Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 2B: Unit Processes, presents various unit processes with an emphasis on mineral processing, hydrometallurgy, and electrochemical materials and energy processes. The book highlights the roles of these processes in beneficiation, rare-earth extraction, utilization of lean resources, coal extraction, and biofuels, reflecting the shift toward green and electrochemical processes. Basic knowledge of thermodynamics and kinetics is provided for better understanding of metallurgical processes. The first section of the book covers mineral processing, providing insight on comminution, separation processes, dewatering, and tailings disposal. The second section focuses on hydrometallurgy, discussing leaching, separation-purification, metal recovery, and battery materials, and the book concludes with a section studying electrochemical material and energy, featuring coverage of molten oxide electrolysis, molten carbonate fuel cells, various sensors, and ionic liquids. Each section also includes various case studies, demonstrating the use of the concepts in real-world settings.
1. Chapter 1.1 Mineral Processing, Importance, Introduction - p. 3 2. Chapter 1.2 Ore Body Knowledge—Case Studies From Complex Copper–Gold and Refractory Ores - p. 5 3. Chapter 1.3 Beneficiation, Physical Separation Processes - p. 21 4. Chapter 1.3.1 Comminution - p. 23 5. Chapter 1.3.2 Separation Processes - p. 63 6. Chapter 1.3.2.1 Classification - p. 67 7. Chapter 1.3.2.2 Gravity (Density) Separation - p. 89 8. Chapter 1.3.2.3 Dense Medium Separation - p. 117 9. Chapter 1.3.2.4 Flotation - p. 131 10. Chapter 1.3.2.5 Magnetic Separation - p. 147 11. Chapter 1.3.2.6 Electrostatic Separation - p. 169 12. Chapter 1.4 Dewatering - p. 185 13. Chapter 1.5 Tailing Disposal - p. 201 14. Chapter 1.6 Case Study—Flake Graphite Recovery From a Paragneiss Host Rock - p. 209 15. Chapter 1.6.1 Iron Ore - p. 213 16. Chapter 1.6.1.1 Iron Ore Processing Plant Process Water: A Case Study of Treatment by Electrocoagulation (EC) - p. 227 17. Chapter 1.6.2 Metallurgical Coal - p. 239 18. Chapter 1.6.3 Processing of Rare Earth Minerals: A Case Study - p. 247 19. Chapter 1.6.4 Industrial Minerals-Graphite - p. 261 20. Chapter 1.6.5 Botswana's Untold Story of the Kalahari Dust Bowl to a Mecca of Diamond Mining - p. 269 21. Chapter 2 Hydrometallurgy - p. 289 22. Chapter 2.1 Importance of Hydrometallurgy, Introduction - p. 291 23. Chapter 2.2 Extraction - p. 293 24. Chapter 2.2.1 Industrial Leaching Chemistries - p. 295 25. Chapter 2.2.2 Leaching Kinetics - p. 315 26. Chapter 2.2.3 Heap Leaching: Process, Principles, and Practical Considerations - p. 333 27. Chapter 2.2.4 Tank Leaching - p. 347 28. Chapter 2.2.5 Bioleaching - p. 363 29. Chapter 2.2.6 Autoclave Leaching - p. 373 30. Chapter 2.3 Separation and Purification - p. 389 31. Chapter 2.3.1 Solvent Extraction - p. 391 32. Chapter 2.3.2 Ion Exchange for Hydrometallurgy - p. 411 33. Chapter 2.3.3 Precipitation and Crystallization - p. 423 34. Chapter 2.4 Metal Recovery - p. 439 35. Chapter 2.4.1 Electrowinning and Electrorefining - p. 441 36. Chapter 2.4.2 Hydrogen Reduction - p. 451 37. Chapter 2.5 Case Studies - p. 459 38. Chapter 2.5.1 Gold Hydrometallurgy - p. 461 39. Chapter 2.5.2 Copper Concentrate Processing - p. 477 40. Chapter 2.5.3 Nickel and Cobalt - p. 497 41. Chapter 2.6 Frontiers - p. 511 42. Chapter 2.6.1 Hydrometallurgical Processing of Li-ion Battery Materials - p. 513 43. Chapter 2.6.2 Rare Earth Recovery from Ion-adsorption Clays by Ion Exchange Leaching - p. 529 44. Chapter 2.6.3 Environmental Considerations - p. 545 45. Chapter 3 Electrochemical Material and Energy - p. 555 46. Chapter 3.1 Molten Oxide Electrolysis - p. 557 47. Chapter 3.2 OS Process - p. 569 48. Chapter 3.3 Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: From Serendipity to Space Exploration - p. 589 49. Chapter 3.4 Solid Oxide Membrane (SOM)-Based Electrolytic Production of Metals - p. 601 50. Chapter 3.5 Molten Salt Electrochemistry of Uranium - p. 613 51. Chapter 3.6 Production of Carbon Nanostructures in Molten Salt - p. 627 52. Chapter 3.7 Thermally Activated Batteries - p. 643 53. Chapter 3.8 Sodium-Metal Chloride (ZEBRA) Batteries - p. 655 54. Chapter 3.9 The Liquid Metal Battery as a Grid-Storage Solution - p. 667 55. Chapter 3.10 AMTEC - p. 681 56. Chapter 3.11 Oxygen Sensors for Molten Steel - p. 695 57. Chapter 3.12 Hydrogen Sensors for Molten Aluminum and Its Alloys - p. 705 58. Chapter 3.13 Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Carbon Sensors for Molten Sodium - p. 719 59. Chapter 3.14 Ionic Liquids in Process Metallurgy - p. 739 60. Nomenclature - p. 751 61. Index - p. 757
Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 2B: Unit Processes, presents various unit processes with an emphasis on mineral processing, hydrometallurgy, and electrochemical materials and energy processes. The book highlights the roles of these processes in beneficiation, rare-earth extraction, utilization of lean resources, coal extraction, and biofuels, reflecting the shift toward green and electrochemical processes. Basic knowledge of thermodynamics and kinetics is provided for better understanding of metallurgical processes. The first section of the book covers mineral processing, providing insight on comminution, separation processes, dewatering, and tailings disposal. The second section focuses on hydrometallurgy, discussing leaching, separation-purification, metal recovery, and battery materials, and the book concludes with a section studying electrochemical material and energy, featuring coverage of molten oxide electrolysis, molten carbonate fuel cells, various sensors, and ionic liquids. Each section also includes various case studies, demonstrating the use of the concepts in real-world settings.
1. Chapter 1.1 Mineral Processing, Importance, Introduction - p. 3 2. Chapter 1.2 Ore Body Knowledge—Case Studies From Complex Copper–Gold and Refractory Ores - p. 5 3. Chapter 1.3 Beneficiation, Physical Separation Processes - p. 21 4. Chapter 1.3.1 Comminution - p. 23 5. Chapter 1.3.2 Separation Processes - p. 63 6. Chapter 1.3.2.1 Classification - p. 67 7. Chapter 1.3.2.2 Gravity (Density) Separation - p. 89 8. Chapter 1.3.2.3 Dense Medium Separation - p. 117 9. Chapter 1.3.2.4 Flotation - p. 131 10. Chapter 1.3.2.5 Magnetic Separation - p. 147 11. Chapter 1.3.2.6 Electrostatic Separation - p. 169 12. Chapter 1.4 Dewatering - p. 185 13. Chapter 1.5 Tailing Disposal - p. 201 14. Chapter 1.6 Case Study—Flake Graphite Recovery From a Paragneiss Host Rock - p. 209 15. Chapter 1.6.1 Iron Ore - p. 213 16. Chapter 1.6.1.1 Iron Ore Processing Plant Process Water: A Case Study of Treatment by Electrocoagulation (EC) - p. 227 17. Chapter 1.6.2 Metallurgical Coal - p. 239 18. Chapter 1.6.3 Processing of Rare Earth Minerals: A Case Study - p. 247 19. Chapter 1.6.4 Industrial Minerals-Graphite - p. 261 20. Chapter 1.6.5 Botswana's Untold Story of the Kalahari Dust Bowl to a Mecca of Diamond Mining - p. 269 21. Chapter 2 Hydrometallurgy - p. 289 22. Chapter 2.1 Importance of Hydrometallurgy, Introduction - p. 291 23. Chapter 2.2 Extraction - p. 293 24. Chapter 2.2.1 Industrial Leaching Chemistries - p. 295 25. Chapter 2.2.2 Leaching Kinetics - p. 315 26. Chapter 2.2.3 Heap Leaching: Process, Principles, and Practical Considerations - p. 333 27. Chapter 2.2.4 Tank Leaching - p. 347 28. Chapter 2.2.5 Bioleaching - p. 363 29. Chapter 2.2.6 Autoclave Leaching - p. 373 30. Chapter 2.3 Separation and Purification - p. 389 31. Chapter 2.3.1 Solvent Extraction - p. 391 32. Chapter 2.3.2 Ion Exchange for Hydrometallurgy - p. 411 33. Chapter 2.3.3 Precipitation and Crystallization - p. 423 34. Chapter 2.4 Metal Recovery - p. 439 35. Chapter 2.4.1 Electrowinning and Electrorefining - p. 441 36. Chapter 2.4.2 Hydrogen Reduction - p. 451 37. Chapter 2.5 Case Studies - p. 459 38. Chapter 2.5.1 Gold Hydrometallurgy - p. 461 39. Chapter 2.5.2 Copper Concentrate Processing - p. 477 40. Chapter 2.5.3 Nickel and Cobalt - p. 497 41. Chapter 2.6 Frontiers - p. 511 42. Chapter 2.6.1 Hydrometallurgical Processing of Li-ion Battery Materials - p. 513 43. Chapter 2.6.2 Rare Earth Recovery from Ion-adsorption Clays by Ion Exchange Leaching - p. 529 44. Chapter 2.6.3 Environmental Considerations - p. 545 45. Chapter 3 Electrochemical Material and Energy - p. 555 46. Chapter 3.1 Molten Oxide Electrolysis - p. 557 47. Chapter 3.2 OS Process - p. 569 48. Chapter 3.3 Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge Process: From Serendipity to Space Exploration - p. 589 49. Chapter 3.4 Solid Oxide Membrane (SOM)-Based Electrolytic Production of Metals - p. 601 50. Chapter 3.5 Molten Salt Electrochemistry of Uranium - p. 613 51. Chapter 3.6 Production of Carbon Nanostructures in Molten Salt - p. 627 52. Chapter 3.7 Thermally Activated Batteries - p. 643 53. Chapter 3.8 Sodium-Metal Chloride (ZEBRA) Batteries - p. 655 54. Chapter 3.9 The Liquid Metal Battery as a Grid-Storage Solution - p. 667 55. Chapter 3.10 AMTEC - p. 681 56. Chapter 3.11 Oxygen Sensors for Molten Steel - p. 695 57. Chapter 3.12 Hydrogen Sensors for Molten Aluminum and Its Alloys - p. 705 58. Chapter 3.13 Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Carbon Sensors for Molten Sodium - p. 719 59. Chapter 3.14 Ionic Liquids in Process Metallurgy - p. 739 60. Nomenclature - p. 751 61. Index - p. 757
