Brenner & Rector's The Kidney (2 volume)

1. General Introduction to Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors - p. 321 2. Aldosterone Synthesis - p. 322 3. Mechanisms of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Function and Gene Regulation - p. 323 4. Regulation of Renal Sodium Absorption and Potassium Secretion - p. 326 5. Nonrenal Aldosterone-Responsive Tight Epithelia - p. 333 6. Role of Serum- and Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase in Mediating Aldosterone Effects - p. 334 7. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 - p. 336 8. Nongenomic Effects of Aldosterone - p. 337 9. Nonepithelial Actions of Aldosterone - p. 338 10. Targeting the Aldosterone Pathway - p. 339 11. Disease States Associated with Aldosterone - p. 339 12. Conclusion - p. 341 13. Section II. DISORDERS OF BODY FLUID VOLUME AND COMPOSITION - p. P2 14. 13. Disorders of Sodium Balance - p. 344 15. Hypovolemia - p. 344 16. Hypervolemia - p. 351 17. Specific Treatments Based on the Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - p. 371 18. Specific Treatments Based on the Pathophysiology of Sodium Retention in Cirrhosis - p. 374 19. Acknowledgment - p. 377 20. 14. Disorders of Water Balance - p. 379 21. Body Fluids: Compartmentalization, Composition, and Turnover - p. 379 22. Water Metabolism - p. 381 23. Disorders of Insufficient Vasopressin or Vasopressin Effect - p. 391 24. Disorders of Excess Vasopressin or Vasopressin Effect - p. 408 25. Pathogenesis and Causes of Hyponatremia - p. 410 26. Hyponatremia: Symptoms, Morbidity, and Mortality - p. 418 27. Hyponatremia Treatment - p. 421 28. Monitoring Serum Sodium Concentration in Hyponatremic Patients - p. 427 29. Long-Term Treatment of Chronic Hyponatremia - p. 428 30. 15. Disorders of Acid-Base Balance - p. 430 31. Acid-Base Homeostasis - p. 430 32. Metabolic ACIDOSIS - p. 434 33. METABOLIC ALKALOSIS - p. 436 34. Stepwise Approach to the Diagnosis of Acid-Base Disorders - p. 438 35. Respiratory Disorders - p. 442 36. Metabolic Disorders - p. 445 37. 16. Disorders of Potassium Balance - p. 471 38. Potassium Disorders - p. 471 39. Normal Potassium Balance - p. 471 40. Consequences of Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia - p. 481 41. Causes of Hypokalemia - p. 484 42. Treatment of Hypokalemia - p. 495 43. Hyperkalemia - p. 498 44. Management of Hyperkalemia - p. 505 45. 17. Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance - p. 514 46. Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis - p. 514 47. Hypocalcemia - p. 524 48. Signs and Symptoms - p. 524 49. Laboratory Findings - p. 525 50. Diagnosis - p. 525 51. Causes - p. 525 52. Management of Hypocalcemia - p. 529 53. Disorders of Magnesium Homeostasis - p. 529 54. Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis - p. 537 55. Hypophosphatemia - p. 539 56. Section III. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS IN KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P3 57. 18. Epidemiology of Kidney Disease - p. 548 58. 19. Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Diseasea - p. 569 59. Definition of a Risk Factor - p. 570 60. Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression - p. 570 61. Demographic Variables - p. 572 62. Hereditary Factors - p. 573 63. Hemodynamic Factors - p. 575 64. Multisystem Disorders - p. 580 65. Primary Kidney Disease - p. 580 66. Cardiorenal Syndrome - p. 580 67. Conventional Biomarkers - p. 580 68. Novel Biomarkers - p. 583 69. Environmental Risk Factors - p. 585 70. Renal Risk Scores - p. 586 71. Models Predicting Incident Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 588 72. Models Predicting Kidney Failure - p. 589 73. Kidney Failure Risk Equations - p. 590 74. Clinical Relevance - p. 591 75. Models Predicting Death and Cardiovascular Disease - p. 592 76. Models Predicting Chronic Kidney Disease After Acute Kidney Injury - p. 592 77. Clinical Implementation of Risk Models - p. 592 78. Future Considerations - p. 594 79. 20. Early Life Origins of Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 597 80. Developmental Programming - p. 598 81. Programming of Kidney Structure - p. 604 82. Programmed Kidney Structure and Function - p. 609 83. Programming of Blood Pressure and Kidney Function - p. 619 84. Programming of Risk for Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney FAILURE - p. 627 85. Potential for Rescue of Nephron Number - p. 630 86. Catch-Up Growth - p. 634 87. Maternal Health and Intergenerational Effects of Programming - p. 635 88. Relevance of Nephron Endowment for Transplantation - p. 635 89. Global Health Relevance of Kidney Programming - p. 636 90. Conclusion - p. 636 91. 21. The Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Kidneys in Aging - p. 641 92. General Overview of the Biology of Aging - p. 641 93. Healthy Aging and Age-Related Comorbidity - p. 642 94. Anatomic Changes of the Kidneys with Aging - p. 643 95. Functional Changes of the Kidneys with Aging - p. 648 96. Implications of Age-Related Changes In Normal Physiology On Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis And Prognosis - p. 655 97. Acute Kidney Injury and Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Aging - p. 658 98. Can Renal Aging Be Modified? - p. 659 99. 22. Sex and Gender in Kidney Health and Disease - p. 662 100. Section IV. EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P4 101. 23. Laboratory Assessment of Kidney Disease: Glomerular Filtration Rate, Proteinuria, and Urinalysis - p. 679 102. 24. Diagnostic Kidney Imaging - p. 704 103. Imaging Techniques - p. 704 104. Imaging in Clinical Nephrology - p. 718 105. Acknowledgment - p. 745 106. 25. The Renal Biopsy - p. 747 107. 26. Point-of-Care Ultrasound - p. 757 108. Section V. DISORDERS OF KIDNEY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION - p. P5 109. 27. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 778 110. Pathophysiology of Clinical Acute Kidney Injury - p. 778 111. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 784 112. Overview of the Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 784 113. Acute Tubular Necrosis - p. 785 114. Epithelial Cell Injury - p. 785 115. Complement - p. 795 116. Intracellular Mechanisms - p. 795 117. Repair and Regeneration in Acute Kidney Injury - p. 797 118. Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease Transition - p. 802 119. Experimental Models - p. 808 120. 28. Prevention and Management of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 814 121. Definition of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 814 122. Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 818 123. Categorization of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 818 124. Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 820 125. Clinical Assessment, Urinary Findings, and Blood and Radiographic Evaluation - p. 820 126. Clinical Assessment of the Patient - p. 820 127. Urine Assessment - p. 822 128. Laboratory Evaluation - p. 825 129. Novel Biomarkers of Kidney Injury - p. 825 130. Radiologic Evaluation - p. 826 131. Kidney Biopsy - p. 827 132. Etiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Specific Clinical Settings - p. 827 133. Complications during recovery from Acute Kidney Injury - p. 835 134. Management of Acute Kidney Injury - p. 835 135. Management of Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury - p. 835 136. Management of Postrenal Acute Kidney Injury - p. 838 137. Prevention of Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury - p. 839 138. Pharmacologic Therapy for Acute Tubular INJURY - p. 843 139. Management of Other Etiologies of Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury - p. 844 140. Nondialytic Supportive Management of Acute Kidney Injury–Associated Complications - p. 845 141. Kidney Replacement Therapy in AKI - p. 847 142. Summary of Acute Kidney Injury Management - p. 854 143. 29. Pathophysiology of Proteinuria - p. 857 144. Mechanisms of Proteinuria - p. 857 145. Renal Consequences of Proteinuria - p. 862 146. Systemic Consequences of Nephrotic-Range Proteinuria - p. 874 147. Acknowledgment - p. 883 148. 30. Nephrotic Syndrome: Primary and Secondary - p. 885 149. Nephrotic Syndrome - p. 887 150. Minimal Change Disease - p. 892 151. Disease and Other Associations - p. 893 152. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis - p. 899 153. Membranous Nephropathy - p. 906 154. Nephrotic Syndrome in Other Glomerular and Systemic Diseases - p. 917 155. 31. Lupus Nephritis and Other Kidney Manifestations of Systemic Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases - p. 925 156. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - p. 925 157. Antiphospholipid Syndrome - p. 946 158. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease - p. 950 159. Other Seropositive Connective Tissue Disorders - p. 951 160. 32. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis and Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease - p. 954 161. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis - p. 954 162. Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–associated vasculitis - p. 955 163. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonphritis - p. 974 164. 33. IgA Nephropathy and IgA Vasculitis - p. 980 165. IgA Nephropathy in Adults - p. 980 166. Introduction - p. 980 167. Epidemiology - p. 980 168. Pathogenesis - p. 981 169. Clinical Presentation - p. 985 170. Diagnosis of IgAN - p. 986 171. Histopathologic Findings - p. 987 172. Risk prediction - p. 989 173. Clinical Risk Factors for Kidney Disease Progression - p. 989 174. Prognosis - p. 991 175. Treatment - p. 992 176. Present and Future Paradigms for the Treatment of IgA Nephropathy - p. 996 177. IgAN in Children - p. 996 178. IgA Vasculitis in Adults - p. 1001 179. IgA vasculitis in Children - p. 1006 180. 34. Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis - p. 1011 181. 35. Kidney Lesions Associated With Dysproteinemias - p. 1028 182. 36. Complement-Mediated Kidney Diseases - p. 1043 183. The complement system - p. 1043 184. Thrombotic Microangiopathies - p. 1045 185. C3 Glomerulopathy and Related Conditions - p. 1054 186. 37. Tubulointerstitial Diseases - p. 1065 187. 38. Urinary Tract Infection in Adults - p. 1083 188. Definitions - p. 1083 189. General Concepts - p. 1084 190. Usual Presentations of Urinary Tract Infection - p. 1087 191. Urinary Tract Infection in Different Patient Populations - p. 1099 192. Differences in UTI Between Adults and Children - p. 1100 193. Other Infections of the Urinary Tract - p. 1102 194. Uncommon Organisms - p. 1104 195. 39. Urinary Tract Obstruction - p. 1110 196. Prevalence and Incidence - p. 1111 197. Classification - p. 1111 198. Etiology - p. 1111 199. Intrinsic Processes - p. 1114 200. Extrinsic Processes - p. 1114 201. Clinical Aspects - p. 1114 202. Diagnosis - p. 1115 203. Pathophysiology of Obstructive Nephropathy - p. 1120 204. Changes in Gene Expression - p. 1129 205. 40. Nephrolithiasis - p. 1135 206. Epidemiology - p. 1135 207. Histopathology - p. 1136 208. Pathophysiology - p. 1137 209. Genetics - p. 1152 210. Nephrolithiasis as a Systemic Disorder - p. 1154 211. Evaluation - p. 1156 212. Management of Stones - p. 1161 213. Acknowledgments - p. 1164 214. 41. Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1167 215. Epidemiology of Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1167 216. Diagnosis and Classification - p. 1168 217. Risk Factors - p. 1171 218. Biomarkers of Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1177 219. Natural History and Clinical Course - p. 1180 220. Pathology: Structural Changes of the Kidney in Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 1181 221. pathophysiology - p. 1185 222. Treatment - p. 1191 223. Acknowledgments - p. 1201 224. 42. Cardiovascular Disease in Persons With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1203 225. 43. Kidney Cancer - p. 1222 226. Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1222 227. Biology of Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1224 228. Clinical Presentation of Patients With Renal Masses - p. 1226 229. Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Masses - p. 1227 230. Prognosis and Cancer Outcomes - p. 1229 231. Treatment of Localized and Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1230 232. Systemic Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1231 233. Molecular Biomarkers - p. 1235 234. Volume 2 - p. V2 235. Section VI. GENETICS OF KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P6 236. 44. Genetics of Kidney Disease - p. 1240 237. 45. Cystic Kidney Diseases - p. 1267 238. Pathophysiology of kidney cyst formation - p. 1267 239. Simple Kidney Cysts - p. 1268 240. Hereditary Cystic Kidney Diseases - p. 1271 241. Autosomal Dominant Diseases - p. 1271 242. Tumorous Syndromes - p. 1296 243. X-Linked Dominant Diseases: Orofacial-Digital Syndrome Type 1 - p. 1301 244. Autosomal Recessive Diseases - p. 1301 245. Kidney Cystic Diseases Without Family History - p. 1308 246. Cyst-Related Dysplasias and Neoplasms - p. 1309 247. Acknowledgment - p. 1316 248. Section VII. HYPERTENSION AND THE KIDNEY - p. P7 249. 46. Primary and Secondary Hypertension - p. 1320 250. Hypertension Definitions - p. 1321 251. Epidemiology - p. 1321 252. Blood Pressure Control Rates - p. 1323 253. Pathophysiology - p. 1323 254. Clinical Evaluation - p. 1334 255. Secondary Hypertension - p. 1343 256. Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency - p. 1350 257. Clinical Outcome Trials - p. 1352 258. Management of Primary Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1358 259. Resistant Hypertension - p. 1362 260. 47. Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy - p. 1364 261. Historical perspective - p. 1364 262. Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy - p. 1366 263. Bilateral disease or solitary functioning kidney (analogous to 1-clip-1-kidney model) - p. 1366 264. Phases of Development of Renovascular Hypertension - p. 1369 265. Mechanisms of “Ischemic Nephropathy” - p. 1369 266. Renal reperfusion injury - p. 1371 267. Epidemiology of Renal Artery Stenosis and Renovascular Hypertension - p. 1372 268. Diagnostic Testing for Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy - p. 1375 269. Goals of therapy - p. 1376 270. Management of Unilateral Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 1380 271. Management of Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis - p. 1381 272. Progressive Renal Artery stenosis in Medically treated patients - p. 1381 273. Major (reported in 71/799 treated arteries (9%)186 - p. 1386 274. Summary - p. 1387 275. 48. Antihypertensive Therapy - p. 1391 276. Pharmacology of the Nondiuretic Antihypertensive Drugs - p. 1391 277. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors - p. 1391 278. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonists - p. 1398 279. β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists - p. 1402 280. Calcium Channel Blockers - p. 1407 281. Class Mechanisms of Action - p. 1407 282. Class Members - p. 1408 283. Class Kidney Effects - p. 1411 284. Class Efficacy and Safety - p. 1412 285. Central Adrenergic Agonists - p. 1414 286. Central and Peripheral Adrenergic-Neuronal Blocking Agent - p. 1416 287. Direct-Acting Vasodilators - p. 1417 288. Moderately Selective Peripheral α1-Adrenergic Antagonists - p. 1418 289. Peripheral α1-Adrenergic Antagonists - p. 1418 290. Direct renin inhibitors - p. 1420 291. Selective Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists - p. 1421 292. Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor - p. 1422 293. Endothelin Receptor Antagonists - p. 1422 294. Selection of Antihypertensive Drug Therapy - p. 1423 295. Acknowledgments - p. 1434 296. 49. Diuretics - p. 1436 297. Individual Classes of Diuretics - p. 1437 298. Adaptation to Diuretic Therapy - p. 1450 299. Clinical Uses of Diuretics - p. 1454 300. Adverse Effects of Diuretics - p. 1461 301. Section VIII. CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P8 302. 50. Mechanisms of Progression in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1470 303. Structural and Functional Adaptation of The Kidney to Nephron Loss - p. 1471 304. Adaptation of Specific Tubule Functions in Response to Nephron Loss - p. 1480 305. Long-Term Adverse Consequences of Adaptations to Nephron Loss - p. 1485 306. A Unified Hypothesis of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression - p. 1499 307. Insights from Modifiers of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression - p. 1499 308. Future Directions - p. 1512 309. 51. The Pathophysiology of Uremia - p. 1514 310. Solutes Cleared by the Kidney and Retained in Uremia - p. 1515 311. Solute Removal by Different Forms of Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 1523 312. Metabolic Effects of Uremia - p. 1526 313. Conclusions - p. 1530 314. 52. Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral Bone Disorder - p. 1532 315. Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder - p. 1533 316. Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder - p. 1550 317. Clinical Consequences of the Abnormalities in Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder - p. 1558 318. Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder in Kidney Transplant Recipients - p. 1561 319. Summary - p. 1563 320. 53. Hematologic Aspects of Kidney Disease - p. 1565 321. Anemia of Kidney Disease - p. 1565 322. Definition and Prevalence of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1565 323. Normal Erythropoiesis - p. 1566 324. Pathobiology of the Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1572 325. Association of Anemia With Adverse Outcomes - p. 1576 326. Erythrocytosis of Patients With Kidney Disease - p. 1576 327. Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease–Related Anemia - p. 1578 328. Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents - p. 1578 329. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Stabilizers - p. 1580 330. Iron Management - p. 1580 331. Markers of Iron Status - p. 1581 332. Oral Iron Therapy - p. 1583 333. Intravenous Iron Therapy - p. 1583 334. Side Effects of Intravenous Iron - p. 1585 335. Disorders of Hemostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1590 336. White Cell Function in Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1595 337. Acknowledgment - p. 1596 338. Section IX. MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P9 339. 54. Classification and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1601 340. Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1601 341. Mechanisms of Disease Progression and The Rationale for Interventions to Achieve Kidney Protection - p. 1602 342. Interventions for Slowing Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1602 343. Strategies for Maximal Kidney Protection - p. 1625 344. Interventions to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1627 345. Interventions to Manage Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1628 346. A Stepped Care Approach to Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1629 347. 55. Dietary Approaches to Kidney Diseases - p. 1633 348. 56. Drug Dosing Considerations in Patients With Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1647 349. Drug Dosing Considerations - p. 1647 350. Effects of Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease on Drug Disposition - p. 1648 351. Pharmacogenomics - p. 1654 352. Pharmacodynamics - p. 1654 353. Assessment of Kidney Function for Drug Dosing - p. 1656 354. Clinical Bottom Line - p. 1664 355. Conclusion - p. 1664 356. Acknowledgment - p. 1671 357. 57. Onconephrology: Kidney Disease and Cancer - p. 1674 358. Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with malignancies - p. 1674 359. Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Cancer - p. 1679 360. Glomerular Diseases Associated With Malignancy - p. 1684 361. Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities Associated With Malignancies - p. 1686 362. Kidney Disease Associated With Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - p. 1691 363. Anticancer Drugs and Kidney Disease - p. 1694 364. Acknowledgments - p. 1701 365. 58. Pregnancy and Kidney Disease - p. 1703 366. Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy - p. 1704 367. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy - p. 1706 368. White Coat Hypertension - p. 1721 369. Masked Hypertension - p. 1721 370. Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1721 371. Kidney Stones, Obstruction, and Urinary Tract Infections - p. 1724 372. Chronic Kidney Disease in Pregnancy - p. 1724 373. Specific Considerations in Pregnancy with Kidney Disease - p. 1727 374. Pregnancy in Women Receiving Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 1730 375. Conclusion - p. 1734 376. 59. Infectious Diseases and the Kidney - p. 1736 377. General principles of kidney involvement in Infections - p. 1737 378. VIRAL INFECTIONS - p. 1738 379. MYCOBACTERIAL AND RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS - p. 1745 380. BACTERIAL AND SPROCHETAL INFECTIONS - p. 1749 381. PARASITIC INFECTIONS - p. 1752 382. FUNGAL INFECTIONS - p. 1757 383. Conclusion - p. 1760 384. 60. Care of the Older Adult With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1763 385. Chronic Kidney Disease and Age-Related Changes in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate - p. 1764 386. Comorbidities and Geriatric Syndromes Among Older Individuals With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1766 387. Controversies and Complexity in the Management of Older Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1774 388. Care for Older Adults With End-Stage Kidney Disease - p. 1777 389. Conclusion - p. 1783 390. 61. Kidney Supportive Care in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 1786 391. Section X. DIALYSIS AND EXTRACORPOREAL THERAPIES - p. P10 392. 62. Hemodialysis - p. 1808 393. The Hemodialysis Population - p. 1808 394. Vascular Access - p. 1813 395. General Principles of Hemodialysis: Physiology and Biomechanics - p. 1820 396. Components of the Extracorporeal Circuit - p. 1825 397. Hemodialysis Adequacy - p. 1833 398. The Dialysis Prescription - p. 1840 399. Management of Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis - p. 1848 400. Complications OF Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis - p. 1856 401. The Future of Hemodialysis - p. 1860 402. 63. Peritoneal Dialysis - p. 1862 403. 64. Critical Care Nephrology - p. 1881 404. Acute Kidney Injury in the Context of Critical Illness - p. 1882 405. Fluid Management and Its Impact on Acute Kidney Injury - p. 1886 406. Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 1889 407. Extracorporeal Blood Purification - p. 1896 408. 65. Therapeutic Plasma Exchange and Other Extracorporeal Treatments in Management of Kidney and Related Diseases - p. 1899 409. 66. Enhanced Elimination of Poisons - p. 1919 410. Overview of Corporeal Treatments for Enhanced Elimination of Poisons - p. 1920 411. Principles and Factors Influencing Poison Removal During Extracorporeal Treatments - p. 1921 412. General Indications for Extracorporeal Removal of Poisons - p. 1925 413. Technical Considerations - p. 1926 414. Poisons Amenable to Extracorporeal Elimination - p. 1926 415. Conclusion - p. 1937 416. 67. Interventional Nephrology: Managing Dialysis Access and Kidney Biopsy - p. 1940 417. Interventional Nephrology in Maintenance of Hemodialysis Vascular Access - p. 1941 418. Overview of Vascular Access for Dialysis - p. 1941 419. Clinical Monitoring of Arteriovenous Dialysis Access - p. 1945 420. Central Vein Stenosis - p. 1964 421. Access-Induced Hand Ischemia - p. 1965 422. Hemodialysis Catheters - p. 1967 423. Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion - p. 1971 424. Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters - p. 1974 425. Percutaneous Kidney Biopsy - p. 1978 426. Radiation and Personal Safety - p. 1980 427. Section XI. KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION - p. P11 428. 68. The Immunobiology of Transplantation - p. 1984 429. Overview - p. 1984 430. Mechanisms Involved in Allorecognition - p. 1985 431. Histocompatibility Testing for the Kidney Transplant Candidate and Recipient - p. 1992 432. Kidney Allograft Rejection - p. 2005 433. Mechanisms of immunosuppressive drugs - p. 2007 434. Conclusion - p. 2012 435. 69. Clinical Management of the Adult Kidney Transplant Recipient - p. 2015 436. Medical Evaluation of the Recipient Before Transplantation - p. 2015 437. The Transplant Surgery Procedure and Surgical Complications - p. 2017 438. Currently Used Immunosuppressive Agents in Kidney Transplantation - p. 2019 439. Evaluation of the Recipient Early After Transplant - p. 2025 440. EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTIN POST TRANSPLANT - p. 2026 441. Outcomes in Kidney Transplantation - p. 2036 442. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN the Transplant Recipient - p. 2046 443. Transplantation/Immunosuppression: The Future - p. 2048 444. Conclusion - p. 2048 445. 70. Considerations in Living Kidney Donation - p. 2050 446. Section XII. PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY - p. P12 447. 71. Childhood Kidney Disease - p. 2070 448. Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders in Children - p. 2070 449. Evaluation of Kidney Function in Children - p. 2071 450. Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract - p. 2073 451. Glomerular Diseases - p. 2086 452. Systemic Diseases with Renal Involvement - p. 2102 453. Complement-Associated Kidney Diseases - p. 2107 454. Tubular disorders - p. 2118 455. Urolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis in Children - p. 2126 456. Pediatric Aspects of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2133 457. Conclusion - p. 2135 458. Acknowledgment - p. 2135 459. 72. Kidney Replacement Therapy (Dialysis and Transplantation) in Children - p. 2138 460. Background - p. 2138 461. Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2138 462. Epidemiology of End-Stage Kidney Disease - p. 2138 463. Etiology - p. 2139 464. Clinical Consequences of Pediatric End-Stage Kidney Disease - p. 2139 465. Mortality - p. 2144 466. Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 2144 467. Hemodialysis - p. 2146 468. Home Hemodialysis - p. 2151 469. Complications of Hemodialysis - p. 2151 470. Peritoneal Dialysis - p. 2152 471. Adequacy of Dialysis - p. 2154 472. Complications OF PD - p. 2156 473. Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy - p. 2157 474. Pediatric Kidney Transplantation - p. 2158 475. Preparation of the Recipient for Transplantation - p. 2160 476. Transplant Immunology - p. 2164 477. Immunosuppression - p. 2165 478. Perioperative Management - p. 2168 479. Immediate Postoperative Period - p. 2168 480. Early Complications of Kidney Transplantation - p. 2169 481. Chronic Allograft Nephropathy - p. 2173 482. Patient Survival - p. 2174 483. Graft Survival - p. 2174 484. Long-Term Follow-Up of Children with Kidney Transplant - p. 2174 485. Section XIII. GLOBAL CONSIDERATIONS IN KIDNEY DISEASE - p. P13 486. 73. Global Challenges and Progress in Kidney Health - p. 2182 487. 74. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Latin America - p. 2209 488. 75. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Africa - p. 2225 489. 76. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Near and Middle East - p. 2244 490. Acute Kidney Injury - p. 2245 491. Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2248 492. Management of End-Stage Kidney Failure in the Middle East - p. 2265 493. Summary - p. 2271 494. Acknowledgments - p. 2271 495. 77. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: Indian Subcontinent - p. 2273 496. 78. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: The Far East - p. 2286 497. Traditional Medicine - p. 2288 498. Acute Kidney Injury - p. 2288 499. Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2289 500. Health Care Economics and Financing Models for Chronic Kidney Disease - p. 2290 501. Specific Kidney Diseases - p. 2291 502. Kidney DISEASES Related to Infections - p. 2298 503. Dialysis in Asia - p. 2303 504. Kidney Transplantation—Special Issues in Asia - p. 2305 505. Pediatric Nephrology - p. 2307 506. Conclusion - p. 2308 507. 79. Global Considerations in Kidney Disease: The Pacific Islands and Islands of the Caribbean - p. 2310 508. Section XIV. CHALLENGES IN NEPHROLOGY - p. P14 509. 80. Ethical Dilemmas Facing Nephrology - p. 2331 510. 81. Health Disparities in Nephrology - p. 2345 511. 82. Disaster Nephrology - p. 2359 512. 83. Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology - p. 2375 513. 84. Stem Cells, Kidney Regeneration, and Gene and Cell Therapy in Nephrology - p. 2392 514. Index - p. 1