Cancers in the Urban Environment: How Malignant Diseases Are Caused and Distributed among the Diverse People and Neighborhoods of a Major Global Metropolis, Second Edition, provides a detailed description of the occurrence of common forms of cancer in the ethnically, socially and environmentally complex milieu of a modern urban complex. The location is Los Angeles County, and the patterns of 72 different malignancies are described according to race, age, sex, social class calendar time (since 1972) and most notably, individual neighborhood, using detailed maps of high risk. This second edition uses twice as many cases and more demographic diversity.
Physicians and scientific investigators in California and elsewhere can use the material provided to counsel patients and evaluate the consistency of any specific pattern of occurrence with each specific causal hypothesis. A detailed appendix describes the source of data, provides the basis for the choices made in the production of the volume, and gives a perspective on the search for "clusters" of malignancy.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction for laypersons - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. Introduction for professionals - p. 3 3. Chapter 3. What a cancer is - p. 5 4. Chapter 4. How and why cancers differ? - p. 9 5. Chapter 5. How a cancer can be caused by a carcinogenic toxin - p. 11 6. Chapter 6. Recognizing carcinogens - p. 13 7. Chapter 7. When carcinogens are not (very) hazardous - p. 16 8. Chapter 8. How a cancer can be caused by an inherited gene - p. 19 9. Chapter 9. Recognizing risky genes - p. 22 10. Chapter 10. Describing an urban population - p. 24 11. Chapter 11. Counting urban cases - p. 28 12. Chapter 12. Cancer cases have personal characteristics - p. 30 13. Chapter 13. Mapping methods and conventions - p. 33 14. Chapter 14. Cancers spread: Delays matter - p. 35 15. Chapter 15. Finding unexpected risk discrepancies - p. 39 16. Chapter 16. Bias and errors in measurement - p. 41 17. Chapter 17. Alternative predictable explanations: Confounding - p. 42 18. Chapter 18. Trying to account for chance - p. 43 19. Chapter 19. Addressing cancer clusters - p. 49 20. Chapter 20. Interpretation of cancer-specific figures and maps - p. 52 21. Chapter 21. Summarizing the information, cancer by cancer - p. 56 22. Chapter 22. Beyond these data - p. 59 23. Abstract - p. 59 24. The Cancers - p. 60 25. Lip carcinoma - p. 63 26. Base of tongue, tonsil - p. 71 27. Anterior tongue carcinoma - p. 80 28. Salivary gland carcinoma - p. 89 29. Oropharyngeal carcinoma total - p. 98 30. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - p. 111 31. Squamous carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia - p. 120 32. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia - p. 129 33. Adenocarcinoma of the lower stomach - p. 139 34. Carcinoma of the small bowel - p. 151 35. Colorectal carcinoma - p. 160 36. Colon carcinoma total - p. 169 37. Carcinoma of the upper colon - p. 182 38. Carcinoma of the sigmoid colon - p. 195 39. Carcinoma of the rectum - p. 208 40. Carcinoma of the anus - p. 221 41. Hepatocellular carcinoma - p. 230 42. Cholangiocarcinoma - p. 243 43. Gallbladder carcinoma - p. 252 44. Biliary tract carcinoma - p. 262 45. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas - p. 272 46. Pancreas islet cell carcinoma - p. 285 47. Carcinoma of the nose and sinuses - p. 293 48. Carcinoma of the larynx - p. 302 49. Carcinoma of the lung and bronchus total - p. 312 50. Squamous carcinoma of the lung and bronchus - p. 322 51. Small cell carcinoma of the lung and bronchus - p. 335 52. Adenocarcinoma of the lung and bronchus - p. 348 53. Undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung and bronchus - p. 361 54. Carcinoma of the lung and bronchus, not otherwise specified - p. 370 55. Mesothelioma - p. 383 56. Leiomyosarcoma - p. 392 57. Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 400 58. Angiosarcoma - p. 408 59. Kaposi sarcoma - p. 417 60. Other soft tissue sarcoma - p. 427 61. Osteosarcoma - p. 440 62. Ewing’s sarcomas - p. 449 63. Malignant chordoma - p. 457 64. Malignant melanoma - p. 466 65. Breast cancer - p. 479 66. Squamous carcinoma of the cervix - p. 493 67. Carcinoma of the endometrium - p. 506 68. Epithelial carcinoma of the ovary - p. 519 69. Germ cell carcinoma - p. 532 70. Choriocarcinoma - p. 545 71. Prostate carcinoma - p. 553 72. Other genital adenocarcinoma - p. 566 73. Other genital squamous carcinoma - p. 575 74. Mixed cell genital neoplasms - p. 585 75. Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder - p. 595 76. Squamous carcinoma of the bladder - p. 608 77. Renal cell carcinoma - p. 617 78. Wilms tumor/nephroblastoma - p. 630 79. Retinoblastoma - p. 639 80. Central nervous system glioma, childhood - p. 648 81. Central nervous system glioma, total - p. 656 82. Neurolemmoma–neurofibroma - p. 669 83. Neuroblastoma - p. 678 84. Malignant meningioma - p. 687 85. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid - p. 695 86. Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid - p. 708 87. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid - p. 717 88. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid - p. 725 89. Carcinoma of the thyroid, total - p. 733 90. Carcinoma of the pituitary - p. 742 91. Carcinoid malignancies - p. 750 92. Miscellaneous endocrine malignancies - p. 762 93. Carcinoma of the thymus - p. 771 94. Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 780 95. Mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 788 96. Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 797 97. Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 807 98. Hodgkin lymphoma, total - p. 815 99. Follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 824 100. Diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 837 101. Mediastinal large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 850 102. Mantle cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 858 103. Small cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia - p. 866 104. Burkitt non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 876 105. Marginal zone extra-nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 885 106. NK-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 894 107. T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 902 108. Cutaneous T-cell malignancies - p. 912 109. Central nervous system non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 920 110. Stomach non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 929 111. Other gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 938 112. Childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma, total - p. 947 113. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, total - p. 955 114. Myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic malignancies - p. 968 115. Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia - p. 976 116. Multiple myeloma - p. 984 117. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, childhood - p. 997 118. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, total - p. 1005 119. Hairy cell leukemia - p. 1016 120. Acute myeloid leukemia - p. 1025 121. Chronic myelocytic leukemia - p. 1037 122. T-cell leukemia - p. 1046 123. All malignancies of infants and toddlers - p. 1054 124. All malignancies of older children - p. 1065 125. All malignancies of adolescents and young adults - p. 1078 126. All malignancies of middle age - p. 1091 127. All malignancies of the aged - p. 1103 128. All malignancies - p. 1116 129. References - p. 1129 130. Index - p. 1131
Cancers in the Urban Environment: How Malignant Diseases Are Caused and Distributed among the Diverse People and Neighborhoods of a Major Global Metropolis, Second Edition, provides a detailed description of the occurrence of common forms of cancer in the ethnically, socially and environmentally complex milieu of a modern urban complex. The location is Los Angeles County, and the patterns of 72 different malignancies are described according to race, age, sex, social class calendar time (since 1972) and most notably, individual neighborhood, using detailed maps of high risk. This second edition uses twice as many cases and more demographic diversity.
Physicians and scientific investigators in California and elsewhere can use the material provided to counsel patients and evaluate the consistency of any specific pattern of occurrence with each specific causal hypothesis. A detailed appendix describes the source of data, provides the basis for the choices made in the production of the volume, and gives a perspective on the search for "clusters" of malignancy.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction for laypersons - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. Introduction for professionals - p. 3 3. Chapter 3. What a cancer is - p. 5 4. Chapter 4. How and why cancers differ? - p. 9 5. Chapter 5. How a cancer can be caused by a carcinogenic toxin - p. 11 6. Chapter 6. Recognizing carcinogens - p. 13 7. Chapter 7. When carcinogens are not (very) hazardous - p. 16 8. Chapter 8. How a cancer can be caused by an inherited gene - p. 19 9. Chapter 9. Recognizing risky genes - p. 22 10. Chapter 10. Describing an urban population - p. 24 11. Chapter 11. Counting urban cases - p. 28 12. Chapter 12. Cancer cases have personal characteristics - p. 30 13. Chapter 13. Mapping methods and conventions - p. 33 14. Chapter 14. Cancers spread: Delays matter - p. 35 15. Chapter 15. Finding unexpected risk discrepancies - p. 39 16. Chapter 16. Bias and errors in measurement - p. 41 17. Chapter 17. Alternative predictable explanations: Confounding - p. 42 18. Chapter 18. Trying to account for chance - p. 43 19. Chapter 19. Addressing cancer clusters - p. 49 20. Chapter 20. Interpretation of cancer-specific figures and maps - p. 52 21. Chapter 21. Summarizing the information, cancer by cancer - p. 56 22. Chapter 22. Beyond these data - p. 59 23. Abstract - p. 59 24. The Cancers - p. 60 25. Lip carcinoma - p. 63 26. Base of tongue, tonsil - p. 71 27. Anterior tongue carcinoma - p. 80 28. Salivary gland carcinoma - p. 89 29. Oropharyngeal carcinoma total - p. 98 30. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - p. 111 31. Squamous carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia - p. 120 32. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia - p. 129 33. Adenocarcinoma of the lower stomach - p. 139 34. Carcinoma of the small bowel - p. 151 35. Colorectal carcinoma - p. 160 36. Colon carcinoma total - p. 169 37. Carcinoma of the upper colon - p. 182 38. Carcinoma of the sigmoid colon - p. 195 39. Carcinoma of the rectum - p. 208 40. Carcinoma of the anus - p. 221 41. Hepatocellular carcinoma - p. 230 42. Cholangiocarcinoma - p. 243 43. Gallbladder carcinoma - p. 252 44. Biliary tract carcinoma - p. 262 45. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas - p. 272 46. Pancreas islet cell carcinoma - p. 285 47. Carcinoma of the nose and sinuses - p. 293 48. Carcinoma of the larynx - p. 302 49. Carcinoma of the lung and bronchus total - p. 312 50. Squamous carcinoma of the lung and bronchus - p. 322 51. Small cell carcinoma of the lung and bronchus - p. 335 52. Adenocarcinoma of the lung and bronchus - p. 348 53. Undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung and bronchus - p. 361 54. Carcinoma of the lung and bronchus, not otherwise specified - p. 370 55. Mesothelioma - p. 383 56. Leiomyosarcoma - p. 392 57. Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 400 58. Angiosarcoma - p. 408 59. Kaposi sarcoma - p. 417 60. Other soft tissue sarcoma - p. 427 61. Osteosarcoma - p. 440 62. Ewing’s sarcomas - p. 449 63. Malignant chordoma - p. 457 64. Malignant melanoma - p. 466 65. Breast cancer - p. 479 66. Squamous carcinoma of the cervix - p. 493 67. Carcinoma of the endometrium - p. 506 68. Epithelial carcinoma of the ovary - p. 519 69. Germ cell carcinoma - p. 532 70. Choriocarcinoma - p. 545 71. Prostate carcinoma - p. 553 72. Other genital adenocarcinoma - p. 566 73. Other genital squamous carcinoma - p. 575 74. Mixed cell genital neoplasms - p. 585 75. Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder - p. 595 76. Squamous carcinoma of the bladder - p. 608 77. Renal cell carcinoma - p. 617 78. Wilms tumor/nephroblastoma - p. 630 79. Retinoblastoma - p. 639 80. Central nervous system glioma, childhood - p. 648 81. Central nervous system glioma, total - p. 656 82. Neurolemmoma–neurofibroma - p. 669 83. Neuroblastoma - p. 678 84. Malignant meningioma - p. 687 85. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid - p. 695 86. Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid - p. 708 87. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid - p. 717 88. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid - p. 725 89. Carcinoma of the thyroid, total - p. 733 90. Carcinoma of the pituitary - p. 742 91. Carcinoid malignancies - p. 750 92. Miscellaneous endocrine malignancies - p. 762 93. Carcinoma of the thymus - p. 771 94. Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 780 95. Mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 788 96. Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 797 97. Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 807 98. Hodgkin lymphoma, total - p. 815 99. Follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 824 100. Diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 837 101. Mediastinal large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 850 102. Mantle cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 858 103. Small cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia - p. 866 104. Burkitt non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 876 105. Marginal zone extra-nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 885 106. NK-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 894 107. T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 902 108. Cutaneous T-cell malignancies - p. 912 109. Central nervous system non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 920 110. Stomach non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 929 111. Other gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphoma - p. 938 112. Childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma, total - p. 947 113. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, total - p. 955 114. Myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic malignancies - p. 968 115. Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia - p. 976 116. Multiple myeloma - p. 984 117. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, childhood - p. 997 118. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, total - p. 1005 119. Hairy cell leukemia - p. 1016 120. Acute myeloid leukemia - p. 1025 121. Chronic myelocytic leukemia - p. 1037 122. T-cell leukemia - p. 1046 123. All malignancies of infants and toddlers - p. 1054 124. All malignancies of older children - p. 1065 125. All malignancies of adolescents and young adults - p. 1078 126. All malignancies of middle age - p. 1091 127. All malignancies of the aged - p. 1103 128. All malignancies - p. 1116 129. References - p. 1129 130. Index - p. 1131
