Infectious Diseases E-Book

1. Section 1 Introduction to Infectious Diseases - p. xxxvii 2. 1 The Evolution of Koch's Postulates - p. 1 3. 2 Nature and Pathogenicity of Micro-organisms - p. 4 4. 3 Host Responses to Infection - p. 26 5. 4 Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens and Diseases, and Health Consequences of a Changing Climate - p. 40 6. 5 Mathematical Models in Infectious Disease Epidemiology - p. 49 7. 6 Infection Prevention and Control, and Antimicrobial Stewardship - p. 54 8. 7 Bacterial Genomes - p. 62 9. 8 The Microbiome in Infectious Diseases - p. 68 10. Section 2 Syndromes by Body System - p. 74.e2 11. Skin and Soft Tissue - p. 74.e2 12. 9 Viral Exanthems - p. 75 13. 10 Cellulitis, Pyoderma, Abscesses, and Other Skin and Subcutaneous Infections - p. 84 14. 11 Necrotizing Fasciitis, Gas Gangrene, Myositis and Myonecrosis - p. 95 15. 12 Arthropod Vectors of Medical Importance - p. 104 16. 13 Dermatologic Manifestations of Systemic Infections - p. 113 17. 14 Superficial Fungal Infections - p. 122 18. Practice Point 1 Management of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers - p. 130 19. Practice Point 2 Managing the Patient with Recurring Skin Infections - p. 133 20. The Lymphatic System - p. 135.e1 21. 15 Lymphadenopathy - p. 136 22. Practice Point 3 Evaluation and Management of the Solitary Enlarged Lymph Node - p. 146 23. The Eye - p. 149.e1 24. 16 Conjunctivitis, Keratitis and Infections of Periorbital Structures - p. 150 25. 17 Endophthalmitis - p. 158 26. 18 Infectious Retinitis and Uveitis - p. 165 27. Practice Point 4 Management of Red Eye - p. 175 28. The Central Nervous System - p. 176.e1 29. 19 Acute and Chronic Meningitis - p. 177 30. 20 Encephalitis and Myelitis - p. 189 31. 21 Brain Abscess and Other Focal Pyogenic Infections of the Central Nervous System - p. 198 32. 22 Tetanus and Botulism - p. 208 33. 23 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies of Humans and Animals - p. 214 34. 24 Infections in Hydrocephalus Shunts - p. 221 35. Practice Point 5 Role of Rapid Viral Detection in Meningitis - p. 225 36. Practice Point 6 Investigation of Psychiatric Manifestations of Encephalitis - p. 227 37. The Respiratory System - p. 228.e1 38. 25 Laryngitis, Epiglottitis and Pharyngitis - p. 229 39. 26 Otitis, Sinusitis and Related Conditions - p. 236 40. 27 Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis - p. 243 41. 28 Community-Acquired Pneumonia - p. 251 42. 29 Hospital-Acquired, Healthcare-Associated and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia - p. 258 43. 30 Lung Abscesses and Pleural Abscesses - p. 263 44. 31 Tuberculosis - p. 271 45. 32 Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Diseases - p. 285 46. 33 Fungal Pneumonias - p. 292 47. 34 Management of the Infected Cystic Fibrosis Patient - p. 300 48. Practice Point 7 Investigation of Pleural Discharge/Fluid - p. 303 49. Practice Point 8 When to Use Corticosteroids in Noncentral Nervous System Tuberculosis - p. 306 50. Practice Point 9 How to Manage a Patient on Anti-TB Therapy with Abnormal Liver Enzymes - p. 308 51. Practice Point 10 Use of Antibiotics for Exacerbations of COPD - p. 310 52. The Gastrointestinal System - p. 311.e1 53. 35 Orocervical Infection - p. 312 54. 36 Gastritis, Peptic Ulceration and Related Conditions - p. 321 55. 37 Food-Borne Diarrheal Illness - p. 328 56. 38 Acute Diarrhea - p. 335 57. 39 Chronic Diarrhea - p. 341 58. 40 Clostridium difficile Infections in Hospitals and Community - p. 351 59. 41 Intra-abdominal Sepsis, Peritonitis, Pancreatitis, Hepatobiliary and Focal Splenic Infection - p. 355 60. 42 Clinical Manifestations of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis - p. 363 61. Practice Point 11 Travelers' Diarrhea - p. 375 62. Practice Point 12 Febrile Transaminitis of Viral Etiology - p. 377 63. Practice Point 13 Management of CAPD Peritonitis - p. 380 64. Bone and Joints - p. 381.e1 65. 43 Infective and Reactive Arthritis - p. 382 66. 44 Acute and Chronic Osteomyelitis - p. 388 67. 45 Infections of Prosthetic Joints and Related Problems - p. 399 68. 46 Lyme Disease - p. 405 69. Bloodstream, Heart and Vessels - p. 414.e3 70. 47 Sepsis - p. 415 71. 48 Infections Associated with Intravascular Lines and Grafts - p. 427 72. 49 Systemic Candidiasis - p. 439 73. 50 Myocarditis and Pericarditis - p. 446 74. 51 Endocarditis - p. 456 75. 52 Rheumatic Fever - p. 471 76. Practice Point 14 Management of Pericardial Effusion - p. 478 77. Practice Point 15 Mediastinitis and Sternal Osteomyelitis - p. 481 78. Obstetric and Gynecologic Infections - p. 482.e1 79. 53 Vaginitis, Vulvitis, Cervicitis and Cutaneous Vulval Lesions - p. 483 80. 54 Infections of the Female Pelvis, Including Septic Abortion - p. 492 81. 55 Complications of Pregnancy - p. 498 82. 56 Fetal Implications of Maternal Infections in Pregnancy - p. 505 83. Practice Point 16 Treatment of a Positive Toxoplasma Titer in Pregnancy - p. 517 84. Practice Point 17 A Pregnant Patient with a Previous Pregnancy Complicated by Group B Streptococcal Disease in the Infant - p. 520 85. Urinary Tract - p. 522.e1 86. 57 Cystitis and Urethral Syndromes - p. 523 87. 58 Prostatitis, Epididymitis and Orchitis - p. 532 88. 59 Complicated Urinary Infection, Including Postsurgical and Catheter-Related Infections - p. 539 89. 60 Pyelonephritis and Abscesses of the Kidney - p. 547 90. Practice Point 18 Tuberculosis of the Urogenital Tract - p. 555 91. Practice Point 19 Urinary Tract Infections in Kidney Transplant Recipients - p. 557 92. Sexually Transmitted Diseases - p. 558.e1 93. 61 Syphilis - p. 559 94. 62 Genital Herpes - p. 567 95. 63 Human Papillomavirus Infections - p. 575 96. 64 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, Chancroid and Granuloma Inguinale - p. 585 97. 65 Management of Gonorrhea - p. 592 98. 66 Chlamydia trachomatis Infection - p. 597 99. Practice Point 20 Persistent and Recurrent Nongonococcal Urethritis - p. 603 100. Section 3 Special Problems in Infectious Disease Practice - p. 604.e1 101. Fever - p. 604.e1 102. 67 Pathogenesis of Fever - p. 605 103. 68 Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) - p. 611 104. 69 The Potential Role of Infectious Agents in Diseases of Unknown Etiology - p. 625 105. 70 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - p. 631 106. Practice Point 21 Factitious and Fraudulent Fever - p. 636 107. Practice Point 22 Infection-Related Hemophagocytic Syndromes - p. 638 108. Practice Point 23 Kawasaki Disease - p. 640 109. Environmental and Occupational Factors - p. 642.e1 110. 71 Recreational Infections - p. 643 111. 72 Occupational Infections - p. 647 112. 73 Infections from Pets - p. 656 113. 74 Infections Acquired from Animals Other Than Pets - p. 663 114. 75 Bioterrorism and Biodefense - p. 670 115. Practice Point 24 Infections Associated with Drowning - p. 680 116. Practice Point 25 Management of Human Bites - p. 682 117. Nosocomial Issues - p. 683.e1 118. 76 Infectious Complications Following Surgery and Trauma - p. 684 119. 77 Controlling Transmission of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in ICU Settings - p. 693 120. Practice Point 26 Infection in Burns - p. 698 121. Practice Point 27 Transfusion-Related Infections - p. 701 122. Section 4 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host - p. 704.e1 123. 78 Immunodeficiencies - p. 705 124. 79 Infections in the Cancer Patient - p. 723 125. 80 Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients - p. 739 126. 81 Heart, Lung and Heart–Lung Transplantation - p. 746 127. 82 Liver Transplantation - p. 751 128. 83 Intestinal Transplantation - p. 756 129. 84 Kidney and Pancreas Transplant Recipients - p. 762 130. 85 Vasculitis and Other Immunologically Mediated Diseases - p. 770 131. 86 Splenectomy and Splenic Dysfunction - p. 775 132. 87 Vaccination of the Immunocompromised Patient - p. 780 133. 88 Infections Associated with Immunobiologics - p. 796 134. Practice Point 28 Infectious Diseases Transmitted by Grafts - p. 805 135. Practice Point 29 Evaluation of the HIV-Uninfected Adult with Suspected Immunodeficiency - p. 808 136. Volume 2 - p. 811.e1 137. Section 5 HIV and AIDS - p. 811.e1 138. 89 Epidemiology of HIV Infection - p. 812 139. Prevention - p. 823.e2 140. 90 Bio-behavioral Interventions to Prevent HIV Transmission - p. 824 141. 91 HIV Vaccines - p. 829 142. Practice Point 30 HIV Postexposure Prophylaxis - p. 835 143. Pathogenesis - p. 836.e1 144. 92 The Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection - p. 837 145. Clinical Presentation - p. 845.e3 146. 93 Primary HIV Infection - p. 846 147. 94 Opportunistic Infections - p. 850 148. 95 Immune Reconstitution Disorders in Patients with HIV Infection - p. 859 149. 96 Tuberculosis in HIV - p. 865 150. 97 Neoplastic Disease - p. 874 151. 98 Dermatologic Manifestations of HIV Infection/AIDS - p. 879 152. 99 HIV/AIDS-Related Problems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries - p. 888 153. Practice Point 31 How to Manage Hepatitis B Virus in the HIV Coinfected Patient - p. 896 154. Practice Point 32 How to Manage Hepatitis C Virus in the HIV Coinfected Patient - p. 898 155. AIDS in Women and Infants - p. 899.e1 156. 100 HIV Infection in Children - p. 900 157. 101 Special Problems in Women Who Have HIV Disease - p. 905 158. HIV Therapy - p. 911.e1 159. 102 Principles of Management of HIV in the Industrialized World - p. 912 160. 103 Antiviral Therapy - p. 918 161. 104 Issues in the Aging HIV-Positive Patient - p. 927 162. 105 Eradication and Cure of HIV - p. 931 163. Practice Point 33 Antiretroviral Management in Low- and Middle-Income Countries - p. 936 164. Section 6 International Medicine - p. 937.e1 165. Principles of International Health - p. 937.e1 166. 106 Geography of Infectious Diseases - p. 938 167. 107 Travel Medicine - p. 948 168. Major Tropical Syndromes: Skin and Soft Tissue - p. 953.e1 169. 108 Leprosy - p. 954 170. 109 Endemic Treponematoses - p. 961 171. Major Tropical Syndromes: The Central Nervous System - p. 965.e1 172. 110 Human African Trypanosomiasis - p. 966 173. 111 Eosinophilic Meningitis - p. 971 174. 112 Eye Infections in the Tropics - p. 979 175. Major Tropical Syndromes: The Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 983.e1 176. 113 Approach to Eosinophilia in a Traveler from the Tropics - p. 984 177. 114 Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 989 178. 115 Typhoid Fever and Other Enteric Fevers - p. 1002 179. 116 Amebic Infections - p. 1008 180. Major Tropical Syndromes: Systemic Infections - p. 1013.e1 181. 117 Malaria - p. 1014 182. 118 Schistosomiasis - p. 1026 183. 119 Cestode and Trematode Infections - p. 1032 184. 120 Echinococcosis - p. 1038 185. 121 Filarial Infections - p. 1046 186. 122 Infections and the Common Inherited Hemoglobin Disorders - p. 1053 187. 123 Leishmaniasis - p. 1059 188. 124 Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) - p. 1065 189. 125 Melioidosis - p. 1073 190. 126 Plague - p. 1078 191. 127 Tularemia - p. 1085 192. 128 Scrub Typhus and Other Tropical Rickettsioses - p. 1091 193. 129 Brucellosis - p. 1098 194. 130 Leptospirosis - p. 1102 195. 131 Relapsing Fevers - p. 1105 196. 132 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers - p. 1110 197. 133 Dengue and Chikungunya - p. 1119 198. 134 Anthrax - p. 1123 199. 135 The Patient Returning from the Tropics with Fever - p. 1129 200. Practice Point 34 Respiratory Tract Infection in a Traveler Returning from the Hajj - p. 1132 201. Practice Point 35 Jaundice in the Traveler Returning from Nepal - p. 1134 202. Practice Point 36 Sexually Transmitted Infection in a Traveler Returning from South Africa - p. 1137 203. Practice Point 37 Lymphadenopathy, Splenomegaly and Anemia in a Traveler Returning from Sudan - p. 1139 204. Practice Point 38 What are the Treatment Options for a Pregnant Patient with Malaria? - p. 1141 205. Section 7 Anti-infective Therapy - p. 1144.e1 206. 136 Principles of Anti-infective Therapy and Surgical Prophylaxis - p. 1145 207. 137 Mechanisms of Action - p. 1162 208. 138 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Resistance - p. 1181 209. 139 Optimizing the Use of Antimicrobial Agents - p. 1197 210. 140 β-Lactam Antibiotics - p. 1203 211. 141 Macrolides, Ketolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramins - p. 1217 212. 142 Oxazolidinones - p. 1230 213. 143 Aminoglycosides - p. 1233 214. 144 Quinolones - p. 1239 215. 145 Glycopeptides - p. 1249 216. 146 Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol - p. 1256 217. 147 Nitroimidazoles, Metronidazole, Ornidazole and Tinidazole; and Fidaxomicin - p. 1261 218. 148 Antituberculosis Agents - p. 1264 219. 149 Miscellaneous Agents - p. 1277 220. 150 Folate Inhibitors - p. 1280 221. 151 Polymyxins - p. 1285 222. Practice Point 39 Management Strategies for Drug-Resistant Infections - p. 1289 223. 152 Drugs for HIV Infection - p. 1293 224. 153 Drugs for Herpesvirus Infections - p. 1309 225. 154 Antiviral Agents Against Respiratory Viruses - p. 1318 226. 155 Drugs to Treat Viral Hepatitis - p. 1327 227. 156 Systemic Antifungal Agents - p. 1333 228. 157 Antiparasitic Agents - p. 1345 229. 158 Probiotics - p. 1373 230. 159 Infections Associated with Biologics - p. 1377 231. 160 Antibacterial Drugs - p. 1382 232. Section 8 Clinical Microbiology - p. 1385.e1 233. General Principles - p. 1385.e1 234. 161 Advances in Diagnostic Microbiology - p. 1386 235. Viruses - p. 1389.e1 236. 162 Acute Gastroenteritis Viruses - p. 1390 237. 163 Measles, Mumps and Rubella Viruses - p. 1399 238. 164 Human Enteroviruses - p. 1406 239. 165 Hepatitis Viruses - p. 1417 240. 166 Herpesviruses - p. 1426 241. 167 Papillomaviruses - p. 1439 242. 168 Polyomaviruses - p. 1445 243. 169 Parvoviruses - p. 1449 244. 170 Poxviruses - p. 1452 245. 171 Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses - p. 1458 246. 172 Influenza Viruses - p. 1465 247. 173 Noninfluenza Respiratory Viruses - p. 1472 248. 174 Retroviruses and Retroviral Infections - p. 1483 249. 175 Zoonotic Viruses - p. 1493 250. Bacteria - p. 1508.e2 251. 176 Staphylococci and Micrococci - p. 1509 252. 177 Streptococci and Enterococci - p. 1523 253. 178 Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli - p. 1537 254. 179 Neisseria - p. 1553 255. 180 Enterobacteriaceae - p. 1565 256. 181 Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp. and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli - p. 1579 257. 182 Curved and Spiral Bacilli - p. 1600 258. 183 Gram-Negative Coccobacilli - p. 1611 259. 184 Anaerobic Bacteria - p. 1628 260. 185 Mycobacteria - p. 1645 261. 186 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma - p. 1660 262. 187 Rickettsia and Rickettsia-Like Organisms - p. 1666 263. 188 Chlamydia - p. 1676 264. Fungi - p. 1680.e1 265. 189 Opportunistic and Systemic Fungi - p. 1681 266. Opportunistic Fungi - p. 1681 267. Candidiasis - p. 1681 268. Aspergillosis - p. 1687 269. Cryptococcosis - p. 1692 270. Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis) - p. 1696 271. Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei - p. 1698 272. Fusariosis - p. 1699 273. Systemic Fungi - p. 1700 274. Blastomycosis - p. 1701 275. Coccidioidomycosis - p. 1703 276. Histoplasmosis - p. 1706 277. Paracoccidioidomycosis - p. 1708 278. Key References - p. 1709 279. References - p. 1709 280. 190 Superficial and Subcutaneous Fungal Pathogens - p. 1710 281. Parasites - p. 1724.e1 282. 191 Protozoa - p. 1725 283. 192 Intestinal Coccidia and Microsporidia - p. 1734 284. 193 Protozoa - p. 1744 285. 194 Blood and Tissue Protozoa - p. 1751 286. 195 Helminths - p. 1763 287. Index - p. I1 288. Section 2 Multiple Choice Questions - p. e1 289. Section 3 Multiple Choice Questions - p. e17 290. Section 4 Multiple Choice Questions - p. e20 291. Section 5 Multiple Choice Questions - p. e22 292. Section 6 Multiple Choice Questions - p. e27 293. Section 7 Multiple Choice Questions - p. e33 294. Section 8 Multiple Choice Questions - p. e35