and Total Estrogen) - p. 217 105. Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol, Blood Alcohol, Blood EtOH) - p. 221 106. Factor V–Leiden (FVL, Mutation Analysis) - p. 222 107. Ferritin - p. 224 108. Fetal Hemoglobin Testing (Kleihauer–Betke Test) - p. 226 109. Fetal Scalp Blood pH (Fetal Oxygen Saturation Monitoring) - p. 228 110. Fibrinogen (Factor I, Quantitative Fibrinogen) - p. 229 111. Folic Acid (Folate) - p. 231 112. Fungal Antibody Tests (Antifungal Antibodies) - p. 233 113. Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGTP, g-GTP, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase [GGT]) - p. 234 114. Gastrin - p. 236 115. Gliadin Antibodies and Endomysial Antibodies (Tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies) - p. 238 116. Glucagon - p. 239 117. Glucose, Blood (Blood Sugar, Fasting Blood Sugar [FBS]) - p. 241 118. Glucose, Postprandial (2-Hour Postprandial Glucose [2-Hour PPG], 2-Hour Postprandial Blood Sugar, 1-Hour Glucose Screen for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, O’Sullivan Test) - p. 244 119. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD Screen) - p. 246 120. Glucose Tolerance (GT, Oral Glucose Tolerance [OGT]) - p. 248 121. Glycosylated Hemoglobin (GHb, GHB, Glycohemoglobin, Hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], Diabetic Control Index, Glycated Protein) - p. 253 122. Growth Hormone (GH, Human Growth Hormone [HGH], Somatotropin Hormone [SH]) - p. 256 123. Growth Hormone Stimulation (GH Provocation, Insulin Tolerance [IT], Arginine) - p. 258 124. Haptoglobin - p. 260 125. Heinz Body Preparation - p. 262 126. Helicobacter pylori Antibodies Test (Campylobacter pylori, Anti–Helicobacter pylori IgG Antibody, Campylobacter-Like Organism [CLO] Test, Rapid Urease Test, H. pylori Stool Test) - p. 263 127. Hematocrit (Hct, Packed Red Blood Cell Volume, Packed Cell Volume [PCV]) - p. 265 128. Hemoglobin (Hb) - p. 269 129. Hemoglobin Electrophoresis (Hb Electrophoresis) - p. 273 130. Hepatitis Virus Studies (Hepatitis-Associated Antigen [HAA], Australian Antigen) - p. 274 131. Hexosaminidase (Hexosaminidase A, Hex A, Total Hexosaminidase, Hexosaminidase A and B) - p. 278 132. HIV Serology (AIDS Serology, Acquired Immune Deficiency Serology, AIDS Screen, Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV] Antibody Test, Western Blot Test, p24 Antigen Capture Assay) - p. 279 133. HIV Viral Load (HIV RNA) - p. 282 134. HLA-B27 Antigen (Human Lymphocyte Antigen B27, Human Leukocyte A Antigen, White Blood Cell Antigens, Histocompatibility Leukocyte A Antigen) - p. 284 135. Homocysteine (HCY) - p. 286 136. Human Placental Lactogen ([hPL], Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin [HCS]) - p. 289 137. Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV; HTLV I/II Antibody) - p. 290 138. 21-Hydroxylase Antibodies - p. 291 139. Immunofixation Electrophoresis (IFE) - p. 292 140. Immunoglobulin Electrophoresis (Gamma-Globulin Electrophoresis) - p. 293 141. Insulin Assay - p. 296 142. Intrinsic Factor Antibody (IF ab) - p. 298 143. Iron Level, Total Iron-Binding Capacity, Transferrin, Transferrin Saturation (Fe, TIBC) - p. 300 144. Ischemia-Modified Albumin (IMA) - p. 304 145. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) - p. 305 146. Lactic Acid (Lactate) - p. 308 147. Lactose Tolerance - p. 309 148. Lead - p. 312 149. Legionnaires Disease Antibody - p. 313 150. Leucine Aminopeptidase (LAP, Aminopeptidase Cytosol) - p. 314 151. Lipase - p. 315 152. Lipoproteins (High-Density Lipoproteins [HDL, HDL-C], Low-Density Lipoproteins [LDL, LDL-C], Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins [VLDL], Lipoprotein Electrophoresis, Lipoprotein Phenotyping, Lipid Fractionation, Non-HDL Cholesterol) - p. 317 153. Liver Function Tests (LFTs, Liver Profile, Hepatic Function Panel) - p. 323 154. Luteinizing Hormone (LH, Lutropin) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Assay - p. 324 155. Lyme Disease - p. 327 156. Magnesium (Mg) - p. 328 157. Marihuana (THC) Test (Cannabinoid or Cannabis Testing, Tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] Testing) - p. 330 158. Maternal Screen Testing (Maternal Triple Screen, Maternal Quadruple Screen) - p. 331 159. Methemoglobin (Hemoglobin M) - p. 334 160. Mononucleosis Spot (Mononuclear Heterophil, Heterophil Antibody, Monospot) - p. 335 161. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Antibodies, IgG and IgM - p. 336 162. Myoglobin - p. 337 163. Natriuretic Peptides (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide [ANP], Brain Natriuretic Peptide [BNP], C-type Natriuretic Peptide [CNP], Ventricular Natriuretic Peptide, CHF Peptides) - p. 339 164. Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) - p. 341 165. Neutrophil Antibody Screen (Granulocyte Antibodies, Polymorphonucleocyte Antibodies [PMN ab], Antigranulocyte Antibodies, Antineutrophil Antibodies, Neutrophil Antibodies) - p. 342 166. Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin (NGAL, Lipocalin-2) - p. 343 167. Newborn Metabolic Screening - p. 344 168. 5′-Nucleotidase - p. 347 169. Osmolality, Blood (Serum Osmolality) - p. 348 170. Pancreatic Elastase (PE, Elastase-1, EL1, Fecal Elastase, Pancreatopeptidase) - p. 350 171. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH, Parathormone) - p. 351 172. Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time [aPTT]) - p. 354 173. Parvovirus B19 Antibody - p. 357 174. Pheochromocytoma Suppression and Provocative Testing (Clonidine Suppression Test [CST], Glucagon Stimulation Test) - p. 358 175. Phosphate, Phosphorus (PO4, P) - p. 360 176. Phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibodies (Anti-PLA2R) - p. 362 177. Plasminogen (Fibrinolysin) - p. 363 178. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) - p. 364 179. Platelet Aggregation - p. 366 180. Platelet Antibody (Antiplatelet Antibody Detection) - p. 367 181. Platelet Closure Time (Platelet Function Assay/Screen) - p. 369 182. Platelet Count (Thrombocyte Count) - p. 371 183. Platelet Volume, Mean (MPV) - p. 374 184. Potassium, Blood (K) - p. 375 185. Prealbumin (PAB, Thyroxine-Binding Prealbumin [TBPA], Thyretin, Transthyretin) - p. 379 186. Pregnancy Tests (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin [hCG], Beta Subunit) - p. 381 187. Procalcitonin (PCT, ProCT) - p. 383 188. Progesterone Assay - p. 385 189. Prolactin Level (PRL) - p. 388 190. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) - p. 389 191. Protein C, Protein S - p. 393 192. Protein (Albumin, Protein Electrophoresis, Globulin, Total Protein) - p. 395 193. Prothrombin Time (PT, Pro-Time, International Normalized Ratio [INR]) - p. 400 194. QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT, QFT-G, TB Gold test, TB Blood Test) - p. 404 195. Rabies-Neutralizing Antibody - p. 405 196. Red Blood Cell Count (RBC Count, Erythrocyte Count) - p. 406 197. Red Blood Cell Indices (RBC Indices, Mean Corpuscular Volume [MCV], Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin [MCH], Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration [MCHC], Blood Indices, Erythrocyte Indices, Red Blood Cell Distribution Width [RDW]) - p. 409 198. Renin Assay, Plasma (Plasma Renin Activity [PRA], Plasma Renin Concentration [PRC]) - p. 413 199. Reticulocyte Count (Retic Count) - p. 418 200. Rheumatoid Factor (RF, Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA] Factor) - p. 420 201. Rubella Antibody (German Measles, Hemagglutination Inhibition [HAI]) - p. 422 202. Rubeola Antibody - p. 424 203. Sickle Cell Screen (Sickle Cell Preparation, Sickledex, Sickle-Cell Hemoglobin [HbS]) - p. 425 204. Sodium, Blood (Na) - p. 427 205. Somatomedin C (Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 [IGF-1], Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins [IGF BP]) - p. 430 206. Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen (SCC Antigen) - p. 433 207. Syphilis Detection (Serological Test for Syphilis [STS], Venereal Disease Research Laboratory [VDRL], Rapid Plasma Reagin [RPR], Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody [FTA]) - p. 434 208. Testosterone (Total Testosterone Serum Level) - p. 436 209. Thromboelastography (Thromboelastometry) - p. 439 210. Thrombosis Indicators (Fibrin Monomers [Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs)], Fibrin Split Products (FSPs)], Fibrinopeptide A [FPA], Prothrombin Fragment 1 + 2 [F1 + 2]) - p. 441 211. Thyroglobulin (Tg, Thyrogen-Stimulated Thyroglobulin) - p. 444 212. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin) - p. 446 213. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Stimulation (TSH Stimulation) - p. 448 214. Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSI, Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator [LATS], Thyroid-Binding Inhibitory Immunoglobulin [TBII], Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody) - p. 450 215. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH, Thyrotropin-Releasing Factor [TRF]) - p. 452 216. Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG, Thyroid-Binding Globulin) - p. 454 217. Thyroxine, Free (FT4) - p. 456 218. Thyroxine Index, Free (FTI, T7, FT4 Index, FT4 I) - p. 458 219. Thyroxine, Total (T4, Thyroxine Screen) - p. 461 220. Toxoplasmosis Antibody Titre - p. 464 221. Transferrin Receptor Assay - p. 465 222. Triglycerides (TGs) - p. 467 223. Triiodothyronine (Radioimmunoassay [T3 by RIA], Free T3) - p. 469 224. Thyroid Hormone–Binding Ratio ([THBR], Triiodothyronine Uptake [T3 Uptake], Resin Triiodothyronine Uptake Test [RT3 Units, T3 RU]) - p. 472 225. Troponins (Cardiac-Specific Troponin T [cTnT], Cardiac-Specific Troponin I [cTnI]) - p. 475 226. Uric Acid, Blood - p. 477 227. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) - p. 479 228. Vitamin D (25-Hydroxyvitamin D) - p. 481 229. West Nile Virus Testing - p. 485 230. White Blood Cell Count and Differential Count (WBC and Differential, Leukocyte Count, Neutrophil Count, Lymphocyte Count, Monocyte Count, Eosinophil Count, Basophil Count) - p. 486 231. d-xylose Absorption (xylose Tolerance) - p. 493 232. Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZPP) - p. 494 233. Chapter 3: Electrodiagnostic Tests - p. 496 234. Chapter 4: Endoscopic Studies - p. 542 235. Chapter 5: Fluid Analysis Studies - p. 593 236. Chapter 6: Manometric Studies - p. 647 237. Chapter 7: Microscopic Examinations - p. 667 238. Overview - p. 668 239. Acid-Fast Bacilli Smear (AFB Smear) - p. 670 240. Blood Culture and Sensitivity (Blood C&S) - p. 672 241. Blood Smear (Peripheral Blood Smear, Red Blood Cell Morphology, RBC Smear) - p. 674 242. Bone Marrow Biopsy (Bone Marrow Examination, Bone Marrow Aspiration) - p. 676 243. Breast Cancer Tumour Analysis (Breast Cancer Predictors, DNA Ploidy Status, S-Phase Fraction, Cathepsin D, HER2 [c-erbB2, neu] Protein, Ki67 Protein, p53 Protein) - p. 681 244. Cervical Biopsy (Simple Cervical [Punch] Biopsy, Endocervical Biopsy [Endocervical Curettage], Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure [LEEP], Cone Biopsy [Conization]) - p. 684 245. Chlamydia - p. 686 246. Colon Cancer Tumour Analysis (Microsatellite Instability [MSI] Testing, DNA Mismatch Repair [MMR] Genetic Testing, BRAF Mutation Analysis, Oncotype DX Colon Cancer Assay) - p. 689 247. Coronavirus Testing (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) - p. 691 248. Cutaneous Immunofluorescence Biopsy (Immunofluorescence Skin Biopsy, Skin Biopsy Antibodies, Skin Immunohistopathology) - p. 693 249. Endometrial Biopsy - p. 694 250. Estrogen Receptor Assay (ER Assay, ERA, Estradiol Receptor) - p. 697 251. Fungal Infection Testing (Antifungal Antibodies, Beta-D-glucan (1,3)-β-D-glucan, Fungitell, Fungal Culture, Fungal Antigen Assay, Fungal PCR Testing) - p. 699 252. Herpes Simplex (Herpesvirus Type 2, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 [HSV 1 and 2], Herpes Genitalis) - p. 701 253. Human Papillomavirus Test (HPV Test, HPV DNA Testing) - p. 703 254. Liver Biopsy - p. 706 255. Lung Biopsy - p. 709 256. Lung Cancer Molecular Testing (Lung Cancer Genomic Testing, AKT1, ALK, BRAF, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor [EGFR], HER2, KRAS, MEK1, MET, NRAS, PIK3CA, RET, and ROS1) - p. 713 257. Pancreatobiliary Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Testing - p. 714 258. Papanicolaou Smear (Pap Smear, Pap Test, Cytological Test for Cancer, Liquid-Based Cervical Cytology [LBCC]) - p. 715 259. Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Testing - p. 720 260. Pleural Biopsy - p. 722 261. Primary Immunodeficiency Genetic Testing (PID Genetic Testing, Genetic Testing for PID) - p. 724 262. Progesterone Receptor Assay (PR Assay, PRA, PgR) - p. 725 263. Prostate Cancer Genomics (Prostate Cancer Molecular Testing, Oncotype DX Prostate Genotyping, Prolaris, ProMark, Decipher) - p. 727 264. Renal Biopsy (Kidney Biopsy) - p. 728 265. Sexually Transmitted Infection Culture (STI Culture, Culture of Cervix, Urethra, and Anus) - p. 731 266. Skin Biopsy (Cutaneous Immunofluorescence Biopsy, Skin Biopsy Antibodies, Skin Immunohistopathology, Direct Immunofluorescence Antibody Test) - p. 735 267. Sputum Culture and Sensitivity (Sputum C&S, Sputum Culture, and Gram Stain) - p. 737 268. Sputum Cytological Study - p. 738 269. Throat (Oropharygeal), Nose, and Nasopharyngeal Cultures - p. 740 270. Thyroid Cancer Genomic Testing (Gene Expression Classifier (GEC), Gene Sequencing Classifier, Medullary Thyroid Malignancy Classifier [MTC], BRAF Gene) - p. 744 271. Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB, Skinny-Needle Thyroid Biopsy, Fine Needle Aspiration [FNA]) - p. 745 272. Tuberculosis Culture (TB Culture, BACTEC Method, Polymerase Chain Reaction) - p. 747 273. Tuberculosis Testing (TB Testing, Interferon Gamma Release Assay [IGRA, T-Spot.TB], QuantiFERON-TB Gold [QFT, QFT-G, TB Gold Test, TB Blood Test], Nucleic Acid Amplification for TB [NAAT], TB Antibody) - p. 750 274. Varicella Virus Testing (Antibody Testing for Varicella Zoster Virus, Varicella Zoster Virus [VZV], Herpes Virus-3) - p. 752 275. Viral Cultures - p. 754 276. Virus Testing - p. 756 277. Wound and Soft Tissue Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) - p. 759 278. Chapter 8: Nuclear Scanning - p. 762 279. Overview - p. 762 280. Antibody Tumour Imaging (Immunoscintigraphy, OncoScint Scan, ProstaScint Scan) - p. 765 281. Bone Scan - p. 767 282. Brain Scan (Cisternal Scan, Cerebral Blood Flow) - p. 771 283. Cardiac Nuclear Scanning (Myocardial Scan, Cardiac Scan, Nuclear Cardiac Scanning, Heart Scan, Thallium Scan, Multigated Acquisition [MUGA] Scan, Isonitrile Scan, Sestamibi Cardiac Scan, Cardiac Flow Studies) - p. 774 284. Gallbladder Nuclear Scanning (Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy, Hepatobiliary Imaging, Biliary Tract Radionuclide Scan, Cholescintigraphy, Diisopropyl Iminodiacetic Acid [DISIDA] Scanning, Hepatobiliary Iminodiacetic Acid [HIDA] Scanning, Iminodiacetic Acid [IDA] Gallbladder Scanning) - p. 781 285. Gallium Scan - p. 784 286. Gastric Emptying Scan - p. 786 287. Gastroesophageal Reflux Scan (GE Reflux Scan, Aspiration Scan) - p. 788 288. Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scan (Abdominal Scintigraphy, GI Scintigraphy) - p. 790 289. Liver/Spleen Scan (Liver Scanning) - p. 793 290. Lung Scan (Ventilation/Perfusion Scanning [VPS], Pulmonary Scintiphotography, V/Q Scan) - p. 796 291. Meckel Diverticulum Nuclear Scanning - p. 800 292. Octreotide Scan (Carcinoid Nuclear Scanning, Neuroendocrine Nuclear Scanning) - p. 802 293. Parathyroid Scan (Parathyroid Scintigraphy) - p. 804 294. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - p. 806 295. Renal Scanning (Kidney Scan, Radiorenography, Renography, Radionuclide Renal Imaging, Nuclear Imaging of the Kidney, Disodium Monomethane Arsenate [DSMA] Renal Scanning, Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid [DTPA] Renal Scanning, Captopril Renal Scanning) - p. 813 296. Salivary Gland Nuclear Imaging (Parotid Gland Nuclear Imaging) - p. 818 297. Schilling Test (Vitamin B12 Absorption Test) - p. 820 298. Scrotal Nuclear Imaging (Scrotal Scanning, Testicular Imaging) - p. 822 299. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB, Lymphoscintigraphy) - p. 824 300. Thyroid Scan (Thyroid Scintiscan) - p. 826 301. Total Blood Volume (TBV, Red Blood Cell [RBC] Volume) - p. 829 302. WBC Scan (Inflammatory Scan) - p. 831 303. Chapter 9: Stool Tests - p. 833 304. Chapter 10: Ultrasound Studies - p. 851 305. Chapter 11: Urine Studies - p. 897 306. Overview - p. 898 307. Amylase, Urine - p. 904 308. Bence Jones Protein (Free Kappa and Lambda Light Chains) - p. 906 309. Bladder Cancer Markers (Bladder Tumour Antigen [BTA], Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 [NMP22]) - p. 908 310. Bone Turnover Markers (N-Telopeptide [NTx], Osteocalcin [Bone G1a Protein, BGP, Osteocalc], Pyridinium [PYD] Crosslinks, Bone Alkaline Phosphatase [BAP], Procollagen Type I Intact N-Terminal Propeptide [PINP], C-Telopeptide [CTx]) - p. 909 311. Chloride, Urine (Cl) - p. 913 312. Cortisol, Urine (Hydrocortisone, Urine Cortisol, Free Cortisol) - p. 915 313. Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid (Aminolevulinic Acid [ALA], δ-ALA) - p. 917 314. Glucose, Urine (Urine Sugar) - p. 919 315. 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) - p. 921 316. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) - p. 923 317. 17-Ketosteroid (17-KS) - p. 925 318. Kidney Stone Analysis (Calculus Stone Analysis) - p. 927 319. Microalbumin (MA) - p. 928 320. Microglobulin (Beta-2 Microglobulin [B2M], Alpha 1 Microglobulin, and Retinol-Binding Protein) - p. 930 321. Nicotine and Metabolites (Nicotine, Cotinine, 3-Hydroxy-Cotinine, Nornicotine, Anabasine) - p. 932 322. Osmolality, Urine - p. 935 323. Porphyrins and Porphobilinogens - p. 937 324. Potassium, Urine (K) - p. 939 325. Pregnanediol - p. 941 326. Sodium (Na), Urine - p. 943 327. Substance Use Testing (Urine Drug Testing, Drug Screening, Drug Testing) - p. 945 328. Toxicology - p. 949 329. Uric Acid, Urine - p. 951 330. Urinalysis (UA) - p. 953 331. Urinary Stone Analysis (Renal Calculus Analysis) - p. 968 332. Urine Culture and Sensitivity (Urine C&S) - p. 970 333. Vanillylmandelic Acid and Catecholamines (VMA; Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Metanephrine, Normetanephrine, Dopamine) - p. 972 334. Water Deprivation (Antidiuretic Hormone [ADH] Stimulation) - p. 975 335. Chapter 12: X-Ray Studies - p. 978 336. Overview - p. 979 337. Adrenal Venography - p. 986 338. Antegrade Pyelography - p. 988 339. Arteriography (Angiography; Renal, Mesenteric, Adrenal, Cerebral, and Lower Extremity Arteriography) - p. 989 340. Barium Enema (BE, Lower GI Series) - p. 996 341. Barium Swallow (Esophagogram) - p. 1002 342. Bone Densitometry (Bone Mineral Content [Bmc], Bone Absorptiometry, Bone Mineral Density [BMD]) - p. 1004 343. Bone (Long) Radiography - p. 1009 344. Cardiac Catheterization (Coronary Angiography, Angiocardiography, Ventriculography) - p. 1011 345. Chest Radiography (Chest X-Ray [CXR]) - p. 1018 346. Computed Tomography, Abdomen and Pelvis (CAT Scan, Abdomen and Pelvis; CT Scan, Abdomen and Pelvis; Helical/Spiral CT Scan, Abdomen and Pelvis; CT Angiography; CT Colonoscopy; Virtual Colonoscopy) - p. 1023 347. Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA, CT Arteriography, CT Angiography) - p. 1030 348. Computed Tomography, Chest (Chest CT Scan; Helical/Spiral CT Scan, Chest) - p. 1033 349. Computed Tomography, Extremity (CT Extremity; CT Lower Extremity; CT Upper Extremity; CT of the Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Hand, Fingers, Hip, Knee, Ankle, Foot, Toes) - p. 1037 350. Computed Tomography, Head (CT Scan, Brain; Computerized Axial Transverse Tomography [Catt]; Helical/Spiral CT Scan, Head) - p. 1039 351. Computed Tomography, Heart (Coronary CT Angiography, Coronary Calcium Score) - p. 1042 352. Computed Tomography, Neck (CT Neck, CT Soft Tissue Neck) - p. 1046 353. Computed Tomography, Spine (CT Cervical Spine [CT C-Spine], CT Thoracic Spine [CT T-Spine], CT Lumbosacral Spine [CT LS-Spine]) - p. 1048 354. Cystography (Cystourethrography, Voiding, Cystography, Voiding Cystourethrography) - p. 1051 355. Hysterosalpingography (Uterotubography, Uterosalpingography, Hysterogram) - p. 1053 356. Intravenous Pyelography (IVP, Excretory Urography [Eug], Intravenous Urography [Iug, Ivu]) - p. 1055 357. Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Radiography (KUB, Flat Plate of the Abdomen, Plain Film of the Abdomen, Scout Film) - p. 1059 358. Mammography (Mammogram) - p. 1062 359. Myelography (Myelogram) - p. 1068 360. Obstruction Series - p. 1071 361. Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (Ptc, PTHC) - p. 1073 362. Pulmonary Angiography (Pulmonary Arteriography, Bronchial Angiography) - p. 1076 363. Retrograde Pyelography - p. 1079 364. Sialography - p. 1082 365. Skull Radiography - p. 1083 366. Small Bowel Follow-Through (SBF, Small Bowel Enema) - p. 1086 367. Spinal Radiography (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, or Coccygeal X-Ray Studies) - p. 1089 368. Swallowing Examination (Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Examination) - p. 1090 369. T-Tube and Operative Cholangiography - p. 1092 370. Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Radiography (Upper GI Series, Ugi) - p. 1094 371. Venography, Lower Extremities (Phlebography, Venogram) - p. 1098 372. Chapter 13: Additional Studies - p. 1101 373. Appendix A: Alphabetical List of Tests - p. 1153 374. Appendix B: List of Tests by Body System - p. 1158 375. Appendix C: Common Testing Profiles - p. 1164 376. Appendix D: Common Abbreviations and Acronyms - p. 1167 377. Appendix E: List of Common Blood Tests and Values - p. 1171 378. Bibliography - p. 1172 379. Illustration credits - p. 1182 380. Index - p. 1185 381. Inside Back Cover - p. 1215
Written exclusively for a Canadian market, Pagana’s Canadian Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 3rd Edition, provides clear, concise coverage of more than 700 of the most commonly performed tests, with Canadian lab values, SI units, Canadian cultural considerations, and unique Canadian content. Its many user-friendly features include an easy-to-understand writing style, full-colour illustrations, and a logical organization. Each test entry is presented in a consistent format to provide quick access to information on specimen collection, normal findings, indications, test explanation, procedure and patient care, and test results and clinical significance, as well as any applicable contraindications, potential complications, critical values, interfering factors, and related tests. This edition has been updated to reflect the latest procedures, equipment, and techniques, along with 35 of the most current laboratory and diagnostic tests. Plus, Canadian guidelines are highlighted by a maple leaf icon for easy reference!
Key Features
Author Information
Sandra A. MacDonald,Associate Dean, Undergraduate Programs – Nursing, at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada;Kathleen Deska Pagana,Professor Emeritus, Department of Nursing, Lycoming College, Williamsport, Pennsylvania, USA;Timothy J. Pagana,Medical Director, The Kathryn Candor Lundy Breast Health Center and The SurgiCenter, Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport, Pennsylvania, USA;Theresa Noel Pagana Bullen,Emergency Medicine Physician, Virtua Voorhees Hospital, Voorhees, New Jersey, USA
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. i 3. Table of Contents - p. i 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. Reviewers - p. vi 7. Preface - p. vii 8. Chapter 1: Guidelines for Patient Preparation and Procedures - p. 1 9. Chapter 2: Blood Studies - p. 26 10. Overview - p. 29 11. Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody (AChR Ab, Anti–Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody) - p. 30 12. Acid Phosphatase (Prostatic Acid Phosphatase [PAP], Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase [TRAP]) - p. 31 13. Activated Clotting Time (ACT, Activated Coagulation Time) - p. 33 14. Adiponectin - p. 35 15. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH, Corticotropin) - p. 36 16. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation (ACTH Stimulation With Cosyntropin, Cortisol Stimulation) - p. 39 17. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation With Metyrapone (Metyrapone, ACTH Stimulation With Metyrapone) - p. 41 18. Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk Analysis (Y402H and A69S) - p. 43 19. Agglutinin, Febrile/Cold - p. 44 20. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT; formerly Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase [SGPT]) - p. 45 21. Aldolase - p. 47 22. Aldosterone - p. 49 23. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) - p. 53 24. Allergy Blood Testing (IgE Antibody Test, Radioallergosorbent Test) - p. 55 25. Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT, A1AT, AAT Phenotyping) - p. 57 26. Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP, Alpha1-Fetoprotein) - p. 59 27. Aluminum (Chromium and Other Heavy Metals) - p. 61 28. Amino Acid Profiles (Amino Acid Screen) - p. 62 29. Ammonia - p. 64 30. Amylase, Blood - p. 66 31. Androstenediones (Androstenedione, Dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate [DHEA S]) - p. 68 32. Angiotensin - p. 69 33. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE, Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme [SACE]) - p. 71 34. Anion Gap (AG, R factor) - p. 72 35. Anticardiolipin Antibody (ACA, aCL Antibodies) - p. 74 36. Antichromatin Antibody (Antinucleosome Antibodies [Anti-NCS], Antihistone Antibody [Anti-HST, AHA]) - p. 75 37. Anti–Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody (Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody, CCP IgG, Anti-CCP) - p. 76 38. Anti–Deoxyribonuclease-B Titre (Anti–DNase-B [ADB], ADNase-B) - p. 77 39. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin, Arginine Vasopressin [AVP]) - p. 78 40. Antidiuretic Hormone Suppression (ADH Suppression, Water Load) - p. 81 41. Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody (Anti-GBM Antibody, AGBM, Glomerular Basement Antibody, Goodpasture’s Antibody) - p. 83 42. Anti–Liver/Kidney Microsomal Antibody (Anti-LKM Antibody) - p. 84 43. Antimyocardial Antibody - p. 85 44. Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) - p. 86 45. Anti-RNA Polymerase Antibody (Anti-RNA Polymerase I, II, III, RNAP, ARA) - p. 90 46. Antispermatozoal Antibody (Sperm Agglutination and Inhibition, Sperm Antibodies, Antisperm Antibodies, Infertility Screen) - p. 91 47. Anti–SS-A (Ro), Anti–SS-B (La), and Anti–SS-C Antibody (Anti-Ro, Anti-La, Sjögren Antibodies) - p. 93 48. Anti–Streptolysin O Titre (ASO Titre) - p. 94 49. Antithrombin Activity and Antigen Assay (Antithrombin III [AT-III], Functional Antithrombin III Assay, Heparin Cofactor, Immunological Antithrombin III, Serine Protease Inhibitor) - p. 96 50. Anti–Thyroglobulin Antibody (Thyroid Autoantibody, Thyroid Anti–Thyroglobulin Antibody, Thyroglobulin Antibody) - p. 98 51. Anti–Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (Anti-TPO, TPO-Ab, Antithyroid Microsomal Antibody, Thyroid Autoantibody) - p. 99 52. Apolipoproteins (Apolipoprotein A-I [Apo A-I], Apolipoprotein B [Apo B], Lipoprotein [a] [Lp(a)], Apolipoprotein E [Apo E]) - p. 101 53. Arterial Blood Gases (Blood Gases, ABG Measurements) - p. 105 54. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, Formerly Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase [SGOT]) - p. 113 55. Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP, Chemistry panel, Chem 7, Sequential Multiple Analysis [SMA] 7, SMAC 7, Chemistry Screen) - p. 115 56. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate - p. 116 57. Bile Acids (Cholic Acid, Chenodeoxycholic Acid, Deoxycholic Acid, Ursodeoxycholic Acid) - p. 117 58. Bilirubin - p. 118 59. Blood Typing - p. 124 60. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN, Serum Urea Nitrogen) - p. 127 61. Brain Trauma Indicator (BTI, Ubiquitin Carboxy-Terminal Hydrolase L1 [UCH-L1], Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein [GFAP]) - p. 130 62. CA 15-3 and CA 27-29 Tumour Marker (Cancer Antigen 15-3, Cancer Antigen 27-29) - p. 131 63. CA 19-9 Tumour Marker (Cancer Antigen 19-9) - p. 132 64. CA 125 Tumour Marker (Cancer Antigen 125) - p. 134 65. Calcitonin (Human Calcitonin, Thyrocalcitonin) - p. 136 66. Calcium, Blood (Total/Ionized Calcium, Ca) - p. 138 67. Carbon Dioxide Content (CO2 Content, CO2-Combining Power, Bicarbonate [HCO3−]) - p. 141 68. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb, Carbon Monoxide) - p. 142 69. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) - p. 144 70. Cell Surface Immunophenotyping (Flow Cytometry Cell Surface Immunophenotyping, Lymphocyte Immunophenotyping, AIDS T Lymphocyte Cell Markers, CD4 Marker, CD4/CD8 Ratio, CD4 Percentage) - p. 146 71. Ceramides - p. 149 72. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) - p. 150 73. Chloride, Blood (Cl) - p. 152 74. Cholesterol - p. 154 75. Cholinesterase (CHS, Pseudocholinesterase, Cholinesterase RBC, Red Blood Cell Cholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase, Dibucaine Inhibition) - p. 157 76. Chromosome Karyotype (Blood Chromosome Analysis, Chromosome Studies, Cytogenetics, Karyotype) - p. 159 77. Coagulating Factor Concentration (Factor Assay, Coagulating Factors, Blood-Clotting Factors) - p. 161 78. Cold Agglutinins - p. 167 79. Complement Assay (C3 and C4 Complement) - p. 168 80. Coombs Test, Direct (Direct Antiglobulin Test [DAT]) - p. 171 81. Coombs Test, Indirect (Blood Antibody Screening, Indirect Antiglobulin Test [IAT]) - p. 173 82. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test (CRH Stimulation Test) - p. 174 83. Cortisol, Blood (Hydrocortisone, Serum Cortisol) - p. 175 84. Cotinine - p. 178 85. C-Peptide (Connecting Peptide Insulin, Insulin C-Peptide, Proinsulin C-Peptide) - p. 180 86. C-Reactive Protein (CRP, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein [hs-CRP]) - p. 181 87. Creatine Kinase (CK, Creatine Phosphokinase [CPK]) - p. 184 88. Creatinine, Blood (Serum Creatinine) - p. 188 89. Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) - p. 190 90. Cryoglobulin - p. 192 91. Cytokines - p. 194 92. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - p. 195 93. d-dimer (Fragment d-dimer, Fibrin Degradation Product [FDP]) - p. 196 94. Dexamethasone Suppression (DS, Prolonged/Rapid DS, Cortisol Suppression, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone [ACTH] Suppression) - p. 198 95. Diabetes Mellitus Autoantibody (Insulin Autoantibody [IAA], Islet Cell Antibody [ICA], Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody [GAD Ab]) - p. 201 96. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG in Erythrocytes) - p. 202 97. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Screening (DIC Screening) - p. 204 98. Drug Monitoring (Therapeutic Drug Monitoring [TDM]) - p. 206 99. Drug Sensitivity Genotype Testing (AccuType) - p. 209 100. Epstein-Barr Virus Titre (EBV) - p. 210 101. Erythrocyte Fragility (Osmotic Fragility [OF], Red Blood Cell Fragility) - p. 212 102. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR, Sed Rate Test) - p. 214 103. Erythropoietin (EPO) - p. 216 104. Estrogen Fraction (Estradiol, Estriol, and Total Estrogen) - p. 217 105. Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol, Blood Alcohol, Blood EtOH) - p. 221 106. Factor V–Leiden (FVL, Mutation Analysis) - p. 222 107. Ferritin - p. 224 108. Fetal Hemoglobin Testing (Kleihauer–Betke Test) - p. 226 109. Fetal Scalp Blood pH (Fetal Oxygen Saturation Monitoring) - p. 228 110. Fibrinogen (Factor I, Quantitative Fibrinogen) - p. 229 111. Folic Acid (Folate) - p. 231 112. Fungal Antibody Tests (Antifungal Antibodies) - p. 233 113. Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGTP, g-GTP, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase [GGT]) - p. 234 114. Gastrin - p. 236 115. Gliadin Antibodies and Endomysial Antibodies (Tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies) - p. 238 116. Glucagon - p. 239 117. Glucose, Blood (Blood Sugar, Fasting Blood Sugar [FBS]) - p. 241 118. Glucose, Postprandial (2-Hour Postprandial Glucose [2-Hour PPG], 2-Hour Postprandial Blood Sugar, 1-Hour Glucose Screen for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, O’Sullivan Test) - p. 244 119. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD Screen) - p. 246 120. Glucose Tolerance (GT, Oral Glucose Tolerance [OGT]) - p. 248 121. Glycosylated Hemoglobin (GHb, GHB, Glycohemoglobin, Hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], Diabetic Control Index, Glycated Protein) - p. 253 122. Growth Hormone (GH, Human Growth Hormone [HGH], Somatotropin Hormone [SH]) - p. 256 123. Growth Hormone Stimulation (GH Provocation, Insulin Tolerance [IT], Arginine) - p. 258 124. Haptoglobin - p. 260 125. Heinz Body Preparation - p. 262 126. Helicobacter pylori Antibodies Test (Campylobacter pylori, Anti–Helicobacter pylori IgG Antibody, Campylobacter-Like Organism [CLO] Test, Rapid Urease Test, H. pylori Stool Test) - p. 263 127. Hematocrit (Hct, Packed Red Blood Cell Volume, Packed Cell Volume [PCV]) - p. 265 128. Hemoglobin (Hb) - p. 269 129. Hemoglobin Electrophoresis (Hb Electrophoresis) - p. 273 130. Hepatitis Virus Studies (Hepatitis-Associated Antigen [HAA], Australian Antigen) - p. 274 131. Hexosaminidase (Hexosaminidase A, Hex A, Total Hexosaminidase, Hexosaminidase A and B) - p. 278 132. HIV Serology (AIDS Serology, Acquired Immune Deficiency Serology, AIDS Screen, Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV] Antibody Test, Western Blot Test, p24 Antigen Capture Assay) - p. 279 133. HIV Viral Load (HIV RNA) - p. 282 134. HLA-B27 Antigen (Human Lymphocyte Antigen B27, Human Leukocyte A Antigen, White Blood Cell Antigens, Histocompatibility Leukocyte A Antigen) - p. 284 135. Homocysteine (HCY) - p. 286 136. Human Placental Lactogen ([hPL], Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin [HCS]) - p. 289 137. Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV; HTLV I/II Antibody) - p. 290 138. 21-Hydroxylase Antibodies - p. 291 139. Immunofixation Electrophoresis (IFE) - p. 292 140. Immunoglobulin Electrophoresis (Gamma-Globulin Electrophoresis) - p. 293 141. Insulin Assay - p. 296 142. Intrinsic Factor Antibody (IF ab) - p. 298 143. Iron Level, Total Iron-Binding Capacity, Transferrin, Transferrin Saturation (Fe, TIBC) - p. 300 144. Ischemia-Modified Albumin (IMA) - p. 304 145. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) - p. 305 146. Lactic Acid (Lactate) - p. 308 147. Lactose Tolerance - p. 309 148. Lead - p. 312 149. Legionnaires Disease Antibody - p. 313 150. Leucine Aminopeptidase (LAP, Aminopeptidase Cytosol) - p. 314 151. Lipase - p. 315 152. Lipoproteins (High-Density Lipoproteins [HDL, HDL-C], Low-Density Lipoproteins [LDL, LDL-C], Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins [VLDL], Lipoprotein Electrophoresis, Lipoprotein Phenotyping, Lipid Fractionation, Non-HDL Cholesterol) - p. 317 153. Liver Function Tests (LFTs, Liver Profile, Hepatic Function Panel) - p. 323 154. Luteinizing Hormone (LH, Lutropin) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Assay - p. 324 155. Lyme Disease - p. 327 156. Magnesium (Mg) - p. 328 157. Marihuana (THC) Test (Cannabinoid or Cannabis Testing, Tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] Testing) - p. 330 158. Maternal Screen Testing (Maternal Triple Screen, Maternal Quadruple Screen) - p. 331 159. Methemoglobin (Hemoglobin M) - p. 334 160. Mononucleosis Spot (Mononuclear Heterophil, Heterophil Antibody, Monospot) - p. 335 161. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Antibodies, IgG and IgM - p. 336 162. Myoglobin - p. 337 163. Natriuretic Peptides (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide [ANP], Brain Natriuretic Peptide [BNP], C-type Natriuretic Peptide [CNP], Ventricular Natriuretic Peptide, CHF Peptides) - p. 339 164. Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) - p. 341 165. Neutrophil Antibody Screen (Granulocyte Antibodies, Polymorphonucleocyte Antibodies [PMN ab], Antigranulocyte Antibodies, Antineutrophil Antibodies, Neutrophil Antibodies) - p. 342 166. Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin (NGAL, Lipocalin-2) - p. 343 167. Newborn Metabolic Screening - p. 344 168. 5′-Nucleotidase - p. 347 169. Osmolality, Blood (Serum Osmolality) - p. 348 170. Pancreatic Elastase (PE, Elastase-1, EL1, Fecal Elastase, Pancreatopeptidase) - p. 350 171. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH, Parathormone) - p. 351 172. Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time [aPTT]) - p. 354 173. Parvovirus B19 Antibody - p. 357 174. Pheochromocytoma Suppression and Provocative Testing (Clonidine Suppression Test [CST], Glucagon Stimulation Test) - p. 358 175. Phosphate, Phosphorus (PO4, P) - p. 360 176. Phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibodies (Anti-PLA2R) - p. 362 177. Plasminogen (Fibrinolysin) - p. 363 178. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) - p. 364 179. Platelet Aggregation - p. 366 180. Platelet Antibody (Antiplatelet Antibody Detection) - p. 367 181. Platelet Closure Time (Platelet Function Assay/Screen) - p. 369 182. Platelet Count (Thrombocyte Count) - p. 371 183. Platelet Volume, Mean (MPV) - p. 374 184. Potassium, Blood (K) - p. 375 185. Prealbumin (PAB, Thyroxine-Binding Prealbumin [TBPA], Thyretin, Transthyretin) - p. 379 186. Pregnancy Tests (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin [hCG], Beta Subunit) - p. 381 187. Procalcitonin (PCT, ProCT) - p. 383 188. Progesterone Assay - p. 385 189. Prolactin Level (PRL) - p. 388 190. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) - p. 389 191. Protein C, Protein S - p. 393 192. Protein (Albumin, Protein Electrophoresis, Globulin, Total Protein) - p. 395 193. Prothrombin Time (PT, Pro-Time, International Normalized Ratio [INR]) - p. 400 194. QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT, QFT-G, TB Gold test, TB Blood Test) - p. 404 195. Rabies-Neutralizing Antibody - p. 405 196. Red Blood Cell Count (RBC Count, Erythrocyte Count) - p. 406 197. Red Blood Cell Indices (RBC Indices, Mean Corpuscular Volume [MCV], Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin [MCH], Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration [MCHC], Blood Indices, Erythrocyte Indices, Red Blood Cell Distribution Width [RDW]) - p. 409 198. Renin Assay, Plasma (Plasma Renin Activity [PRA], Plasma Renin Concentration [PRC]) - p. 413 199. Reticulocyte Count (Retic Count) - p. 418 200. Rheumatoid Factor (RF, Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA] Factor) - p. 420 201. Rubella Antibody (German Measles, Hemagglutination Inhibition [HAI]) - p. 422 202. Rubeola Antibody - p. 424 203. Sickle Cell Screen (Sickle Cell Preparation, Sickledex, Sickle-Cell Hemoglobin [HbS]) - p. 425 204. Sodium, Blood (Na) - p. 427 205. Somatomedin C (Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 [IGF-1], Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins [IGF BP]) - p. 430 206. Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen (SCC Antigen) - p. 433 207. Syphilis Detection (Serological Test for Syphilis [STS], Venereal Disease Research Laboratory [VDRL], Rapid Plasma Reagin [RPR], Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody [FTA]) - p. 434 208. Testosterone (Total Testosterone Serum Level) - p. 436 209. Thromboelastography (Thromboelastometry) - p. 439 210. Thrombosis Indicators (Fibrin Monomers [Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs)], Fibrin Split Products (FSPs)], Fibrinopeptide A [FPA], Prothrombin Fragment 1 + 2 [F1 + 2]) - p. 441 211. Thyroglobulin (Tg, Thyrogen-Stimulated Thyroglobulin) - p. 444 212. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin) - p. 446 213. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Stimulation (TSH Stimulation) - p. 448 214. Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSI, Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator [LATS], Thyroid-Binding Inhibitory Immunoglobulin [TBII], Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody) - p. 450 215. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH, Thyrotropin-Releasing Factor [TRF]) - p. 452 216. Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG, Thyroid-Binding Globulin) - p. 454 217. Thyroxine, Free (FT4) - p. 456 218. Thyroxine Index, Free (FTI, T7, FT4 Index, FT4 I) - p. 458 219. Thyroxine, Total (T4, Thyroxine Screen) - p. 461 220. Toxoplasmosis Antibody Titre - p. 464 221. Transferrin Receptor Assay - p. 465 222. Triglycerides (TGs) - p. 467 223. Triiodothyronine (Radioimmunoassay [T3 by RIA], Free T3) - p. 469 224. Thyroid Hormone–Binding Ratio ([THBR], Triiodothyronine Uptake [T3 Uptake], Resin Triiodothyronine Uptake Test [RT3 Units, T3 RU]) - p. 472 225. Troponins (Cardiac-Specific Troponin T [cTnT], Cardiac-Specific Troponin I [cTnI]) - p. 475 226. Uric Acid, Blood - p. 477 227. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) - p. 479 228. Vitamin D (25-Hydroxyvitamin D) - p. 481 229. West Nile Virus Testing - p. 485 230. White Blood Cell Count and Differential Count (WBC and Differential, Leukocyte Count, Neutrophil Count, Lymphocyte Count, Monocyte Count, Eosinophil Count, Basophil Count) - p. 486 231. d-xylose Absorption (xylose Tolerance) - p. 493 232. Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZPP) - p. 494 233. Chapter 3: Electrodiagnostic Tests - p. 496 234. Chapter 4: Endoscopic Studies - p. 542 235. Chapter 5: Fluid Analysis Studies - p. 593 236. Chapter 6: Manometric Studies - p. 647 237. Chapter 7: Microscopic Examinations - p. 667 238. Overview - p. 668 239. Acid-Fast Bacilli Smear (AFB Smear) - p. 670 240. Blood Culture and Sensitivity (Blood C&S) - p. 672 241. Blood Smear (Peripheral Blood Smear, Red Blood Cell Morphology, RBC Smear) - p. 674 242. Bone Marrow Biopsy (Bone Marrow Examination, Bone Marrow Aspiration) - p. 676 243. Breast Cancer Tumour Analysis (Breast Cancer Predictors, DNA Ploidy Status, S-Phase Fraction, Cathepsin D, HER2 [c-erbB2, neu] Protein, Ki67 Protein, p53 Protein) - p. 681 244. Cervical Biopsy (Simple Cervical [Punch] Biopsy, Endocervical Biopsy [Endocervical Curettage], Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure [LEEP], Cone Biopsy [Conization]) - p. 684 245. Chlamydia - p. 686 246. Colon Cancer Tumour Analysis (Microsatellite Instability [MSI] Testing, DNA Mismatch Repair [MMR] Genetic Testing, BRAF Mutation Analysis, Oncotype DX Colon Cancer Assay) - p. 689 247. Coronavirus Testing (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) - p. 691 248. Cutaneous Immunofluorescence Biopsy (Immunofluorescence Skin Biopsy, Skin Biopsy Antibodies, Skin Immunohistopathology) - p. 693 249. Endometrial Biopsy - p. 694 250. Estrogen Receptor Assay (ER Assay, ERA, Estradiol Receptor) - p. 697 251. Fungal Infection Testing (Antifungal Antibodies, Beta-D-glucan (1,3)-β-D-glucan, Fungitell, Fungal Culture, Fungal Antigen Assay, Fungal PCR Testing) - p. 699 252. Herpes Simplex (Herpesvirus Type 2, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 [HSV 1 and 2], Herpes Genitalis) - p. 701 253. Human Papillomavirus Test (HPV Test, HPV DNA Testing) - p. 703 254. Liver Biopsy - p. 706 255. Lung Biopsy - p. 709 256. Lung Cancer Molecular Testing (Lung Cancer Genomic Testing, AKT1, ALK, BRAF, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor [EGFR], HER2, KRAS, MEK1, MET, NRAS, PIK3CA, RET, and ROS1) - p. 713 257. Pancreatobiliary Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Testing - p. 714 258. Papanicolaou Smear (Pap Smear, Pap Test, Cytological Test for Cancer, Liquid-Based Cervical Cytology [LBCC]) - p. 715 259. Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Testing - p. 720 260. Pleural Biopsy - p. 722 261. Primary Immunodeficiency Genetic Testing (PID Genetic Testing, Genetic Testing for PID) - p. 724 262. Progesterone Receptor Assay (PR Assay, PRA, PgR) - p. 725 263. Prostate Cancer Genomics (Prostate Cancer Molecular Testing, Oncotype DX Prostate Genotyping, Prolaris, ProMark, Decipher) - p. 727 264. Renal Biopsy (Kidney Biopsy) - p. 728 265. Sexually Transmitted Infection Culture (STI Culture, Culture of Cervix, Urethra, and Anus) - p. 731 266. Skin Biopsy (Cutaneous Immunofluorescence Biopsy, Skin Biopsy Antibodies, Skin Immunohistopathology, Direct Immunofluorescence Antibody Test) - p. 735 267. Sputum Culture and Sensitivity (Sputum C&S, Sputum Culture, and Gram Stain) - p. 737 268. Sputum Cytological Study - p. 738 269. Throat (Oropharygeal), Nose, and Nasopharyngeal Cultures - p. 740 270. Thyroid Cancer Genomic Testing (Gene Expression Classifier (GEC), Gene Sequencing Classifier, Medullary Thyroid Malignancy Classifier [MTC], BRAF Gene) - p. 744 271. Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB, Skinny-Needle Thyroid Biopsy, Fine Needle Aspiration [FNA]) - p. 745 272. Tuberculosis Culture (TB Culture, BACTEC Method, Polymerase Chain Reaction) - p. 747 273. Tuberculosis Testing (TB Testing, Interferon Gamma Release Assay [IGRA, T-Spot.TB], QuantiFERON-TB Gold [QFT, QFT-G, TB Gold Test, TB Blood Test], Nucleic Acid Amplification for TB [NAAT], TB Antibody) - p. 750 274. Varicella Virus Testing (Antibody Testing for Varicella Zoster Virus, Varicella Zoster Virus [VZV], Herpes Virus-3) - p. 752 275. Viral Cultures - p. 754 276. Virus Testing - p. 756 277. Wound and Soft Tissue Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) - p. 759 278. Chapter 8: Nuclear Scanning - p. 762 279. Overview - p. 762 280. Antibody Tumour Imaging (Immunoscintigraphy, OncoScint Scan, ProstaScint Scan) - p. 765 281. Bone Scan - p. 767 282. Brain Scan (Cisternal Scan, Cerebral Blood Flow) - p. 771 283. Cardiac Nuclear Scanning (Myocardial Scan, Cardiac Scan, Nuclear Cardiac Scanning, Heart Scan, Thallium Scan, Multigated Acquisition [MUGA] Scan, Isonitrile Scan, Sestamibi Cardiac Scan, Cardiac Flow Studies) - p. 774 284. Gallbladder Nuclear Scanning (Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy, Hepatobiliary Imaging, Biliary Tract Radionuclide Scan, Cholescintigraphy, Diisopropyl Iminodiacetic Acid [DISIDA] Scanning, Hepatobiliary Iminodiacetic Acid [HIDA] Scanning, Iminodiacetic Acid [IDA] Gallbladder Scanning) - p. 781 285. Gallium Scan - p. 784 286. Gastric Emptying Scan - p. 786 287. Gastroesophageal Reflux Scan (GE Reflux Scan, Aspiration Scan) - p. 788 288. Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scan (Abdominal Scintigraphy, GI Scintigraphy) - p. 790 289. Liver/Spleen Scan (Liver Scanning) - p. 793 290. Lung Scan (Ventilation/Perfusion Scanning [VPS], Pulmonary Scintiphotography, V/Q Scan) - p. 796 291. Meckel Diverticulum Nuclear Scanning - p. 800 292. Octreotide Scan (Carcinoid Nuclear Scanning, Neuroendocrine Nuclear Scanning) - p. 802 293. Parathyroid Scan (Parathyroid Scintigraphy) - p. 804 294. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - p. 806 295. Renal Scanning (Kidney Scan, Radiorenography, Renography, Radionuclide Renal Imaging, Nuclear Imaging of the Kidney, Disodium Monomethane Arsenate [DSMA] Renal Scanning, Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid [DTPA] Renal Scanning, Captopril Renal Scanning) - p. 813 296. Salivary Gland Nuclear Imaging (Parotid Gland Nuclear Imaging) - p. 818 297. Schilling Test (Vitamin B12 Absorption Test) - p. 820 298. Scrotal Nuclear Imaging (Scrotal Scanning, Testicular Imaging) - p. 822 299. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB, Lymphoscintigraphy) - p. 824 300. Thyroid Scan (Thyroid Scintiscan) - p. 826 301. Total Blood Volume (TBV, Red Blood Cell [RBC] Volume) - p. 829 302. WBC Scan (Inflammatory Scan) - p. 831 303. Chapter 9: Stool Tests - p. 833 304. Chapter 10: Ultrasound Studies - p. 851 305. Chapter 11: Urine Studies - p. 897 306. Overview - p. 898 307. Amylase, Urine - p. 904 308. Bence Jones Protein (Free Kappa and Lambda Light Chains) - p. 906 309. Bladder Cancer Markers (Bladder Tumour Antigen [BTA], Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 [NMP22]) - p. 908 310. Bone Turnover Markers (N-Telopeptide [NTx], Osteocalcin [Bone G1a Protein, BGP, Osteocalc], Pyridinium [PYD] Crosslinks, Bone Alkaline Phosphatase [BAP], Procollagen Type I Intact N-Terminal Propeptide [PINP], C-Telopeptide [CTx]) - p. 909 311. Chloride, Urine (Cl) - p. 913 312. Cortisol, Urine (Hydrocortisone, Urine Cortisol, Free Cortisol) - p. 915 313. Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid (Aminolevulinic Acid [ALA], δ-ALA) - p. 917 314. Glucose, Urine (Urine Sugar) - p. 919 315. 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) - p. 921 316. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) - p. 923 317. 17-Ketosteroid (17-KS) - p. 925 318. Kidney Stone Analysis (Calculus Stone Analysis) - p. 927 319. Microalbumin (MA) - p. 928 320. Microglobulin (Beta-2 Microglobulin [B2M], Alpha 1 Microglobulin, and Retinol-Binding Protein) - p. 930 321. Nicotine and Metabolites (Nicotine, Cotinine, 3-Hydroxy-Cotinine, Nornicotine, Anabasine) - p. 932 322. Osmolality, Urine - p. 935 323. Porphyrins and Porphobilinogens - p. 937 324. Potassium, Urine (K) - p. 939 325. Pregnanediol - p. 941 326. Sodium (Na), Urine - p. 943 327. Substance Use Testing (Urine Drug Testing, Drug Screening, Drug Testing) - p. 945 328. Toxicology - p. 949 329. Uric Acid, Urine - p. 951 330. Urinalysis (UA) - p. 953 331. Urinary Stone Analysis (Renal Calculus Analysis) - p. 968 332. Urine Culture and Sensitivity (Urine C&S) - p. 970 333. Vanillylmandelic Acid and Catecholamines (VMA; Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Metanephrine, Normetanephrine, Dopamine) - p. 972 334. Water Deprivation (Antidiuretic Hormone [ADH] Stimulation) - p. 975 335. Chapter 12: X-Ray Studies - p. 978 336. Overview - p. 979 337. Adrenal Venography - p. 986 338. Antegrade Pyelography - p. 988 339. Arteriography (Angiography; Renal, Mesenteric, Adrenal, Cerebral, and Lower Extremity Arteriography) - p. 989 340. Barium Enema (BE, Lower GI Series) - p. 996 341. Barium Swallow (Esophagogram) - p. 1002 342. Bone Densitometry (Bone Mineral Content [Bmc], Bone Absorptiometry, Bone Mineral Density [BMD]) - p. 1004 343. Bone (Long) Radiography - p. 1009 344. Cardiac Catheterization (Coronary Angiography, Angiocardiography, Ventriculography) - p. 1011 345. Chest Radiography (Chest X-Ray [CXR]) - p. 1018 346. Computed Tomography, Abdomen and Pelvis (CAT Scan, Abdomen and Pelvis; CT Scan, Abdomen and Pelvis; Helical/Spiral CT Scan, Abdomen and Pelvis; CT Angiography; CT Colonoscopy; Virtual Colonoscopy) - p. 1023 347. Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA, CT Arteriography, CT Angiography) - p. 1030 348. Computed Tomography, Chest (Chest CT Scan; Helical/Spiral CT Scan, Chest) - p. 1033 349. Computed Tomography, Extremity (CT Extremity; CT Lower Extremity; CT Upper Extremity; CT of the Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Hand, Fingers, Hip, Knee, Ankle, Foot, Toes) - p. 1037 350. Computed Tomography, Head (CT Scan, Brain; Computerized Axial Transverse Tomography [Catt]; Helical/Spiral CT Scan, Head) - p. 1039 351. Computed Tomography, Heart (Coronary CT Angiography, Coronary Calcium Score) - p. 1042 352. Computed Tomography, Neck (CT Neck, CT Soft Tissue Neck) - p. 1046 353. Computed Tomography, Spine (CT Cervical Spine [CT C-Spine], CT Thoracic Spine [CT T-Spine], CT Lumbosacral Spine [CT LS-Spine]) - p. 1048 354. Cystography (Cystourethrography, Voiding, Cystography, Voiding Cystourethrography) - p. 1051 355. Hysterosalpingography (Uterotubography, Uterosalpingography, Hysterogram) - p. 1053 356. Intravenous Pyelography (IVP, Excretory Urography [Eug], Intravenous Urography [Iug, Ivu]) - p. 1055 357. Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Radiography (KUB, Flat Plate of the Abdomen, Plain Film of the Abdomen, Scout Film) - p. 1059 358. Mammography (Mammogram) - p. 1062 359. Myelography (Myelogram) - p. 1068 360. Obstruction Series - p. 1071 361. Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (Ptc, PTHC) - p. 1073 362. Pulmonary Angiography (Pulmonary Arteriography, Bronchial Angiography) - p. 1076 363. Retrograde Pyelography - p. 1079 364. Sialography - p. 1082 365. Skull Radiography - p. 1083 366. Small Bowel Follow-Through (SBF, Small Bowel Enema) - p. 1086 367. Spinal Radiography (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, or Coccygeal X-Ray Studies) - p. 1089 368. Swallowing Examination (Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Examination) - p. 1090 369. T-Tube and Operative Cholangiography - p. 1092 370. Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Radiography (Upper GI Series, Ugi) - p. 1094 371. Venography, Lower Extremities (Phlebography, Venogram) - p. 1098 372. Chapter 13: Additional Studies - p. 1101 373. Appendix A: Alphabetical List of Tests - p. 1153 374. Appendix B: List of Tests by Body System - p. 1158 375. Appendix C: Common Testing Profiles - p. 1164 376. Appendix D: Common Abbreviations and Acronyms - p. 1167 377. Appendix E: List of Common Blood Tests and Values - p. 1171 378. Bibliography - p. 1172 379. Illustration credits - p. 1182 380. Index - p. 1185 381. Inside Back Cover - p. 1215
