Electrical Power Systems provides comprehensive, foundational content for a wide range of topics in power system operation and control. With the growing importance of grid integration of renewables and the interest in smart grid technologies it is more important than ever to understand the fundamentals that underpin electrical power systems. The book includes a large number of worked examples, and questions with answers, and emphasizes design aspects of some key electrical components like cables and breakers. The book is designed to be used as reference, review, or self-study for practitioners and consultants, or for students from related engineering disciplines that need to learn more about electrical power systems.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. The Line Parameters - p. 5 3. Abstract - p. 5 4. 2.1 The Line Resistance - p. 5 5. 2.2 The Line Inductance - p. 6 6. 2.3 Transposition of Transmission Lines - p. 15 7. 2.4 Inductance of a Transposed Three-Phase Line - p. 15 8. 2.5 Bundle Conductors - p. 16 9. 2.6 Inductance of a Three-Phase, Double-Circuit Line With Unsymmetrical Spacing and Transposition - p. 17 10. 2.7 Capacitance of Transmission Lines - p. 19 11. 2.8 Capacitance of a Three-Phase, Double-Circuit Line With Symmetrical Spacing - p. 24 12. 2.9 Effect of Earth on the Capacitance of Transmission Lines - p. 25 13. 2.10 Effect of Earth Capacitance of a Single-Phase Line - p. 26 14. 2.11 Capacitance of Three-Phase Line Including Effect of Earth - p. 28 15. 2.12 Skin Effect and Proximity Effect - p. 29 16. Worked Examples - p. 31 17. Problems - p. 40 18. Questions - p. 42 19. Chapter 3. Mechanical Design - p. 43 20. Chapter 4. Insulators - p. 61 21. Chapter 5. Corona and Interference - p. 77 22. Chapter 6. Performance of Transmission Lines - p. 91 23. Abstract - p. 91 24. 6.1 Classification of Lines - p. 91 25. 6.2 The Short Transmission Line - p. 92 26. 6.3 Mixed Conditions - p. 94 27. 6.4 Maximum Power Transfer - p. 95 28. 6.5 Medium Transmission Lines - p. 97 29. 6.6 The Long Transmission Line - p. 101 30. 6.7 Generalized Circuit Constants - p. 104 31. 6.8 Equivalent T- and π-Circuits - p. 106 32. 6.9 Evaluation of A B C D Parameters - p. 108 33. 6.10 Surge Impedance Loading - p. 109 34. 6.11 Ferranti Effect - p. 109 35. 6.12 Power Relations in Transmission Lines - p. 109 36. 6.13 Power Circle Diagrams - p. 111 37. Worked Examples - p. 116 38. Problems - p. 144 39. Questions - p. 144 40. Chapter 7. Cables - p. 145 41. Chapter 8. High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission - p. 171 42. Chapter 9. Substations and Neutral Grounding - p. 183 43. Chapter 10. Distribution System - p. 203 44. Chapter 11. Overvoltages - p. 229 45. Chapter 12. Protection Against Overvoltages - p. 259 46. Chapter 13. Graph Theory and Network Matrices - p. 277 47. Chapter 14. Short-Circuit Analysis - p. 301 48. Chapter 15. Unbalanced Fault Analysis - p. 341 49. Abstract - p. 341 50. 15.1 The Operator “a” - p. 342 51. 15.2 Symmetrical Components of Unsymmetrical Phases - p. 343 52. 15.3 Power in Sequence Components - p. 344 53. 15.4 Unitary Transformation for Power Invariance - p. 345 54. 15.5 Sequence Impedances - p. 347 55. 15.6 Balanced Star-Connected Load - p. 347 56. 15.7 Transmission Lines - p. 348 57. 15.8 Sequence Impedances of Transformer - p. 349 58. 15.9 Sequence Reactances of Synchronous Machine - p. 350 59. 15.10 Sequence Networks of Synchronous Machines - p. 351 60. 15.11 Unsymmetrical Faults - p. 355 61. 15.12 Assumptions for System Representation - p. 355 62. 15.13 Unsymmetrical Faults on an Unloaded Generator - p. 355 63. 15.14 Line-to-Line Fault - p. 358 64. 15.15 Double Line-to-Ground Fault - p. 361 65. 15.16 Single-Line to Ground Fault With Fault Impedance - p. 365 66. 15.17 Line-to-Line Fault With Fault Impedence - p. 365 67. 15.18 Double Line-to-Ground Fault With Fault Impedence - p. 366 68. Worked Examples - p. 368 69. Problems - p. 381 70. Questions - p. 381 71. Chapter 16. Circuit Breakers - p. 383 72. Chapter 17. Relaying and Protection - p. 417 73. Chapter 18. Power System Stability - p. 479 74. Abstract - p. 479 75. 18.1 Elementary Concepts - p. 479 76. 18.2 Illustration of Steady-State Stability Concept - p. 479 77. 18.3 Methods for Improcessing Steady-State Stability Limit - p. 481 78. 18.4 Synchronizing Power Coefficient - p. 481 79. 18.5 Transient Stability - p. 482 80. 18.6 Stability of a Single Machine Connected to an Infinite Bus - p. 482 81. 18.7 The Swing Equation - p. 483 82. 18.8 Equal Area Criterion and Swing Equation - p. 486 83. 18.9 Transient Stability Limit - p. 488 84. 18.10 Frequency of Oscillations - p. 489 85. 18.11 Critical Clearing Time and Critical Clearing Angle - p. 491 86. 18.12 Fault on a Double-Circuit Line - p. 493 87. 18.13 Transient Stability When Power Is - p. 495 88. 18.14 Fault Clearance and Reclosure in Double-Circuit System - p. 496 89. 18.15 Solution to Swing Equation Step-by-Step Method - p. 497 90. 18.16 Factors Affecting Transient Stability - p. 499 91. 18.17 Dynamic Stability - p. 499 92. 18.18 Node Elimination Methods - p. 501 93. 18.19 Voltage Stability - p. 504 94. 18.20 Methods for Prevention of Voltage Collapse - p. 508 95. Worked Examples - p. 508 96. Problems - p. 525 97. Questions - p. 526 98. Chapter 19. Load Flow Analysis - p. 527 99. Abstract - p. 527 100. 19.1 Bus Classification - p. 528 101. 19.2 Modeling for Load Flow Studies - p. 529 102. 19.3 Gauss–Seidel Iterative Method - p. 532 103. 19.4 Newton–Raphson Method - p. 536 104. 19.5 Sparsity of Network Admittance Matrices - p. 542 105. 19.6 Triangular Decomposition - p. 542 106. 19.7 Optimal Ordering - p. 544 107. 19.8 Decoupled Methods - p. 546 108. 19.9 Fast Decoupled Methods - p. 547 109. 19.10 Load Flow Solution Using Z Bus - p. 548 110. 19.11 Comparison of Various Methods for Power Flow Solution - p. 551 111. Worked Examples - p. 552 112. Problems - p. 578 113. Questions - p. 586 114. Chapter 20. Economic Operation of Power Systems - p. 589 115. Abstract - p. 589 116. 20.1 Characteristics of Steam Plants - p. 589 117. 20.2 Input–Output Curves - p. 590 118. 20.3 The Incremental Heat Rate Characteristics - p. 590 119. 20.4 The Incremental Fuel Cost Characteristic - p. 591 120. 20.5 Heat Rate Characteristic - p. 591 121. 20.6 Incremental Production Cost Characteristics - p. 592 122. 20.7 Characteristics of Hydroplants - p. 592 123. 20.8 Incremental Water Rate Characteristics - p. 594 124. 20.9 Incremental Production Cost Characteristic - p. 595 125. 20.10 Generating Costs at Thermal Plants - p. 596 126. 20.11 Analytical Form for Input–Output Characteristics of Thermal Units - p. 596 127. 20.12 Constraints in Operation - p. 597 128. 20.13 Plant Scheduling Methods - p. 599 129. 20.14 Merit Order Method - p. 600 130. 20.15 Equal Incremental Cost Method: Transmission Losses Neglected - p. 600 131. 20.16 Transmission Loss Formula—B-Coefficients - p. 602 132. 20.17 Active Power Scheduling - p. 605 133. 20.18 Penalty Factor - p. 607 134. 20.19 Evaluation of λ for Computation - p. 608 135. 20.20 Hydroelectric Plant Models - p. 608 136. 20.21 Pumped Storage Plant - p. 609 137. 20.22 Hydrothermal Scheduling - p. 610 138. 20.23 Energy Scheduling Method - p. 611 139. 20.24 Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling - p. 614 140. Worked Examples - p. 621 141. Problems - p. 647 142. Questions - p. 649 143. Chapter 21. Load Frequency Control - p. 651 144. Abstract - p. 651 145. 21.1 Speed Governing Mechanism - p. 651 146. 21.2 Speed Governor - p. 652 147. 21.3 Steady-State Speed Regulation - p. 653 148. 21.4 Adjustment of Governor Characteristics - p. 654 149. 21.5 Transfer Function of Speed Control Mechanism - p. 654 150. 21.6 Transfer Function of a Power System - p. 656 151. 21.7 Transfer Function of Speed Governor - p. 659 152. 21.8 Model for a Steam Vessel - p. 659 153. 21.9 Steam Turbine Model - p. 661 154. 21.10 Single Control Area - p. 661 155. 21.11 The Basics of Load Frequency Control - p. 662 156. 21.12 Flat Frequency Control - p. 664 157. 21.13 Real Power Balance for Load Changes - p. 664 158. 21.14 Transfer Function of a Single Area System - p. 665 159. 21.15 Analysis of Single Area System - p. 667 160. 21.16 Dynamic Response of Load Frequency Control Loop: Uncontrolled Case - p. 670 161. 21.17 Control Strategy - p. 671 162. 21.18 Proportional–Integral–Derivative Controllers - p. 673 163. 21.19 Interconnected Operation - p. 674 164. 21.20 Two-Area System—Tie-Line Power Model - p. 674 165. 21.21 Block Diagram for a Two-Area System - p. 676 166. 21.22 Analysis of Two-Area System - p. 676 167. 21.23 Dynamic Response - p. 678 168. 21.24 Tie-Line Bias Control—Implementation - p. 680 169. 21.25 The Effect of Bias Factor on System Regulation - p. 682 170. 21.26 Scope for Supplementary Control - p. 683 171. Worked Examples - p. 683 172. Problems - p. 698 173. Questions - p. 699 174. Chapter 22. Synchronous Machine - p. 701 175. Chapter 23. Voltage and Reactive Power Control - p. 731 176. Chapter 24. Renewable Energy Sources - p. 783 177. Chapter 25. Restructuring of Electrical Power Systems - p. 801 178. Further Reading - p. 809 179. Index - p. 811
Electrical Power Systems provides comprehensive, foundational content for a wide range of topics in power system operation and control. With the growing importance of grid integration of renewables and the interest in smart grid technologies it is more important than ever to understand the fundamentals that underpin electrical power systems. The book includes a large number of worked examples, and questions with answers, and emphasizes design aspects of some key electrical components like cables and breakers. The book is designed to be used as reference, review, or self-study for practitioners and consultants, or for students from related engineering disciplines that need to learn more about electrical power systems.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. The Line Parameters - p. 5 3. Abstract - p. 5 4. 2.1 The Line Resistance - p. 5 5. 2.2 The Line Inductance - p. 6 6. 2.3 Transposition of Transmission Lines - p. 15 7. 2.4 Inductance of a Transposed Three-Phase Line - p. 15 8. 2.5 Bundle Conductors - p. 16 9. 2.6 Inductance of a Three-Phase, Double-Circuit Line With Unsymmetrical Spacing and Transposition - p. 17 10. 2.7 Capacitance of Transmission Lines - p. 19 11. 2.8 Capacitance of a Three-Phase, Double-Circuit Line With Symmetrical Spacing - p. 24 12. 2.9 Effect of Earth on the Capacitance of Transmission Lines - p. 25 13. 2.10 Effect of Earth Capacitance of a Single-Phase Line - p. 26 14. 2.11 Capacitance of Three-Phase Line Including Effect of Earth - p. 28 15. 2.12 Skin Effect and Proximity Effect - p. 29 16. Worked Examples - p. 31 17. Problems - p. 40 18. Questions - p. 42 19. Chapter 3. Mechanical Design - p. 43 20. Chapter 4. Insulators - p. 61 21. Chapter 5. Corona and Interference - p. 77 22. Chapter 6. Performance of Transmission Lines - p. 91 23. Abstract - p. 91 24. 6.1 Classification of Lines - p. 91 25. 6.2 The Short Transmission Line - p. 92 26. 6.3 Mixed Conditions - p. 94 27. 6.4 Maximum Power Transfer - p. 95 28. 6.5 Medium Transmission Lines - p. 97 29. 6.6 The Long Transmission Line - p. 101 30. 6.7 Generalized Circuit Constants - p. 104 31. 6.8 Equivalent T- and π-Circuits - p. 106 32. 6.9 Evaluation of A B C D Parameters - p. 108 33. 6.10 Surge Impedance Loading - p. 109 34. 6.11 Ferranti Effect - p. 109 35. 6.12 Power Relations in Transmission Lines - p. 109 36. 6.13 Power Circle Diagrams - p. 111 37. Worked Examples - p. 116 38. Problems - p. 144 39. Questions - p. 144 40. Chapter 7. Cables - p. 145 41. Chapter 8. High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission - p. 171 42. Chapter 9. Substations and Neutral Grounding - p. 183 43. Chapter 10. Distribution System - p. 203 44. Chapter 11. Overvoltages - p. 229 45. Chapter 12. Protection Against Overvoltages - p. 259 46. Chapter 13. Graph Theory and Network Matrices - p. 277 47. Chapter 14. Short-Circuit Analysis - p. 301 48. Chapter 15. Unbalanced Fault Analysis - p. 341 49. Abstract - p. 341 50. 15.1 The Operator “a” - p. 342 51. 15.2 Symmetrical Components of Unsymmetrical Phases - p. 343 52. 15.3 Power in Sequence Components - p. 344 53. 15.4 Unitary Transformation for Power Invariance - p. 345 54. 15.5 Sequence Impedances - p. 347 55. 15.6 Balanced Star-Connected Load - p. 347 56. 15.7 Transmission Lines - p. 348 57. 15.8 Sequence Impedances of Transformer - p. 349 58. 15.9 Sequence Reactances of Synchronous Machine - p. 350 59. 15.10 Sequence Networks of Synchronous Machines - p. 351 60. 15.11 Unsymmetrical Faults - p. 355 61. 15.12 Assumptions for System Representation - p. 355 62. 15.13 Unsymmetrical Faults on an Unloaded Generator - p. 355 63. 15.14 Line-to-Line Fault - p. 358 64. 15.15 Double Line-to-Ground Fault - p. 361 65. 15.16 Single-Line to Ground Fault With Fault Impedance - p. 365 66. 15.17 Line-to-Line Fault With Fault Impedence - p. 365 67. 15.18 Double Line-to-Ground Fault With Fault Impedence - p. 366 68. Worked Examples - p. 368 69. Problems - p. 381 70. Questions - p. 381 71. Chapter 16. Circuit Breakers - p. 383 72. Chapter 17. Relaying and Protection - p. 417 73. Chapter 18. Power System Stability - p. 479 74. Abstract - p. 479 75. 18.1 Elementary Concepts - p. 479 76. 18.2 Illustration of Steady-State Stability Concept - p. 479 77. 18.3 Methods for Improcessing Steady-State Stability Limit - p. 481 78. 18.4 Synchronizing Power Coefficient - p. 481 79. 18.5 Transient Stability - p. 482 80. 18.6 Stability of a Single Machine Connected to an Infinite Bus - p. 482 81. 18.7 The Swing Equation - p. 483 82. 18.8 Equal Area Criterion and Swing Equation - p. 486 83. 18.9 Transient Stability Limit - p. 488 84. 18.10 Frequency of Oscillations - p. 489 85. 18.11 Critical Clearing Time and Critical Clearing Angle - p. 491 86. 18.12 Fault on a Double-Circuit Line - p. 493 87. 18.13 Transient Stability When Power Is - p. 495 88. 18.14 Fault Clearance and Reclosure in Double-Circuit System - p. 496 89. 18.15 Solution to Swing Equation Step-by-Step Method - p. 497 90. 18.16 Factors Affecting Transient Stability - p. 499 91. 18.17 Dynamic Stability - p. 499 92. 18.18 Node Elimination Methods - p. 501 93. 18.19 Voltage Stability - p. 504 94. 18.20 Methods for Prevention of Voltage Collapse - p. 508 95. Worked Examples - p. 508 96. Problems - p. 525 97. Questions - p. 526 98. Chapter 19. Load Flow Analysis - p. 527 99. Abstract - p. 527 100. 19.1 Bus Classification - p. 528 101. 19.2 Modeling for Load Flow Studies - p. 529 102. 19.3 Gauss–Seidel Iterative Method - p. 532 103. 19.4 Newton–Raphson Method - p. 536 104. 19.5 Sparsity of Network Admittance Matrices - p. 542 105. 19.6 Triangular Decomposition - p. 542 106. 19.7 Optimal Ordering - p. 544 107. 19.8 Decoupled Methods - p. 546 108. 19.9 Fast Decoupled Methods - p. 547 109. 19.10 Load Flow Solution Using Z Bus - p. 548 110. 19.11 Comparison of Various Methods for Power Flow Solution - p. 551 111. Worked Examples - p. 552 112. Problems - p. 578 113. Questions - p. 586 114. Chapter 20. Economic Operation of Power Systems - p. 589 115. Abstract - p. 589 116. 20.1 Characteristics of Steam Plants - p. 589 117. 20.2 Input–Output Curves - p. 590 118. 20.3 The Incremental Heat Rate Characteristics - p. 590 119. 20.4 The Incremental Fuel Cost Characteristic - p. 591 120. 20.5 Heat Rate Characteristic - p. 591 121. 20.6 Incremental Production Cost Characteristics - p. 592 122. 20.7 Characteristics of Hydroplants - p. 592 123. 20.8 Incremental Water Rate Characteristics - p. 594 124. 20.9 Incremental Production Cost Characteristic - p. 595 125. 20.10 Generating Costs at Thermal Plants - p. 596 126. 20.11 Analytical Form for Input–Output Characteristics of Thermal Units - p. 596 127. 20.12 Constraints in Operation - p. 597 128. 20.13 Plant Scheduling Methods - p. 599 129. 20.14 Merit Order Method - p. 600 130. 20.15 Equal Incremental Cost Method: Transmission Losses Neglected - p. 600 131. 20.16 Transmission Loss Formula—B-Coefficients - p. 602 132. 20.17 Active Power Scheduling - p. 605 133. 20.18 Penalty Factor - p. 607 134. 20.19 Evaluation of λ for Computation - p. 608 135. 20.20 Hydroelectric Plant Models - p. 608 136. 20.21 Pumped Storage Plant - p. 609 137. 20.22 Hydrothermal Scheduling - p. 610 138. 20.23 Energy Scheduling Method - p. 611 139. 20.24 Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling - p. 614 140. Worked Examples - p. 621 141. Problems - p. 647 142. Questions - p. 649 143. Chapter 21. Load Frequency Control - p. 651 144. Abstract - p. 651 145. 21.1 Speed Governing Mechanism - p. 651 146. 21.2 Speed Governor - p. 652 147. 21.3 Steady-State Speed Regulation - p. 653 148. 21.4 Adjustment of Governor Characteristics - p. 654 149. 21.5 Transfer Function of Speed Control Mechanism - p. 654 150. 21.6 Transfer Function of a Power System - p. 656 151. 21.7 Transfer Function of Speed Governor - p. 659 152. 21.8 Model for a Steam Vessel - p. 659 153. 21.9 Steam Turbine Model - p. 661 154. 21.10 Single Control Area - p. 661 155. 21.11 The Basics of Load Frequency Control - p. 662 156. 21.12 Flat Frequency Control - p. 664 157. 21.13 Real Power Balance for Load Changes - p. 664 158. 21.14 Transfer Function of a Single Area System - p. 665 159. 21.15 Analysis of Single Area System - p. 667 160. 21.16 Dynamic Response of Load Frequency Control Loop: Uncontrolled Case - p. 670 161. 21.17 Control Strategy - p. 671 162. 21.18 Proportional–Integral–Derivative Controllers - p. 673 163. 21.19 Interconnected Operation - p. 674 164. 21.20 Two-Area System—Tie-Line Power Model - p. 674 165. 21.21 Block Diagram for a Two-Area System - p. 676 166. 21.22 Analysis of Two-Area System - p. 676 167. 21.23 Dynamic Response - p. 678 168. 21.24 Tie-Line Bias Control—Implementation - p. 680 169. 21.25 The Effect of Bias Factor on System Regulation - p. 682 170. 21.26 Scope for Supplementary Control - p. 683 171. Worked Examples - p. 683 172. Problems - p. 698 173. Questions - p. 699 174. Chapter 22. Synchronous Machine - p. 701 175. Chapter 23. Voltage and Reactive Power Control - p. 731 176. Chapter 24. Renewable Energy Sources - p. 783 177. Chapter 25. Restructuring of Electrical Power Systems - p. 801 178. Further Reading - p. 809 179. Index - p. 811
