Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Fourth Edition is the most extensive compendium surveying the full scope of toxicology, including its chemical, biological and physical (e.g., radiation) perspectives. Spanning nine volumes, this new edition comprises 1150 thoroughly revised and 70 entirely new entries authored by experts in their respective fields, selected by a globally recognized board who have brought rigorous editorial skills to the project. New areas covered in this release include the bourgeoning field of computational toxicology, research applications of alternatives to animal testing, the rise in development and use of consumer products and their effects on populations, and the increasing introduction and use of pharmaceutical ingredients and their interactions. Other chapters of note cover artificial intelligence models of toxicological exposure and effects, extractables and leachable testing, climate change implications for humans, animals and the environment, screening models, -omics, tools such as sequence alignment to predict across species susceptibility, and much more.
1. Title of Book - p. 1 2. Cover image - p. 1 3. Title page - p. 2 4. Table of Contents - p. 3 5. Dedication - p. 4 6. Copyright - p. 5 7. Editor Biographies - p. 6 8. Foreword - p. 9 9. Preface - p. 10 10. A critical appraisal of the toxicological aspects of COVID-19 and its vaccines - p. 13 11. Academy of Toxicological Sciences - p. 15 12. Acceptable daily intake - p. 16 13. Accutane - p. 18 14. Acenaphthene - p. 22 15. Acephate - p. 27 16. Acetaldehyde - p. 32 17. Acetamide - p. 35 18. Acetaminophen - p. 38 19. Acetamiprid - p. 45 20. Acetic acid - p. 53 21. Acetone - p. 57 22. Acetonitrile - p. 75 23. 2-Acetylaminofluorene - p. 79 24. Acetylene - p. 84 25. Acetylsalicylic acid - p. 86 26. ACGIH® (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) - p. 89 27. Acids - p. 91 28. Acifluorfen, sodium salt - p. 97 29. Acrolein - p. 102 30. Acrylamide - p. 105 31. Acrylic acid - p. 113 32. Acrylonitrile - p. 116 33. Acute health exposure guidelines - p. 121 34. Adiponitrile - p. 127 35. Advances in physiologically based modeling coupled with in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of ADMET: Assessing the impact of genetic variability in hepatic transporters - p. 128 36. Adverse outcome pathways: Development and use in toxicology - p. 145 37. Aerosols - p. 159 38. A-esterase - p. 163 39. Aflatoxin - p. 167 40. Aging - p. 175 41. Air pollution: Sources, regulation, and health effects - p. 192 42. Alachlor - p. 194 43. Alar - p. 198 44. Albuterol - p. 199 45. Alchemy - p. 203 46. Alcoholic beverages and health effects - p. 207 47. Aldicarb - p. 213 48. Aldrin - p. 218 49. Algae - p. 222 50. Alkalis - p. 233 51. Alkyl halides - p. 236 52. Allyl alcohol - p. 240 53. Allyl formate - p. 244 54. Allylamine - p. 246 55. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists - p. 249 56. Aluminosilicate fibers - p. 251 57. Aluminum - p. 261 58. Aluminum phosphide - p. 263 59. Amdro - p. 270 60. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology - p. 273 61. American Association of Poison Control Centers - p. 274 62. American Board of Toxicology - p. 275 63. American College of Medical Toxicology (ACMT) - p. 277 64. American College of Toxicology - p. 279 65. American Industrial Hygiene Association - p. 280 66. Americium - p. 281 67. Ames test - p. 282 68. 4-Aminobiphenyl - p. 285 69. Aminoglycosides - p. 288 70. 4-Aminopyridine - p. 295 71. Amiodarone - p. 299 72. Amitraz - p. 302 73. Amitrole - p. 307 74. Ammonia - p. 312 75. Ammonium nitrate - p. 316 76. Amphetamines - p. 321 77. Amyl nitrite - p. 328 78. Anabolic steroids - p. 331 79. Analytical toxicology - p. 336 80. Ancient warfare and toxicology - p. 339 81. Androgens - p. 345 82. Anesthetics - p. 352 83. Aneuploidy - p. 361 84. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - p. 365 85. Aniline - p. 368 86. Animal and computational models in toxicology and pharmacology - p. 371 87. Animal models - p. 372 88. Animal venoms in medicine - p. 375 89. Animals, poisonous and venomous - p. 377 90. Anthracene - p. 388 91. Anthrax - p. 393 92. Antibacterial agents - p. 398 93. Anticancer therapeutic agents - p. 405 94. Anticholinergics - p. 422 95. Anti diabetic agents - p. 426 96. Antidotes - p. 430 97. Antifungal agents - p. 431 98. Antimicrobial agents - p. 434 99. Antimicrobial resistance – Impact on humans - p. 437 100. Antimicrobial resistance and the environment - p. 439 101. Antimony - p. 443 102. Antimony trioxide - p. 446 103. Antiprotozoal medicines - p. 450 104. Antiviral agents - p. 452 105. Anxiolytics - p. 457 106. Apoptosis - p. 459 107. Apoptosis, necrosis, and other forms of cell death - p. 468 108. Applied toxicology at the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) - p. 482 109. Aramite - p. 488 110. Aristolochic acids and aristolactams - p. 492 111. Arsenic - p. 497 112. Arsenical vomiting agents - p. 505 113. Arsine - p. 507 114. Arts, crafts, theater, and entertainment - p. 520 115. Asbestos - p. 528 116. Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology (APAMT) - p. 529 117. Aspartame - p. 531 118. Astemizole - p. 534 119. Atrazine - p. 538 120. Atropine - p. 542 121. Avermectin - p. 545 122. Azamethiphos - p. 546 123. Azathioprine - p. 550 124. Azinphos-Methyl - p. 556 125. Bacillus cereus - p. 559 126. Bacillus thuringiensis - p. 562 127. Barbiturates - p. 574 128. Barium - p. 577 129. Batrachotoxin - p. 578 130. BCNU (bischloroethyl nitrosourea) induced toxicity - p. 582 131. Behavioral toxicology - p. 585 132. Belladonna alkaloids - p. 590 133. Benchmark dose - p. 595 134. Benfluralin - p. 602 135. Benomyl - p. 607 136. Benz[a]anthracene - p. 611 137. Benzene - p. 614 138. Benzidine - p. 620 139. Benzo(a)pyrene - p. 626 140. Benzyl alcohol - p. 634 141. Benzyl benzoate - p. 638 142. Beryllium - p. 641 143. Beta-blockers - p. 644 144. Betapropiolactone - p. 649 145. Bifenthrin - p. 655 146. Biguanides - p. 657 147. Bio warfare and terrorism: Toxins and other mid-spectrum agents - p. 667 148. Bioaccumulation - p. 684 149. Biocides - p. 685 150. Biocompatibility - p. 690 151. Biofuels - p. 693 152. Biological products in medicine - p. 706 153. Biomarkers, human health - p. 711 154. Biomonitoring - p. 722 155. Bioremediation - p. 728 156. Biotransformation/metabolism - p. 750 157. Bis(chloromethyl) ether - p. 768 158. Bis (2-methoxyethyl) ether - p. 772 159. Bismuth - p. 776 160. Bisphenol A - p. 778 161. Bleach - p. 784 162. Blister agents - p. 787 163. Blood - p. 788 164. Boric acid - p. 798 165. Boron - p. 802 166. Botulinum toxin - p. 809 167. British anti-lewsite (BAL) - p. 814 168. Brodifacoum - p. 818 169. Bromacil and its lithium salt - p. 824 170. Bromadiolone - p. 828 171. Bromethalin - p. 832 172. Bromine - p. 835 173. Bromobenzene - p. 842 174. Bromoform - p. 847 175. Bromotrichloromethane - p. 852 176. Busulfan - p. 858 177. 1,3-Butadiene - p. 861 178. Butane - p. 869 179. Butter yellow - p. 870 180. Button batteries - p. 872 181. Butyl acrylate - p. 875 182. Butylamines - p. 882 183. Butylated hydroxyanisole - p. 889 184. Butylated hydroxytoluene - p. 892 185. Butyl ether - p. 895 186. Butyl nitrite - p. 897 187. Butyraldehyde - p. 898 188. Butyric acid - p. 902 189. Butyronitrile - p. 907 190. Butyrophenones - p. 910 191. BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) a psychotomimetic agent - p. 915 192. Cadmium - p. 918 193. Caffeine - p. 922 194. Calcium channel blockers - p. 930 195. Calomel - p. 935 196. Camphor - p. 937 197. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) - p. 941 198. Cancer potency factor - p. 943 199. Candidate list of Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC), REACH - p. 950 200. Cannabinoids - p. 955 201. Captafol - p. 967 202. Captan - p. 973 203. Carbamate pesticides - p. 978 204. Carbamazepine - p. 986 205. Carbaryl - p. 990 206. Carbofuran - p. 1004 207. Carbon dioxide - p. 1022 208. Carbon disulfide - p. 1028 209. Carbon monoxide - p. 1046 210. Carbon tetrabromide - p. 1050 211. Carbon tetrachloride - p. 1052 212. Carbonyl Sulfide - p. 1056 213. Carboxylesterases - p. 1065 214. Carcinogen classification schemes - p. 1071 215. Carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and DNA repair - p. 1079 216. Carcinogenesis - p. 1082 217. Cardiovascular system - p. 1084 218. Careers in toxicology - p. 1090 219. Catecholamines - p. 1098 220. CCA-treated wood - p. 1105 221. Cell cycle - p. 1112 222. Cell phones - p. 1117 223. Cell proliferation - p. 1129 224. Centipedes - p. 1133 225. Cephalosporins - p. 1136 226. Cerium - p. 1137 227. Cesium - p. 1140 228. Charcoal - p. 1143 229. Chemical hazard communication and safety data sheets - p. 1147 230. Chemical safety assessment and reporting tool (Chesar), REACH - p. 1155 231. Chemical specific adjustment factor: A shift from default/refined toward hybrid uncertainty - p. 1161 232. Chemical toxicity of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) - p. 1168 233. Chemical warfare - p. 1177 234. Chemical warfare agents and delivery systems - p. 1179 235. Chemical warfare delivery systems - p. 1180 236. Chemicals alternatives assessments - p. 1181 237. Chemicals in consumer products - p. 1190 238. Chemicals of Environmental Concern - p. 1194 239. Chernobyl - p. 1200 240. Children's Environmental Health - p. 1208 241. Chloral hydrate - p. 1220 242. Chlorambucil - p. 1222 243. Chloramphenicol - p. 1227 244. Chlordane - p. 1231 245. Chlordecone - p. 1241 246. Chlordimeform - p. 1247 247. Chlorfenvinphos - p. 1250 248. Chlorination byproducts - p. 1261 249. Chlorine - p. 1267 250. Chlorine dioxide - p. 1277 251. Chloroacetic acid - p. 1283 252. Chlorobenzene - p. 1286 253. Chlorobenzilate - p. 1292 254. Chlorodibenzofurans (CDFs) - p. 1296 255. Chloroethane - p. 1300 256. Chlorofluorocarbons - p. 1304 257. Chloroform - p. 1305 258. Chloromethane (methyl chloride) - p. 1307 259. Chlorophenols - p. 1311 260. Chlorophenoxy herbicides - p. 1316 261. Chloropicrin - p. 1331 262. Chloroprene - p. 1336 263. 2-Chloropropionitrile - p. 1341 264. Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine - p. 1342 265. Chlorothalonil - p. 1349 266. Chlorpheniramine - p. 1356 267. Chlorpromazine - p. 1361
Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Fourth Edition is the most extensive compendium surveying the full scope of toxicology, including its chemical, biological and physical (e.g., radiation) perspectives. Spanning nine volumes, this new edition comprises 1150 thoroughly revised and 70 entirely new entries authored by experts in their respective fields, selected by a globally recognized board who have brought rigorous editorial skills to the project. New areas covered in this release include the bourgeoning field of computational toxicology, research applications of alternatives to animal testing, the rise in development and use of consumer products and their effects on populations, and the increasing introduction and use of pharmaceutical ingredients and their interactions. Other chapters of note cover artificial intelligence models of toxicological exposure and effects, extractables and leachable testing, climate change implications for humans, animals and the environment, screening models, -omics, tools such as sequence alignment to predict across species susceptibility, and much more.
1. Title of Book - p. 1 2. Cover image - p. 1 3. Title page - p. 2 4. Table of Contents - p. 3 5. Dedication - p. 4 6. Copyright - p. 5 7. Editor Biographies - p. 6 8. Foreword - p. 9 9. Preface - p. 10 10. A critical appraisal of the toxicological aspects of COVID-19 and its vaccines - p. 13 11. Academy of Toxicological Sciences - p. 15 12. Acceptable daily intake - p. 16 13. Accutane - p. 18 14. Acenaphthene - p. 22 15. Acephate - p. 27 16. Acetaldehyde - p. 32 17. Acetamide - p. 35 18. Acetaminophen - p. 38 19. Acetamiprid - p. 45 20. Acetic acid - p. 53 21. Acetone - p. 57 22. Acetonitrile - p. 75 23. 2-Acetylaminofluorene - p. 79 24. Acetylene - p. 84 25. Acetylsalicylic acid - p. 86 26. ACGIH® (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) - p. 89 27. Acids - p. 91 28. Acifluorfen, sodium salt - p. 97 29. Acrolein - p. 102 30. Acrylamide - p. 105 31. Acrylic acid - p. 113 32. Acrylonitrile - p. 116 33. Acute health exposure guidelines - p. 121 34. Adiponitrile - p. 127 35. Advances in physiologically based modeling coupled with in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of ADMET: Assessing the impact of genetic variability in hepatic transporters - p. 128 36. Adverse outcome pathways: Development and use in toxicology - p. 145 37. Aerosols - p. 159 38. A-esterase - p. 163 39. Aflatoxin - p. 167 40. Aging - p. 175 41. Air pollution: Sources, regulation, and health effects - p. 192 42. Alachlor - p. 194 43. Alar - p. 198 44. Albuterol - p. 199 45. Alchemy - p. 203 46. Alcoholic beverages and health effects - p. 207 47. Aldicarb - p. 213 48. Aldrin - p. 218 49. Algae - p. 222 50. Alkalis - p. 233 51. Alkyl halides - p. 236 52. Allyl alcohol - p. 240 53. Allyl formate - p. 244 54. Allylamine - p. 246 55. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists - p. 249 56. Aluminosilicate fibers - p. 251 57. Aluminum - p. 261 58. Aluminum phosphide - p. 263 59. Amdro - p. 270 60. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology - p. 273 61. American Association of Poison Control Centers - p. 274 62. American Board of Toxicology - p. 275 63. American College of Medical Toxicology (ACMT) - p. 277 64. American College of Toxicology - p. 279 65. American Industrial Hygiene Association - p. 280 66. Americium - p. 281 67. Ames test - p. 282 68. 4-Aminobiphenyl - p. 285 69. Aminoglycosides - p. 288 70. 4-Aminopyridine - p. 295 71. Amiodarone - p. 299 72. Amitraz - p. 302 73. Amitrole - p. 307 74. Ammonia - p. 312 75. Ammonium nitrate - p. 316 76. Amphetamines - p. 321 77. Amyl nitrite - p. 328 78. Anabolic steroids - p. 331 79. Analytical toxicology - p. 336 80. Ancient warfare and toxicology - p. 339 81. Androgens - p. 345 82. Anesthetics - p. 352 83. Aneuploidy - p. 361 84. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - p. 365 85. Aniline - p. 368 86. Animal and computational models in toxicology and pharmacology - p. 371 87. Animal models - p. 372 88. Animal venoms in medicine - p. 375 89. Animals, poisonous and venomous - p. 377 90. Anthracene - p. 388 91. Anthrax - p. 393 92. Antibacterial agents - p. 398 93. Anticancer therapeutic agents - p. 405 94. Anticholinergics - p. 422 95. Anti diabetic agents - p. 426 96. Antidotes - p. 430 97. Antifungal agents - p. 431 98. Antimicrobial agents - p. 434 99. Antimicrobial resistance – Impact on humans - p. 437 100. Antimicrobial resistance and the environment - p. 439 101. Antimony - p. 443 102. Antimony trioxide - p. 446 103. Antiprotozoal medicines - p. 450 104. Antiviral agents - p. 452 105. Anxiolytics - p. 457 106. Apoptosis - p. 459 107. Apoptosis, necrosis, and other forms of cell death - p. 468 108. Applied toxicology at the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) - p. 482 109. Aramite - p. 488 110. Aristolochic acids and aristolactams - p. 492 111. Arsenic - p. 497 112. Arsenical vomiting agents - p. 505 113. Arsine - p. 507 114. Arts, crafts, theater, and entertainment - p. 520 115. Asbestos - p. 528 116. Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology (APAMT) - p. 529 117. Aspartame - p. 531 118. Astemizole - p. 534 119. Atrazine - p. 538 120. Atropine - p. 542 121. Avermectin - p. 545 122. Azamethiphos - p. 546 123. Azathioprine - p. 550 124. Azinphos-Methyl - p. 556 125. Bacillus cereus - p. 559 126. Bacillus thuringiensis - p. 562 127. Barbiturates - p. 574 128. Barium - p. 577 129. Batrachotoxin - p. 578 130. BCNU (bischloroethyl nitrosourea) induced toxicity - p. 582 131. Behavioral toxicology - p. 585 132. Belladonna alkaloids - p. 590 133. Benchmark dose - p. 595 134. Benfluralin - p. 602 135. Benomyl - p. 607 136. Benz[a]anthracene - p. 611 137. Benzene - p. 614 138. Benzidine - p. 620 139. Benzo(a)pyrene - p. 626 140. Benzyl alcohol - p. 634 141. Benzyl benzoate - p. 638 142. Beryllium - p. 641 143. Beta-blockers - p. 644 144. Betapropiolactone - p. 649 145. Bifenthrin - p. 655 146. Biguanides - p. 657 147. Bio warfare and terrorism: Toxins and other mid-spectrum agents - p. 667 148. Bioaccumulation - p. 684 149. Biocides - p. 685 150. Biocompatibility - p. 690 151. Biofuels - p. 693 152. Biological products in medicine - p. 706 153. Biomarkers, human health - p. 711 154. Biomonitoring - p. 722 155. Bioremediation - p. 728 156. Biotransformation/metabolism - p. 750 157. Bis(chloromethyl) ether - p. 768 158. Bis (2-methoxyethyl) ether - p. 772 159. Bismuth - p. 776 160. Bisphenol A - p. 778 161. Bleach - p. 784 162. Blister agents - p. 787 163. Blood - p. 788 164. Boric acid - p. 798 165. Boron - p. 802 166. Botulinum toxin - p. 809 167. British anti-lewsite (BAL) - p. 814 168. Brodifacoum - p. 818 169. Bromacil and its lithium salt - p. 824 170. Bromadiolone - p. 828 171. Bromethalin - p. 832 172. Bromine - p. 835 173. Bromobenzene - p. 842 174. Bromoform - p. 847 175. Bromotrichloromethane - p. 852 176. Busulfan - p. 858 177. 1,3-Butadiene - p. 861 178. Butane - p. 869 179. Butter yellow - p. 870 180. Button batteries - p. 872 181. Butyl acrylate - p. 875 182. Butylamines - p. 882 183. Butylated hydroxyanisole - p. 889 184. Butylated hydroxytoluene - p. 892 185. Butyl ether - p. 895 186. Butyl nitrite - p. 897 187. Butyraldehyde - p. 898 188. Butyric acid - p. 902 189. Butyronitrile - p. 907 190. Butyrophenones - p. 910 191. BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) a psychotomimetic agent - p. 915 192. Cadmium - p. 918 193. Caffeine - p. 922 194. Calcium channel blockers - p. 930 195. Calomel - p. 935 196. Camphor - p. 937 197. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) - p. 941 198. Cancer potency factor - p. 943 199. Candidate list of Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC), REACH - p. 950 200. Cannabinoids - p. 955 201. Captafol - p. 967 202. Captan - p. 973 203. Carbamate pesticides - p. 978 204. Carbamazepine - p. 986 205. Carbaryl - p. 990 206. Carbofuran - p. 1004 207. Carbon dioxide - p. 1022 208. Carbon disulfide - p. 1028 209. Carbon monoxide - p. 1046 210. Carbon tetrabromide - p. 1050 211. Carbon tetrachloride - p. 1052 212. Carbonyl Sulfide - p. 1056 213. Carboxylesterases - p. 1065 214. Carcinogen classification schemes - p. 1071 215. Carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and DNA repair - p. 1079 216. Carcinogenesis - p. 1082 217. Cardiovascular system - p. 1084 218. Careers in toxicology - p. 1090 219. Catecholamines - p. 1098 220. CCA-treated wood - p. 1105 221. Cell cycle - p. 1112 222. Cell phones - p. 1117 223. Cell proliferation - p. 1129 224. Centipedes - p. 1133 225. Cephalosporins - p. 1136 226. Cerium - p. 1137 227. Cesium - p. 1140 228. Charcoal - p. 1143 229. Chemical hazard communication and safety data sheets - p. 1147 230. Chemical safety assessment and reporting tool (Chesar), REACH - p. 1155 231. Chemical specific adjustment factor: A shift from default/refined toward hybrid uncertainty - p. 1161 232. Chemical toxicity of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) - p. 1168 233. Chemical warfare - p. 1177 234. Chemical warfare agents and delivery systems - p. 1179 235. Chemical warfare delivery systems - p. 1180 236. Chemicals alternatives assessments - p. 1181 237. Chemicals in consumer products - p. 1190 238. Chemicals of Environmental Concern - p. 1194 239. Chernobyl - p. 1200 240. Children's Environmental Health - p. 1208 241. Chloral hydrate - p. 1220 242. Chlorambucil - p. 1222 243. Chloramphenicol - p. 1227 244. Chlordane - p. 1231 245. Chlordecone - p. 1241 246. Chlordimeform - p. 1247 247. Chlorfenvinphos - p. 1250 248. Chlorination byproducts - p. 1261 249. Chlorine - p. 1267 250. Chlorine dioxide - p. 1277 251. Chloroacetic acid - p. 1283 252. Chlorobenzene - p. 1286 253. Chlorobenzilate - p. 1292 254. Chlorodibenzofurans (CDFs) - p. 1296 255. Chloroethane - p. 1300 256. Chlorofluorocarbons - p. 1304 257. Chloroform - p. 1305 258. Chloromethane (methyl chloride) - p. 1307 259. Chlorophenols - p. 1311 260. Chlorophenoxy herbicides - p. 1316 261. Chloropicrin - p. 1331 262. Chloroprene - p. 1336 263. 2-Chloropropionitrile - p. 1341 264. Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine - p. 1342 265. Chlorothalonil - p. 1349 266. Chlorpheniramine - p. 1356 267. Chlorpromazine - p. 1361
