This fully updated and revised fifth edition of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: Transport and Rate Processes in Physical, Chemical, and Biological Systems emphasizes the unifying role of thermodynamics and their use in transport processes and chemical reactions in physical, chemical, and biological systems. This reorganized new edition provides thermodynamical approaches for foundational understanding of natural phenomena with multiscale chemical, physical, and biological systems, consisting of interactive processes leading to self-organized dissipative structures, fluctuations, and instabilities. This edition also emphasizes thermodynamic approaches, tools, and techniques, including energy analysis, process intensification, and artificial intelligence, for undertaking sustainable engineering.
This book will be an excellent resource for graduate students and researchers in the fields of engineering, chemistry, physics, energy, biotechnology, and biology, as well as those whose work involves understanding the evolution of nonequilibrium systems, information theory, stochastic processes, and sustainable engineering. This may also be useful to professionals working in irreversibility, dissipative structures, process exergy analysis and thermoeconomics, digitalization in manufacturing, and data processing.
1. 1.1 Introduction - p. 3 2. 1.2 Basic definitions - p. 4 3. 1.3 Change in thermodynamic properties - p. 22 4. 1.4 Entropy changes - p. 27 5. 1.5 Transforming thermodynamic derivatives - p. 34 6. 1.6 The thermodynamic laws - p. 36 7. 1.7 Balance equations - p. 40 8. 1.8 Euler's theorem - p. 44 9. 1.9 The Gibbs equation - p. 46 10. 1.10 Legendre transformations - p. 48 11. 1.11 The fundamental equations - p. 49 12. 1.12 Fluid phase equilibrium - p. 51 13. Problems - p. 87 14. References - p. 92 15. Further reading - p. 92 16. Chapter 2. Fundamentals of nonequilibrium thermodynamics - p. 93 17. Abstract - p. 93 18. 2.1 Introduction - p. 93 19. 2.2 Nonequilibrium systems - p. 94 20. 2.3 Balance equations - p. 97 21. 2.4 Entropy production equation - p. 109 22. 2.5 Linear nonequilibrium thermodynamic postulates - p. 115 23. 2.6 Linear phenomenological equations - p. 116 24. 2.7 Time variation of entropy production - p. 130 25. 2.8 Minimum entropy production - p. 131 26. Problems - p. 145 27. References - p. 148 28. Further reading - p. 148 29. Chapter 3. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics approaches - p. 149 30. Section 2: Fundamentals of coupled transport and rate processes - p. 177 31. Chapter 4. Transport phenomena and chemical reactions - p. 181 32. Abstract - p. 181 33. 4.1 Introduction - p. 181 34. 4.2 Transport phenomena - p. 181 35. 4.3 Momentum transfer - p. 183 36. 4.4 Heat transfer - p. 192 37. 4.5 Mass transfer - p. 203 38. 4.6 Maxwell–Stefan equation - p. 220 39. 4.7 Generalized matrix method - p. 221 40. 4.8 Diffusion in meso- and macro-porous media - p. 230 41. 4.9 Diffusion of biological solutes in liquids - p. 233 42. 4.10 Diffusion in colloidal suspensions - p. 241 43. 4.11 Diffusion in polymers - p. 241 44. 4.12 Diffusion in inhomogeneous and anisotropic media - p. 242 45. 4.13 Electric charge flow - p. 245 46. 4.14 Chemical reactions - p. 250 47. Problems - p. 260 48. References - p. 271 49. Further reading - p. 271 50. Chapter 5. Coupled transport phenomena and chemical processes - p. 275 51. Abstract - p. 275 52. 5.1 Introduction - p. 275 53. 5.2 Coupled transport and rate processes - p. 276 54. 5.3 Coupled heat and fluid flows - p. 277 55. 5.4 Coupled heat and mass transfer - p. 281 56. 5.5 Coupled phenomena in multicomponent systems - p. 313 57. 5.6 Balance equations for coupled mass and heat transfer - p. 321 58. 5.7 Other coupled systems - p. 324 59. 5.8 Multiple chemical reactions - p. 337 60. 5.9 Nonisothermal uncoupled reaction-diffusion systems - p. 349 61. 5.10 Thermodynamic coupling in nonisothermal reaction-diffusion systems - p. 361 62. 5.11 Phenomenological approach in electrolyte systems with chemical reaction - p. 383 63. Problems - p. 389 64. References - p. 393 65. Chapter 6. Membrane transport - p. 395 66. Abstract - p. 395 67. 6.1 Introduction - p. 395 68. 6.2 Membrane equilibrium - p. 395 69. 6.3 Gas permeation under pressure gradient - p. 399 70. 6.4 Phenomenological analysis membrane transport - p. 406 71. 6.5 Electrokinetics - p. 416 72. 6.6 Facilitated and active transports in membranes - p. 420 73. Problems - p. 428 74. References - p. 429 75. Further reading - p. 429 76. Section 3: Biological systems - p. 429 77. Chapter 7. Thermodynamics and biological systems - p. 433 78. Abstract - p. 433 79. 7.1 Introduction - p. 433 80. 7.2 Simplified analysis in living systems - p. 434 81. 7.3 Bioenergetics - p. 441 82. 7.4 Thermodynamic formulation of oxidative phosphorylation - p. 451 83. 7.5 Metabolic pathways - p. 454 84. 7.6 Thermodynamic coupling in mitochondria - p. 465 85. 7.7 Regulations in bioenergetics - p. 470 86. 7.8 Reaction-diffusion systems - p. 475 87. 7.9 Potassium channels - p. 502 88. 7.10 Molecular machines - p. 502 89. 7.11 Molecular evolution - p. 505 90. 7.12 Biochemical reaction networks - p. 507 91. Problems - p. 512 92. References - p. 513 93. Further reading - p. 513 94. Section 4: Organized structures - p. 513 95. Chapter 8. Stability analysis - p. 519 96. Chapter 9. Organized systems - p. 553 97. Abstract - p. 553 98. 9.1 Introduction - p. 553 99. 9.2 Equilibrium and nonequilibrium structures - p. 553 100. 9.3 Bifurcation - p. 565 101. 9.4 Limit cycle - p. 567 102. 9.5 Order in physical structures - p. 567 103. 9.6 Order in chemical systems - p. 572 104. 9.7 Biological structures - p. 594 105. 9.8 Constructal law - p. 608 106. Problems - p. 613 107. References - p. 619 108. Further reading - p. 619 109. Section 5: Stochastic systems - p. 619 110. Chapter 10. Probabilistic approaches in thermodynamics - p. 625 111. Abstract - p. 625 112. 10.1 Introduction - p. 625 113. 10.2 Statistical thermodynamics - p. 626 114. 10.3 Stochastic thermodynamics - p. 636 115. 10.4 Fluctuation theorems - p. 649 116. 10.5 Thermodynamics and information - p. 660 117. 10.6 Self-organized criticality - p. 675 118. 10.7 Biomolecules - p. 678 119. 10.8 Applications in nonequilibrium thermodynamics - p. 691 120. 10.9 Statistical rate theory - p. 714 121. 10.10 Quantum thermodynamics - p. 716 122. References - p. 737 123. Further reading - p. 737 124. Section 6: Sustainable engineering - p. 737 125. Chapter 11. Sustainable engineering and thermodynamics - p. 743 126. Chapter 12. Thermodynamic analysis - p. 807 127. Abstract - p. 807 128. 12.1 Introduction - p. 807 129. 12.2 Lost work, exergy loss and entropy production - p. 807 130. 12.3 Thermodynamic optimization - p. 810 131. 12.4 Reversible and irreversible engine - p. 811 132. 12.5 Equipartition principle - p. 820 133. 12.6 Overview of exergy analysis - p. 838 134. 12.7 Exergy analysis for processes - p. 849 135. 12.8 Exergy use in bioenergetics - p. 871 136. Problems - p. 882 137. References - p. 889 138. Further reading - p. 889 139. Chapter 13. Thermoeconomics - p. 891 140. Appendix A. Tensors - p. 912 141. Appendix B. Thermochemical parameters - p. 915 142. Appendix C. Some biochemical reaction properties - p. 923 143. Appendix D. Gas properties - p. 925 144. Appendix E. The Lee/Kesler generalized-correlation tables - p. 931 145. Index - p. 937
This fully updated and revised fifth edition of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: Transport and Rate Processes in Physical, Chemical, and Biological Systems emphasizes the unifying role of thermodynamics and their use in transport processes and chemical reactions in physical, chemical, and biological systems. This reorganized new edition provides thermodynamical approaches for foundational understanding of natural phenomena with multiscale chemical, physical, and biological systems, consisting of interactive processes leading to self-organized dissipative structures, fluctuations, and instabilities. This edition also emphasizes thermodynamic approaches, tools, and techniques, including energy analysis, process intensification, and artificial intelligence, for undertaking sustainable engineering.
This book will be an excellent resource for graduate students and researchers in the fields of engineering, chemistry, physics, energy, biotechnology, and biology, as well as those whose work involves understanding the evolution of nonequilibrium systems, information theory, stochastic processes, and sustainable engineering. This may also be useful to professionals working in irreversibility, dissipative structures, process exergy analysis and thermoeconomics, digitalization in manufacturing, and data processing.
1. 1.1 Introduction - p. 3 2. 1.2 Basic definitions - p. 4 3. 1.3 Change in thermodynamic properties - p. 22 4. 1.4 Entropy changes - p. 27 5. 1.5 Transforming thermodynamic derivatives - p. 34 6. 1.6 The thermodynamic laws - p. 36 7. 1.7 Balance equations - p. 40 8. 1.8 Euler's theorem - p. 44 9. 1.9 The Gibbs equation - p. 46 10. 1.10 Legendre transformations - p. 48 11. 1.11 The fundamental equations - p. 49 12. 1.12 Fluid phase equilibrium - p. 51 13. Problems - p. 87 14. References - p. 92 15. Further reading - p. 92 16. Chapter 2. Fundamentals of nonequilibrium thermodynamics - p. 93 17. Abstract - p. 93 18. 2.1 Introduction - p. 93 19. 2.2 Nonequilibrium systems - p. 94 20. 2.3 Balance equations - p. 97 21. 2.4 Entropy production equation - p. 109 22. 2.5 Linear nonequilibrium thermodynamic postulates - p. 115 23. 2.6 Linear phenomenological equations - p. 116 24. 2.7 Time variation of entropy production - p. 130 25. 2.8 Minimum entropy production - p. 131 26. Problems - p. 145 27. References - p. 148 28. Further reading - p. 148 29. Chapter 3. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics approaches - p. 149 30. Section 2: Fundamentals of coupled transport and rate processes - p. 177 31. Chapter 4. Transport phenomena and chemical reactions - p. 181 32. Abstract - p. 181 33. 4.1 Introduction - p. 181 34. 4.2 Transport phenomena - p. 181 35. 4.3 Momentum transfer - p. 183 36. 4.4 Heat transfer - p. 192 37. 4.5 Mass transfer - p. 203 38. 4.6 Maxwell–Stefan equation - p. 220 39. 4.7 Generalized matrix method - p. 221 40. 4.8 Diffusion in meso- and macro-porous media - p. 230 41. 4.9 Diffusion of biological solutes in liquids - p. 233 42. 4.10 Diffusion in colloidal suspensions - p. 241 43. 4.11 Diffusion in polymers - p. 241 44. 4.12 Diffusion in inhomogeneous and anisotropic media - p. 242 45. 4.13 Electric charge flow - p. 245 46. 4.14 Chemical reactions - p. 250 47. Problems - p. 260 48. References - p. 271 49. Further reading - p. 271 50. Chapter 5. Coupled transport phenomena and chemical processes - p. 275 51. Abstract - p. 275 52. 5.1 Introduction - p. 275 53. 5.2 Coupled transport and rate processes - p. 276 54. 5.3 Coupled heat and fluid flows - p. 277 55. 5.4 Coupled heat and mass transfer - p. 281 56. 5.5 Coupled phenomena in multicomponent systems - p. 313 57. 5.6 Balance equations for coupled mass and heat transfer - p. 321 58. 5.7 Other coupled systems - p. 324 59. 5.8 Multiple chemical reactions - p. 337 60. 5.9 Nonisothermal uncoupled reaction-diffusion systems - p. 349 61. 5.10 Thermodynamic coupling in nonisothermal reaction-diffusion systems - p. 361 62. 5.11 Phenomenological approach in electrolyte systems with chemical reaction - p. 383 63. Problems - p. 389 64. References - p. 393 65. Chapter 6. Membrane transport - p. 395 66. Abstract - p. 395 67. 6.1 Introduction - p. 395 68. 6.2 Membrane equilibrium - p. 395 69. 6.3 Gas permeation under pressure gradient - p. 399 70. 6.4 Phenomenological analysis membrane transport - p. 406 71. 6.5 Electrokinetics - p. 416 72. 6.6 Facilitated and active transports in membranes - p. 420 73. Problems - p. 428 74. References - p. 429 75. Further reading - p. 429 76. Section 3: Biological systems - p. 429 77. Chapter 7. Thermodynamics and biological systems - p. 433 78. Abstract - p. 433 79. 7.1 Introduction - p. 433 80. 7.2 Simplified analysis in living systems - p. 434 81. 7.3 Bioenergetics - p. 441 82. 7.4 Thermodynamic formulation of oxidative phosphorylation - p. 451 83. 7.5 Metabolic pathways - p. 454 84. 7.6 Thermodynamic coupling in mitochondria - p. 465 85. 7.7 Regulations in bioenergetics - p. 470 86. 7.8 Reaction-diffusion systems - p. 475 87. 7.9 Potassium channels - p. 502 88. 7.10 Molecular machines - p. 502 89. 7.11 Molecular evolution - p. 505 90. 7.12 Biochemical reaction networks - p. 507 91. Problems - p. 512 92. References - p. 513 93. Further reading - p. 513 94. Section 4: Organized structures - p. 513 95. Chapter 8. Stability analysis - p. 519 96. Chapter 9. Organized systems - p. 553 97. Abstract - p. 553 98. 9.1 Introduction - p. 553 99. 9.2 Equilibrium and nonequilibrium structures - p. 553 100. 9.3 Bifurcation - p. 565 101. 9.4 Limit cycle - p. 567 102. 9.5 Order in physical structures - p. 567 103. 9.6 Order in chemical systems - p. 572 104. 9.7 Biological structures - p. 594 105. 9.8 Constructal law - p. 608 106. Problems - p. 613 107. References - p. 619 108. Further reading - p. 619 109. Section 5: Stochastic systems - p. 619 110. Chapter 10. Probabilistic approaches in thermodynamics - p. 625 111. Abstract - p. 625 112. 10.1 Introduction - p. 625 113. 10.2 Statistical thermodynamics - p. 626 114. 10.3 Stochastic thermodynamics - p. 636 115. 10.4 Fluctuation theorems - p. 649 116. 10.5 Thermodynamics and information - p. 660 117. 10.6 Self-organized criticality - p. 675 118. 10.7 Biomolecules - p. 678 119. 10.8 Applications in nonequilibrium thermodynamics - p. 691 120. 10.9 Statistical rate theory - p. 714 121. 10.10 Quantum thermodynamics - p. 716 122. References - p. 737 123. Further reading - p. 737 124. Section 6: Sustainable engineering - p. 737 125. Chapter 11. Sustainable engineering and thermodynamics - p. 743 126. Chapter 12. Thermodynamic analysis - p. 807 127. Abstract - p. 807 128. 12.1 Introduction - p. 807 129. 12.2 Lost work, exergy loss and entropy production - p. 807 130. 12.3 Thermodynamic optimization - p. 810 131. 12.4 Reversible and irreversible engine - p. 811 132. 12.5 Equipartition principle - p. 820 133. 12.6 Overview of exergy analysis - p. 838 134. 12.7 Exergy analysis for processes - p. 849 135. 12.8 Exergy use in bioenergetics - p. 871 136. Problems - p. 882 137. References - p. 889 138. Further reading - p. 889 139. Chapter 13. Thermoeconomics - p. 891 140. Appendix A. Tensors - p. 912 141. Appendix B. Thermochemical parameters - p. 915 142. Appendix C. Some biochemical reaction properties - p. 923 143. Appendix D. Gas properties - p. 925 144. Appendix E. The Lee/Kesler generalized-correlation tables - p. 931 145. Index - p. 937
