For more than 30 years, the highly regarded Secrets Series® has provided students, academics, and practitioners in all areas of health care with concise, focused, and engaging resources for quick reference and exam review. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Secrets, 4th Edition, offers practical, up-to-date coverage of the full range of essential topics in this dynamic field. This highly regarded resource features the Secrets’ popular question-and-answer format that also includes lists, tables, weblinks, pearls, memory aids, and an easy-to-read style – making an inquiry, reference, and review quick, easy, and enjoyable.
1. Introduction: PM&R education in the social media age - p. xii 2. Foreword - p. xiii 3. The Top Secrets: PM&R’s 100 Fundamental Principles - p. xiv 4. List of Tables - p. xv 5. List of Illustrations - p. xvi 6. Part I. Fundamentals of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - p. xvi 7. Section 1. The Interdisciplinary Team: Origins, Interactions, and Scope of Interventions - p. xvi 8. 1. What is physiatry? - p. xvi 9. 2. The physiatric consultation: Acute treatment, immediate rehabilitation, future enablement, and system designs - p. 7 10. Section 2. Scientific Foundations of Physiatric Care - p. 14 11. 3. Anatomy and kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system - p. 14 12. 4. Nervous system anatomy: Central and peripheral - p. 22 13. 5. Neurophysiology and cognitive neuroscience: From membranes to functional brain networks - p. 31 14. Section 3. Learning in Rehabilitation - p. 37 15. 6. Educating learners in PM&R: The value of longitudinal learning - p. 37 16. Part II. The Rehabilitation Assessment - p. 41 17. Section 4. Physical and Psychological Evaluation: Recognizing Strengths and Resilience - p. 41 18. 7. Communication strategies for rehabilitation professionals: Empowerment medicine catalyzes personal potential actualization - p. 41 19. 8. Environment as personal habitat: Ecology of function and participation from interior body to the metaverse - p. 52 20. 9. Psychological methods through rehabilitation: Theory, assessment, and intervention - p. 62 21. 10. Neuromusculoskeletal evaluation of the rehabilitation patient: Integrating different pieces of the puzzle to localize lesion, assess function, and plan therapy - p. 68 22. 11. Gait: A clinical and biomechanical overview - p. 75 23. Part III. Electro-Physiological Assessment - p. 81 24. Section 5. Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Neuromuscular Conditions - p. 81 25. 12. Basic electrodiagnosis: Interpretation of electrical manifestations of neuromuscular disorders - p. 81 26. 13. Radiculopathies: Clinical manifestations, differential diagnoses, electrodiagnostic approach, and management - p. 94 27. 14. Peripheral neuropathy: Diagnosis, prevention, and rehabilitation - p. 102 28. 15. Neuromuscular junction disorders: Physiology, clinical manifestations, and electrodiagnosis - p. 108 29. Part IV. Management - p. 114 30. Section 6. Coordination of Person-Centered Transdisciplinary Care - p. 114 31. 16. Person-centered rehabilitation: Interdisciplinary context-specific treatment requires component customization - p. 114 32. Section 7. Therapeutic Modalities - p. 120 33. 17. Manual medicine: Philosophy, assessment, and manipulative techniques - p. 120 34. 18. Traction, manipulation, and massage: Selection application and outcome - p. 127 35. 19. Exercise - p. 132 36. 20. Physical modalities: Therapeutic agents in the clinic - p. 145 37. 21. Electrotherapy: Medical treatments using electricity - p. 152 38. 22. Nutrition and diet in rehabilitation: Optimizing outcomes - p. 158 39. 23. Medication therapy management to achieve enablement: Recognizing indications and targeting outcomes - p. 163 40. 24. Complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine: Incorporating diverse approaches to maximize physical medicine and rehabilitation outcomes - p. 172 41. 25. Regeneration and rehabilitation medicine: Innovation through synergy - p. 177 42. Section 8. Interventional Procedures - p. 184 43. 26. Fundamentals of medical acupuncture: Scientific foundation and clinical applications - p. 184 44. 27. Peripheral injections: Medications, joints, bursae, tendon sheaths/insertions, and applications of botulinum toxin - p. 189 45. 28. Physiatric image-guided spine interventions: Aggressively treating those patients we can improve - p. 202 46. Section 9. Impairment and Activity Limitation Focused Interventions - p. 212 47. 29. Rehabilitation of patients with severe visual or hearing impairments: Innovations for person-centered function - p. 212 48. 30. Assessing and treating speech and language impairments: Joining the conversation - p. 215 49. 31. Recognition, assessment, and treatment of swallowing impairments: Engulfing transdisciplinary solutions - p. 223 50. 32. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction: Evaluation and adaptive management - p. 230 51. 33. Neurogenic bladder - p. 240 52. 34. Sexuality despite disability: Intimate and reproductive solutions - p. 246 53. 35. Lower limb orthosis - p. 254 54. 36. Upper limb orthosis - p. 257 55. 37. Spinal orthoses: Principles, designs, indications, and limitations - p. 264 56. 38. Amputation rehabilitation: Risk, physiatric approach, and lower extremity principles - p. 280 57. 39. Wheelchair provision: A person-centered interdisciplinary process - p. 287 58. Part V. Patient Populations - p. 294 59. Section 10. Musculoskeletal - p. 294 60. 40. Soft tissue and musculoskeletal injury: Diagnosis and rehabilitation - p. 294 61. 41. Myopathy: Diagnosis and rehabilitation - p. 299 62. 42. Osteoporosis: Diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation - p. 304 63. 43. Fall, fracture, and joint replacement rehabilitation: Synchronizing independent preventive strategies to reequilibrate patient function - p. 312 64. 44. The hip: Anatomy, examination, diagnoses, imaging, treatment, and rehabilitation - p. 318 65. 45. The shoulder: Anatomy, pathology, and diagnosis - p. 325 66. 46. The elbow: Anatomy, pathology, and management - p. 337 67. 47. The knee: Anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, and rehabilitation - p. 342 68. 48. The foot and ankle: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment - p. 352 69. 49. The hand and wrist: Top 25 questions that you were afraid to ask - p. 358 70. 50. Low back pain: Clinical, diagnostic, and management pearls - p. 364 71. 51. Neck pain: Anatomy, pathophysiology, and diagnosis - p. 376 72. Section 11. Neurological Rehabilitation - p. 379 73. 52. Emerging mechanisms and methods for neurorehabilitation: Theory and application - p. 379 74. 53. Motor neuron disease: Diagnosis and proactive rehabilitation - p. 387 75. 54. Spinal cord injury medicine: Translating systems adaptations into personal visions - p. 402 76. 55. Multiple sclerosis: Clinical patterns, symptom management, and rehabilitation - p. 411 77. 56. Movement disorders: Fundamentals of classification and treatment - p. 418 78. 57. Cerebrovascular disease - p. 424 79. 58. Traumatic brain injury: Etiology, pathophysiology, and complications - p. 438 80. Section 12. Other Organ Based Rehabilitation - p. 444 81. 59. Cardiac rehabilitation: Lifestyle, exercise & risk factors modification - p. 444 82. 60. Peripheral vascular disease and lymphedema; localization and intervention - p. 451 83. 61. Pulmonary rehabilitation: Improving dyspnea, endurance and wellbeing - p. 457 84. 62. Cancer rehabilitation: Focus on functional quality of life in the oncologic population - p. 466 85. 63. Rheumatic disorders - p. 472 86. 64. Pressure injuries (pressure ulcers): Etiology, prevention, assessment, and treatment - p. 480 87. 65. Burn rehabilitation: Guidance of healing and optimal participation - p. 484 88. 66. Organ transplantation: Medical and rehabilitation management - p. 491 89. Section 13. Chronic Pain - p. 496 90. 67. Chronic pain: Assessment and interdisciplinary intervention - p. 496 91. 68. Central pain: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment—a challenging diagnosis - p. 503 92. 69. Spinal segmental sensitization: Diagnosis and management - p. 507 93. 70. Central and peripheral manifestations of myofascial pain syndromes and fibromyalgia: Diagnosis patterns and diverse interventions - p. 520 94. 71. Peripheral neuropathic pain: Classifications, mechanisms, and treatments - p. 534 95. 72. Complex regional pain syndrome: Diagnosis and management - p. 540 96. Section 14. Lifetime Development with Optimal Function - p. 547 97. 73. Pediatric rehabilitation: Maximizing potentials one step at a time - p. 547 98. 74. Development: The head-to-toe continuum and life course - p. 550 99. 75. Neural tube defects: Pathology, complications, and rehabilitation - p. 557 100. 76. Cerebral palsy - p. 561 101. 77. Spinal deformity: Recognition and intervention - p. 567 102. 78. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Children can get arthritis too - p. 575 103. 79. Geriatric rehabilitation: Maintaining resilience, sustaining passions, and cultivating vibrancy - p. 579 104. Section 15. Person Centered Life Role: Work and Play - p. 585 105. 80. Physiatric sports medicine: Functional diagnosis, focal interventions, and rehabilitation for prevention - p. 585 106. 81. Vocational rehabilitation and personhood: A physiatrist’s vital calling - p. 593 107. 82. Impairment and disability rating: Estimation of work capacity - p. 599 108. 83. Performing arts rehabilitation: Harmonic performer orchestrations - p. 604 109. Section 16. Community Participation of People with Disabilities - p. 608 110. 84. Health policy, legislation, and reimbursement: Important facets of physiatric practice - p. 608 111. 85. International physical medicine and rehabilitation: Global synergy and collaboration to maximize rehabilitation potential - p. 612 112. Section 17. Past, Present, and Future of Rehabilitation - p. 620 113. 86. Epilogue: The past, present, and future of physical medicine and rehabilitation - p. 620 114. Part VI. Online Chapters - p. 622 115. Section 18. Emerging Topics - p. 622 116. E87. Learning and practicing physical medicine and rehabilitation: Clinician centered methodologies - p. 622 117. E88. Genomic prediction in populations: Advancing PM&R practice - p. 622 118. E89. Fascia: Anatomy, pathology, and rehabilitation - p. 622 119. E90. Medicine through the lens of the autonomic nervous system: A thermographic approach - p. 622 120. E91. Musculoskeletal ultrasound: Fundamental principles and case studies - p. 622 121. E92. Standardizing the measurements: Optimizing outcomes for clinical success - p. 622 122. Index - p. 623
For more than 30 years, the highly regarded Secrets Series® has provided students, academics, and practitioners in all areas of health care with concise, focused, and engaging resources for quick reference and exam review. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Secrets, 4th Edition, offers practical, up-to-date coverage of the full range of essential topics in this dynamic field. This highly regarded resource features the Secrets’ popular question-and-answer format that also includes lists, tables, weblinks, pearls, memory aids, and an easy-to-read style – making an inquiry, reference, and review quick, easy, and enjoyable.
1. Introduction: PM&R education in the social media age - p. xii 2. Foreword - p. xiii 3. The Top Secrets: PM&R’s 100 Fundamental Principles - p. xiv 4. List of Tables - p. xv 5. List of Illustrations - p. xvi 6. Part I. Fundamentals of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - p. xvi 7. Section 1. The Interdisciplinary Team: Origins, Interactions, and Scope of Interventions - p. xvi 8. 1. What is physiatry? - p. xvi 9. 2. The physiatric consultation: Acute treatment, immediate rehabilitation, future enablement, and system designs - p. 7 10. Section 2. Scientific Foundations of Physiatric Care - p. 14 11. 3. Anatomy and kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system - p. 14 12. 4. Nervous system anatomy: Central and peripheral - p. 22 13. 5. Neurophysiology and cognitive neuroscience: From membranes to functional brain networks - p. 31 14. Section 3. Learning in Rehabilitation - p. 37 15. 6. Educating learners in PM&R: The value of longitudinal learning - p. 37 16. Part II. The Rehabilitation Assessment - p. 41 17. Section 4. Physical and Psychological Evaluation: Recognizing Strengths and Resilience - p. 41 18. 7. Communication strategies for rehabilitation professionals: Empowerment medicine catalyzes personal potential actualization - p. 41 19. 8. Environment as personal habitat: Ecology of function and participation from interior body to the metaverse - p. 52 20. 9. Psychological methods through rehabilitation: Theory, assessment, and intervention - p. 62 21. 10. Neuromusculoskeletal evaluation of the rehabilitation patient: Integrating different pieces of the puzzle to localize lesion, assess function, and plan therapy - p. 68 22. 11. Gait: A clinical and biomechanical overview - p. 75 23. Part III. Electro-Physiological Assessment - p. 81 24. Section 5. Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Neuromuscular Conditions - p. 81 25. 12. Basic electrodiagnosis: Interpretation of electrical manifestations of neuromuscular disorders - p. 81 26. 13. Radiculopathies: Clinical manifestations, differential diagnoses, electrodiagnostic approach, and management - p. 94 27. 14. Peripheral neuropathy: Diagnosis, prevention, and rehabilitation - p. 102 28. 15. Neuromuscular junction disorders: Physiology, clinical manifestations, and electrodiagnosis - p. 108 29. Part IV. Management - p. 114 30. Section 6. Coordination of Person-Centered Transdisciplinary Care - p. 114 31. 16. Person-centered rehabilitation: Interdisciplinary context-specific treatment requires component customization - p. 114 32. Section 7. Therapeutic Modalities - p. 120 33. 17. Manual medicine: Philosophy, assessment, and manipulative techniques - p. 120 34. 18. Traction, manipulation, and massage: Selection application and outcome - p. 127 35. 19. Exercise - p. 132 36. 20. Physical modalities: Therapeutic agents in the clinic - p. 145 37. 21. Electrotherapy: Medical treatments using electricity - p. 152 38. 22. Nutrition and diet in rehabilitation: Optimizing outcomes - p. 158 39. 23. Medication therapy management to achieve enablement: Recognizing indications and targeting outcomes - p. 163 40. 24. Complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine: Incorporating diverse approaches to maximize physical medicine and rehabilitation outcomes - p. 172 41. 25. Regeneration and rehabilitation medicine: Innovation through synergy - p. 177 42. Section 8. Interventional Procedures - p. 184 43. 26. Fundamentals of medical acupuncture: Scientific foundation and clinical applications - p. 184 44. 27. Peripheral injections: Medications, joints, bursae, tendon sheaths/insertions, and applications of botulinum toxin - p. 189 45. 28. Physiatric image-guided spine interventions: Aggressively treating those patients we can improve - p. 202 46. Section 9. Impairment and Activity Limitation Focused Interventions - p. 212 47. 29. Rehabilitation of patients with severe visual or hearing impairments: Innovations for person-centered function - p. 212 48. 30. Assessing and treating speech and language impairments: Joining the conversation - p. 215 49. 31. Recognition, assessment, and treatment of swallowing impairments: Engulfing transdisciplinary solutions - p. 223 50. 32. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction: Evaluation and adaptive management - p. 230 51. 33. Neurogenic bladder - p. 240 52. 34. Sexuality despite disability: Intimate and reproductive solutions - p. 246 53. 35. Lower limb orthosis - p. 254 54. 36. Upper limb orthosis - p. 257 55. 37. Spinal orthoses: Principles, designs, indications, and limitations - p. 264 56. 38. Amputation rehabilitation: Risk, physiatric approach, and lower extremity principles - p. 280 57. 39. Wheelchair provision: A person-centered interdisciplinary process - p. 287 58. Part V. Patient Populations - p. 294 59. Section 10. Musculoskeletal - p. 294 60. 40. Soft tissue and musculoskeletal injury: Diagnosis and rehabilitation - p. 294 61. 41. Myopathy: Diagnosis and rehabilitation - p. 299 62. 42. Osteoporosis: Diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation - p. 304 63. 43. Fall, fracture, and joint replacement rehabilitation: Synchronizing independent preventive strategies to reequilibrate patient function - p. 312 64. 44. The hip: Anatomy, examination, diagnoses, imaging, treatment, and rehabilitation - p. 318 65. 45. The shoulder: Anatomy, pathology, and diagnosis - p. 325 66. 46. The elbow: Anatomy, pathology, and management - p. 337 67. 47. The knee: Anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, and rehabilitation - p. 342 68. 48. The foot and ankle: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment - p. 352 69. 49. The hand and wrist: Top 25 questions that you were afraid to ask - p. 358 70. 50. Low back pain: Clinical, diagnostic, and management pearls - p. 364 71. 51. Neck pain: Anatomy, pathophysiology, and diagnosis - p. 376 72. Section 11. Neurological Rehabilitation - p. 379 73. 52. Emerging mechanisms and methods for neurorehabilitation: Theory and application - p. 379 74. 53. Motor neuron disease: Diagnosis and proactive rehabilitation - p. 387 75. 54. Spinal cord injury medicine: Translating systems adaptations into personal visions - p. 402 76. 55. Multiple sclerosis: Clinical patterns, symptom management, and rehabilitation - p. 411 77. 56. Movement disorders: Fundamentals of classification and treatment - p. 418 78. 57. Cerebrovascular disease - p. 424 79. 58. Traumatic brain injury: Etiology, pathophysiology, and complications - p. 438 80. Section 12. Other Organ Based Rehabilitation - p. 444 81. 59. Cardiac rehabilitation: Lifestyle, exercise & risk factors modification - p. 444 82. 60. Peripheral vascular disease and lymphedema; localization and intervention - p. 451 83. 61. Pulmonary rehabilitation: Improving dyspnea, endurance and wellbeing - p. 457 84. 62. Cancer rehabilitation: Focus on functional quality of life in the oncologic population - p. 466 85. 63. Rheumatic disorders - p. 472 86. 64. Pressure injuries (pressure ulcers): Etiology, prevention, assessment, and treatment - p. 480 87. 65. Burn rehabilitation: Guidance of healing and optimal participation - p. 484 88. 66. Organ transplantation: Medical and rehabilitation management - p. 491 89. Section 13. Chronic Pain - p. 496 90. 67. Chronic pain: Assessment and interdisciplinary intervention - p. 496 91. 68. Central pain: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment—a challenging diagnosis - p. 503 92. 69. Spinal segmental sensitization: Diagnosis and management - p. 507 93. 70. Central and peripheral manifestations of myofascial pain syndromes and fibromyalgia: Diagnosis patterns and diverse interventions - p. 520 94. 71. Peripheral neuropathic pain: Classifications, mechanisms, and treatments - p. 534 95. 72. Complex regional pain syndrome: Diagnosis and management - p. 540 96. Section 14. Lifetime Development with Optimal Function - p. 547 97. 73. Pediatric rehabilitation: Maximizing potentials one step at a time - p. 547 98. 74. Development: The head-to-toe continuum and life course - p. 550 99. 75. Neural tube defects: Pathology, complications, and rehabilitation - p. 557 100. 76. Cerebral palsy - p. 561 101. 77. Spinal deformity: Recognition and intervention - p. 567 102. 78. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Children can get arthritis too - p. 575 103. 79. Geriatric rehabilitation: Maintaining resilience, sustaining passions, and cultivating vibrancy - p. 579 104. Section 15. Person Centered Life Role: Work and Play - p. 585 105. 80. Physiatric sports medicine: Functional diagnosis, focal interventions, and rehabilitation for prevention - p. 585 106. 81. Vocational rehabilitation and personhood: A physiatrist’s vital calling - p. 593 107. 82. Impairment and disability rating: Estimation of work capacity - p. 599 108. 83. Performing arts rehabilitation: Harmonic performer orchestrations - p. 604 109. Section 16. Community Participation of People with Disabilities - p. 608 110. 84. Health policy, legislation, and reimbursement: Important facets of physiatric practice - p. 608 111. 85. International physical medicine and rehabilitation: Global synergy and collaboration to maximize rehabilitation potential - p. 612 112. Section 17. Past, Present, and Future of Rehabilitation - p. 620 113. 86. Epilogue: The past, present, and future of physical medicine and rehabilitation - p. 620 114. Part VI. Online Chapters - p. 622 115. Section 18. Emerging Topics - p. 622 116. E87. Learning and practicing physical medicine and rehabilitation: Clinician centered methodologies - p. 622 117. E88. Genomic prediction in populations: Advancing PM&R practice - p. 622 118. E89. Fascia: Anatomy, pathology, and rehabilitation - p. 622 119. E90. Medicine through the lens of the autonomic nervous system: A thermographic approach - p. 622 120. E91. Musculoskeletal ultrasound: Fundamental principles and case studies - p. 622 121. E92. Standardizing the measurements: Optimizing outcomes for clinical success - p. 622 122. Index - p. 623
